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Equal Access to Vaccines within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: S1, 260 - 270, 28.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1022790

Abstract

The COVID-19 virus, which caused a global pandemic in 2020, caused 248 million people to get sick and 5 million people to die in the last quarter of 2021. It has been stated that the way out of the global pandemic is to vaccinate 70% of the world's population, but vaccination levels have remained very low, especially in low and middle-income countries. $50 billion in funding to enable low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) access to the COVID-19vaccine and to accelerate vaccination, and rich countries' reluctance to share vaccines. Increasing the vaccine supply will provide an important solution in ensuring equal access to the vaccine. R&D investment expenditures in healthcare and biotechnology are expected to have an impact on increasing the supply of high-tech vaccines. In the process from the development of the vaccine to its production, biotechnology companies may encounter financing problems. In this context, venture capital may be a solution to the solution of the financing problem and to increase the vaccine supply. In this context, the global increase in venture capital investments, which is an important method of financing innovation, and the direct support of the public to companies producing vaccine technologies, either alone or through public-private partnerships, will make a significant contribution to increasing the vaccine supply, which is a major problem in accessing COVID-19 vaccines. In this context, ıt can be suggested that the state provides investment, screening and advice (guidance) services in the field of innovation by funding companies directly as venture capitalists or through public-private partnerships.

References

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  • (2) Unicef. COVID-19 vaccines: 5 reasons why dose donations are essential. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund 2020 May [cited 2021 30 Oct.]. https://www.unicef.org/search?force=0&query=COVID19+19+vaccination&created%5Bmin%5D=&created%5Bmax%5D=
  • (3) Kaul I., Mendoza R. Advancing the concept of public goods. In: Providing Global Public Goods-Manoging Globalization, Inge Kaul et.al. editors, Oxford University Press; 2003.
  • (4) Buse, K., Mays, N., Walt, G. Making health policy, Second Edition, New York: Open University Press;2021.
  • (5) Blofield, M., Hoffmann, B., Llanos, M. Assessing the political and social impact of the COVID19 crisis in Latin America. Veröffentlichungs version working paper. No:3.April 2020.
  • (6) Pollock MA, Clements L, Harding-Edgar L. COVID-19: Why We Need National Health and Social Care Service. BMJ. 2020;April:1-2.
  • (7) Singer, D. Clinical and health policy challenges in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Postgrad Medical Journal.2020; 96: 373–374.
  • (8) Thompson, D. (2020). What’s behind South Korea’s COVID-19 exceptionalism?. The Atlantic. 2020 May[cited 2021Oct], Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2020/05/south-koreas-covid-19-exceptionalism/611296/
  • (9) Pueyo T. Medium: Coronavirus: Learning How to Dance. The Loadstar:2020 April [cited 2021 Oct].Available from: https://theloadstar.com/medium-coronavirus-learning-how-to-dance/
  • (10) İşlek ,E., Özatkan ,Y., Bilir, M.K., Arı, H.O., Çelik, H., Yıldırım, H.H. COVID-19 Pandemi Yönetiminde Türkiye Örneği: Sağlık Politikası Uygulamaları ve Stratejileri. Türkiye Sağlık Politikaları Enstitüsü Yayını;2020.
  • (11) Our World in Data Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations; 2020 Dec.[cited 2021 Nov.],Available from:. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
  • (12) Orer, H. COVID-19: Yeni aşıdan ne kadar uzaktayız?; 2020 August [cited 2021 nov.1]. Available from: https://sarkac.org/2020/08/COVID-19-yeni-asidan-ne-kadar-uzaktayiz/
  • (13) Griliches, Z. Productivity, R&D and basic research at the firm level in the1970’s. American Economic Review.1986; 76; 141–154.
  • (14) Nelson, R. Production sets, technological knowledge and R&D: fragile and overworked constructs for analysis of productivity growth?. American Economic Review. 1980; 70(2): 62-67.
  • (15) Porter, M.,Stern, S. Measuring the ideas production function: evidence from ınternational patent output. NBER Working Paper.2000 No. 7891.
  • (16) Studt, T. 2021 Global R&D Funding Forecast released. In 2021 Global R&D funding forecast. R&d World Press; 2021[cited 2021 Oct] Available from: https://forecast.rdworldonline.com/product/2021-global-rd-funding-forecast/
  • (17) OECD.Main Science and technology indicators. [internet]. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2021 March [cited 2021 Oct.] Available from:https://www.oecd.org/sti/msti-highlights-march-2021.pdf
  • (18) WHO. COVID-19 research and innovation achievements. World Health Oganization R&D Blue Print:2021
  • (19) Moon, S., Ruiz, A. A., Bezruki, A., Agarwal, S., Vieira, M. Covıd-19 vaccine R&D investments. [internet]. Global Health Center. The Graduate Institute Geneva; 2021 July [cited 2021 Oct.] Available from: https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/covid19-r-d-funding
  • (20) BARDA. Disaster Medicine. [internet]. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; 2021 [cited 2021 Oct.] Available from: https://www.phe.gov/about/barda/Pages/default.aspx,
  • (21) IMI. IMI mission and objectives. [internet]. Innovative Medicines Initiative; 2021 [cited 2021 Oct.] Available from: https://www.imi.europa.eu/about-imi/mission-objectives
  • (22) Bailey, E. E., Baumol, W.J.Deregulation and the theory of contestable markets. Yale Journal of Regulation. 1984;1(111):111-137.
  • (23) Stiglitz, J. E. Technological change, sunk costs and competition. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.1987; 3: 883-937. (24) Sandefur, J. World Bank grants for global vaccination — why so slow?2021 June. . [cited 2021 Oct.]. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01678-5
  • (25) Gür, N. Yeni ekonomi için anahtar ar-ge ve inovasyon finansmanı. Seta Yayınları; 2014.
  • (26) Tykvová, T. Venture capital in Germany and its impact on innovation, EFMA Conference In Athens, June 2000.
  • (27) Bryan,H. Private markets year in review: 2020 venture capital investments.2021 Feb. [cited 2021 Nov.]. Available from: https://insight.factset.com/private-markets-year-in-review-2020-venture-capital-investments
  • (28) SPK. Girişim Sermaye.[internet].Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu;2021[cited 2021 Nov.]. Available from: https://spk.gov.tr/Sayfa/AltSayfa/206
  • (29) KPMG, Venture pulse q2 2021; 2021 [cited 2021 Nov.]. Available from: https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/cn/pdf/en/2021/10/venture-pulse-q2-2021.pdf
  • (30) Lerner,. The government as a venture capitalist: the long-run impact of the SBIR program. Journal Of Business.1999;72(3): 285-318.
  • (31) Unicef. Dünya genelinde COVID-19 aşılarının temini, üretimi ve dağıtımı ile ilgili engelleri ortadan kaldırmamız için hızlı ve basit çözümlere ihtiyaç var. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund .2021 April[cited 202130Oct.]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/turkey/bas%C4%B1n-b%C3%BCltenleri/d%C3%BCnya genelinde-COVID-19-a%C5%9F%C4%B1lar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n-temini-%C3%BCretimi-ve-da%C4%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1m%C4%B1-ile-ilgili
  • (32) WHO, UN set out steps to meet world COVID vaccination targets.[internet]. World Health Organization; 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/07-10-2021-who-un-set-out-steps-to-meet-world-covid-vaccination-targets

COVID 19 Pandemisinde Yürütülen Sağlık Politikaları Kapsamında Aşıya Eşit Erişim: Bir Finansman Önerisi

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: S1, 260 - 270, 28.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1022790

Abstract

2020 yılında küresel pandemiye neden olan COVID-19 virüsü 2021 yılının son çeyreğinde 248 milyon kişinin hastalığa yakalanmasına ve 5 milyon kişinin ise hayatına kaybetmesine neden olmuştur. Küresel pandemiden çıkışın yolu ise dünya nüfusunun %70’nin aşılanması olarak açıklanmış fakat özellikle düşük ve orta gelirli ülkelerde (LMIC) aşılanma düzeyleri çok düşük oranlarda kalmıştır. COVID-19 aşısına erişimlerinin sağlanması ve aşılamanın hızlandırılmasında için 50 milyar Dolarlık finansmana ihtiyaç duyması ve zengin ülkelerin aşı paylaşımında istekli davranmamaları, aşılamada finansman sorunun boyutunu arttırmaktadır. Aşıya eşit erişimin sağlanmasında ise aşı arzını arttırılması önemli bir çözüm sağlayabilecektir. İleri teknoloji ürünü olan aşı arzının arttırılmasında sağlık hizmetleri ve bioteknoloji alanındaki Ar-Ge yatırım harcamalarının etkileri olması beklenir. Aşının geliştirilmesinden, üretimine kadar olan süreçte bioteknoloji firmaları finansman sorunu ile karşılaşabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda girişim sermaye söz konusu finansman sorunu çözümü ve aşı arzının arttırılmasında bir çözüm olabilecektir. Bu kapsamda yeniliğin finansmanında önemli bir yöntem olan girişim sermeye yatırımlarının küresel ölçekte artması ve kamunun gerek tek başına gerek kamu özel ortaklılıkları ile aşı teknolojileri üreten şirketlere doğrudan destek sağlamsı COVID-19 aşılarına erişimde büyük bir sorun olan aşı arzının arttırılmasında önemli bir katkı sağlayabilecektir. Bu kapsamda devletin doğrudan girişim sermayedar olarak firmaları fonlaması yada kamu-özel sektör ortaklığı aracılığı ile yenilik alanında yatırım, tarama ve tavsiye (yönlendirme) hizmetini vermesi önerilebilir.

References

  • (1) Klein, M., Wasserman, M. Coronavirus and the health of the U.S. economy. 2020 March [cited 2021 Oct.28]. https://econofact.org/coronavirus-and-the-health-of-the-u-s-economy
  • (2) Unicef. COVID-19 vaccines: 5 reasons why dose donations are essential. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund 2020 May [cited 2021 30 Oct.]. https://www.unicef.org/search?force=0&query=COVID19+19+vaccination&created%5Bmin%5D=&created%5Bmax%5D=
  • (3) Kaul I., Mendoza R. Advancing the concept of public goods. In: Providing Global Public Goods-Manoging Globalization, Inge Kaul et.al. editors, Oxford University Press; 2003.
  • (4) Buse, K., Mays, N., Walt, G. Making health policy, Second Edition, New York: Open University Press;2021.
  • (5) Blofield, M., Hoffmann, B., Llanos, M. Assessing the political and social impact of the COVID19 crisis in Latin America. Veröffentlichungs version working paper. No:3.April 2020.
  • (6) Pollock MA, Clements L, Harding-Edgar L. COVID-19: Why We Need National Health and Social Care Service. BMJ. 2020;April:1-2.
  • (7) Singer, D. Clinical and health policy challenges in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Postgrad Medical Journal.2020; 96: 373–374.
  • (8) Thompson, D. (2020). What’s behind South Korea’s COVID-19 exceptionalism?. The Atlantic. 2020 May[cited 2021Oct], Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2020/05/south-koreas-covid-19-exceptionalism/611296/
  • (9) Pueyo T. Medium: Coronavirus: Learning How to Dance. The Loadstar:2020 April [cited 2021 Oct].Available from: https://theloadstar.com/medium-coronavirus-learning-how-to-dance/
  • (10) İşlek ,E., Özatkan ,Y., Bilir, M.K., Arı, H.O., Çelik, H., Yıldırım, H.H. COVID-19 Pandemi Yönetiminde Türkiye Örneği: Sağlık Politikası Uygulamaları ve Stratejileri. Türkiye Sağlık Politikaları Enstitüsü Yayını;2020.
  • (11) Our World in Data Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations; 2020 Dec.[cited 2021 Nov.],Available from:. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
  • (12) Orer, H. COVID-19: Yeni aşıdan ne kadar uzaktayız?; 2020 August [cited 2021 nov.1]. Available from: https://sarkac.org/2020/08/COVID-19-yeni-asidan-ne-kadar-uzaktayiz/
  • (13) Griliches, Z. Productivity, R&D and basic research at the firm level in the1970’s. American Economic Review.1986; 76; 141–154.
  • (14) Nelson, R. Production sets, technological knowledge and R&D: fragile and overworked constructs for analysis of productivity growth?. American Economic Review. 1980; 70(2): 62-67.
  • (15) Porter, M.,Stern, S. Measuring the ideas production function: evidence from ınternational patent output. NBER Working Paper.2000 No. 7891.
  • (16) Studt, T. 2021 Global R&D Funding Forecast released. In 2021 Global R&D funding forecast. R&d World Press; 2021[cited 2021 Oct] Available from: https://forecast.rdworldonline.com/product/2021-global-rd-funding-forecast/
  • (17) OECD.Main Science and technology indicators. [internet]. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2021 March [cited 2021 Oct.] Available from:https://www.oecd.org/sti/msti-highlights-march-2021.pdf
  • (18) WHO. COVID-19 research and innovation achievements. World Health Oganization R&D Blue Print:2021
  • (19) Moon, S., Ruiz, A. A., Bezruki, A., Agarwal, S., Vieira, M. Covıd-19 vaccine R&D investments. [internet]. Global Health Center. The Graduate Institute Geneva; 2021 July [cited 2021 Oct.] Available from: https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/covid19-r-d-funding
  • (20) BARDA. Disaster Medicine. [internet]. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; 2021 [cited 2021 Oct.] Available from: https://www.phe.gov/about/barda/Pages/default.aspx,
  • (21) IMI. IMI mission and objectives. [internet]. Innovative Medicines Initiative; 2021 [cited 2021 Oct.] Available from: https://www.imi.europa.eu/about-imi/mission-objectives
  • (22) Bailey, E. E., Baumol, W.J.Deregulation and the theory of contestable markets. Yale Journal of Regulation. 1984;1(111):111-137.
  • (23) Stiglitz, J. E. Technological change, sunk costs and competition. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.1987; 3: 883-937. (24) Sandefur, J. World Bank grants for global vaccination — why so slow?2021 June. . [cited 2021 Oct.]. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01678-5
  • (25) Gür, N. Yeni ekonomi için anahtar ar-ge ve inovasyon finansmanı. Seta Yayınları; 2014.
  • (26) Tykvová, T. Venture capital in Germany and its impact on innovation, EFMA Conference In Athens, June 2000.
  • (27) Bryan,H. Private markets year in review: 2020 venture capital investments.2021 Feb. [cited 2021 Nov.]. Available from: https://insight.factset.com/private-markets-year-in-review-2020-venture-capital-investments
  • (28) SPK. Girişim Sermaye.[internet].Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu;2021[cited 2021 Nov.]. Available from: https://spk.gov.tr/Sayfa/AltSayfa/206
  • (29) KPMG, Venture pulse q2 2021; 2021 [cited 2021 Nov.]. Available from: https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/cn/pdf/en/2021/10/venture-pulse-q2-2021.pdf
  • (30) Lerner,. The government as a venture capitalist: the long-run impact of the SBIR program. Journal Of Business.1999;72(3): 285-318.
  • (31) Unicef. Dünya genelinde COVID-19 aşılarının temini, üretimi ve dağıtımı ile ilgili engelleri ortadan kaldırmamız için hızlı ve basit çözümlere ihtiyaç var. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund .2021 April[cited 202130Oct.]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/turkey/bas%C4%B1n-b%C3%BCltenleri/d%C3%BCnya genelinde-COVID-19-a%C5%9F%C4%B1lar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n-temini-%C3%BCretimi-ve-da%C4%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1m%C4%B1-ile-ilgili
  • (32) WHO, UN set out steps to meet world COVID vaccination targets.[internet]. World Health Organization; 2021 Oct [cited 2021 Oct]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/07-10-2021-who-un-set-out-steps-to-meet-world-covid-vaccination-targets
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Deniz Aytaç 0000-0001-7546-2734

Publication Date April 28, 2022
Acceptance Date February 2, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 14 Issue: S1

Cite

APA Aytaç, D. (2022). Equal Access to Vaccines within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal. Konuralp Medical Journal, 14(S1), 260-270. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1022790
AMA Aytaç D. Equal Access to Vaccines within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal. Konuralp Medical Journal. April 2022;14(S1):260-270. doi:10.18521/ktd.1022790
Chicago Aytaç, Deniz. “Equal Access to Vaccines Within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried Out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal”. Konuralp Medical Journal 14, no. S1 (April 2022): 260-70. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1022790.
EndNote Aytaç D (April 1, 2022) Equal Access to Vaccines within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal. Konuralp Medical Journal 14 S1 260–270.
IEEE D. Aytaç, “Equal Access to Vaccines within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal”, Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 14, no. S1, pp. 260–270, 2022, doi: 10.18521/ktd.1022790.
ISNAD Aytaç, Deniz. “Equal Access to Vaccines Within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried Out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal”. Konuralp Medical Journal 14/S1 (April 2022), 260-270. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1022790.
JAMA Aytaç D. Equal Access to Vaccines within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2022;14:260–270.
MLA Aytaç, Deniz. “Equal Access to Vaccines Within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried Out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal”. Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 14, no. S1, 2022, pp. 260-7, doi:10.18521/ktd.1022790.
Vancouver Aytaç D. Equal Access to Vaccines within the Scope of the Health Policies Carried out in the COVID 19 Pandemic: A Financing Proposal. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2022;14(S1):260-7.