Özet: Bu araştırma, şiddete maruz kalan kadınların algıladıkları sosyal destek ile travma sonrası büyümelerinde mental iyi oluşun aracı rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Veriler, İstanbul'da yaşayan, şiddete uğramış, kadın konuk evinde kalmış veya daha önce kadın konuk evinde kalmamış gönüllü kadınlardan (N:132) toplanmıştır. Veriler, çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi için SPSS 26 ile Hayes Process yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, travma sonrası büyüme ile mental iyi oluş arasında pozitif yönlü ve algılanan sosyal destekle de pozitif yönlü istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca algılanan sosyal destek ile mental iyi oluş arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mental iyi oluşun algılanan sosyal destek ve travma sonrası büyümeye kısmen aracılık ettiği görülmüştür. Araştırmanın son bulgusunda ise kadın konuk evlerinde kalmayan kadınların kadın konuk evlerinde kalan kadınlara kıyasla sosyal destek algıları puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bulgular şiddete maruz kalan kadınların travma sonrası büyüme sürecinde algılanan sosyal destek ve mental sağlığın önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar literatür bağlamında tartışılmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz
ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun
davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak
gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir
değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını
ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim.
Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun
saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu
bildiririm.
References
Al-Modallal, H. (2012). Patterns of Coping with Partner Violence: Experiences of Refugee Women in Jordan. Public Health Nursing, 29(5), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2012.01018.x
Anderson, K. M., Renner, L. M., ve Danis, F. S. (2012). Recovery: Resilience and growth in the aftermath of domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 18(11), 1279-1299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212470543
Avşar, Ş. (2021). Pandemi Döneminde Eşleri Tarafından Ev İçi Şiddete Maruz Kalan Kadınlarda Gelişen Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ile Sosyal Destek Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Bir Olgu – Kontrol Çalışması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi.
Beeble, M. L., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., ve Adams, A. E. (2009). Main, mediating, and moderating effects of social support on the well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence across 2 years. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 718–729. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016140
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2011). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık
Calhoun, L. G. ve Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Future directions. In R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park ve L. G. Calhoun (Ed.). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676.
Czuba B. (2021). Social support for veterans. Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces. 53;1(199): 5-20. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8106
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği'nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being,3(1), 93-102
Fuller-Iglesias, H. R., Webster, N. J., ve Antonucci, T. C. (2015). The complex nature of family support across the life span: Implications for psychological well-being. Developmental Psychology, 51(3), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038665
Garland, S. N., Carlson, L. E., Cook, S., Lansdell, L., ve Speca, M. (2007). A non-randomized comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and healing arts programs for facilitating post-traumatic growth and spirituality in cancer outpatients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 15(8), 949-961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-007-0280-5
Giebel, C., Pulford, D., Cooper, C., Lord, K., Shenton, J., Cannon, J., Shaw, L., Tetlow, H., Limbert, S., Callaghan, S., Whittington, R., Rogers, C., Komuravelli, A., Rajagopal, M., Eley, R., Downs, M., Reilly, S., Ward, K., Gaughan, A., Gabbay, M. (2021). COVID-19-related social support service closures and mental well-being in older adults and those affected by dementia: A UK longitudinal survey. BMJ Open, 11(1), e045889. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045889
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Using SPSS: A little syntax guide. Unpublished Manuscript. Available
online:https://haskayne.ucalgary.ca/sites/default/files/CCRAM/CCRAM_TR_022_01. pdf (accessed on 20 October 2022).
Harcar, T., Çakır, Ö., Sürgevil, O. ve Budak, G. (2008). Kadına Yölik Şiddet ve Türkiye'de Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Durumu. Toplum ve Demokrasi,2(4), Eylül-Aralık, s:51-70
Hill, E., ve Watkins, K. (2017). Women with Ovarian Cancer: Examining the Role of Social Support and Rumination in Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological Distress, and Psychological Well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-016-9482-7
Hupcey, J. E. (1998). Social support: Assessing conceptual coherence. Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), 304-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239800800302
Jones, L., Hughes, M., ve Unterstaller, U. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims of domestic violence: A review of the research. Trauma, Violence, ve Abuse, 2(2), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838001002002001
Kadın Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (2021). İhtisaslaşmış Kadın Konukevi Nedir?. S;07, Haziran-Temmuz.
https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/84991/ksgm-bulten-7-sayi.pdf adresinden 12.11.2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Kaziasty, K. (2005). Social support and traumatic stres. The National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Quarterly, 16(2), 1-8.
Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-Edinburgh Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği’ninTürkçe formu: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness ve Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
Kheirallah KA, Al-Zureikat SH, Al-Mistarehi AH, Alsulaiman JW, AlQudah M, Khassawneh AH, Lorettu L, Bellizzi S, Mzayek F, Elbarazi I, ve Serlin IA. (2022). The Association of Conflict-Related Trauma with Markers of Mental Health Among Syrian Refugee Women: The Role of Social Support and Post-Traumatic Growth. International Journal of Women’s Health, ume 14, 1251–1266.
Krantz, G., ve Garcia-Moreno, C. (2005). Violence against women. Journal of Epidemiology ve Community Health, 59(10), 818-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.022756
Kroemeke, A., Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K., ve Kalamarz, M. (2017). Mixed Psychological Changes Following Mastectomy: Unique Predictors and Heterogeneity of Post-traumatic Growth and Post-traumatic Depreciation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01245
Linley, P. A. ve Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress 17(1), 11-21.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e
Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Harrington, S. ve Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future, The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice, 1:1, 3-16
Long, L. J., Bistricky, S. L., Phillips, C. A., D’souza, J. M., Richardson, A. L., Lai, B. S., Short, M., ve Gallagher, M. W. (2020). The Potential Unique Impacts Of Hope and Resilience On Mental Health And Well-Being in The Wake Of Hurricane Harvey. Journal Of Traumatic Stress, 33(6), 962-972. https://doi.org/10.1002/Jts.22555
Lykins, E. L., Segerstrom, S. C., Averill, A. J., Evans, D. R., ve Kemeny, M. E. (2007). Goal shifts following reminders of mortality: Reconciling posttraumatic growth and terror management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(8), 1088-1099.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207303015
McCloskey, L. A., Treviso, M., Scionti, T., ve Dal Pozzo, G. (2002). A comparative study of battered women and their children in Italy and the United States. Journal of Family Violence, 17(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013609023141
Mensah, A. (2021). Job Stress and Mental Well-Being among Working Men and Women in Europe: The Mediating Role of Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2494.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052494
Momennasab, M., Nouzari, R. ve Najafi, S. S. (2021). Post-Traumatic Growth among Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer and Its Association with Socail Suport and Hope. Yafte. 23(2):46-58.
Murray, B. (2003). A primer on teaching positive psychology. APA Monitor on Psychology, 34, 52-53.
Prati, G., ve Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(5), 364-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020902724271
Ryan, R. M., ve Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Ryff, C. D., ve Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social Science Research, 35(4), 1103-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.01.002
Ryff, C. D., ve Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
Seligman, M. E. P., ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Shorter-Gooden, K. (2004). Multiple Resistance Strategies: How African American Women Cope With Racism and Sexism. Journal of Black Psychology, Vol. 3, No:3, August. DOI: 10.1177/0095798404266050
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., ve Ullman, J. B. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (Seventh edition).
Pearson.Tedeschi RG, Park CL, Calhoun LG. (1998). Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis. London, LEA, Inc;
Tedeschi, R. G., ve Kilmer, R. P. (2005). Assessing Strengths, Resilience, and Growth to Guide Clinical Interventions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(3), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.230
Tjaden, P., ve Thoennes, N. (2000). Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women, 6(2), 142-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010022181769
Woods, S. J. (2005). Intimate partner violence and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in women: What we know and need to know. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(4), 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504267882
World Health Organization (2014). Mental health: a state of well-being. https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/ (accessed October 15, 2021).
World Health Organization (2024). Violence Against Women; Scope of the Problem. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women (Accessed April, 2024).
Vincke, J., ve van Heeringen, K. (2004). Summer Holiday Camps for Gay and Lesbian Young Adults: An Evaluation of Their Impact on Social Support and Mental Well-Being. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(2), 33–46.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v47n02_02
Xavier, N., ve Wesley J., R. (2018). Mediating effect of online social support on the relationship between stress and mental well-being. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 22(4), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-07-2018-0022
Xue, S., ve Xu, W. (2022). Perceived social support and post-traumatic growth 12 years after the Wenchuan earthquake: A moderated mediation of belief in a just world and gender. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03843-z
Yıldırım, İ. (1997). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi güvenirliği ve geçerliği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(13), 81-87.
The Mediating Role of Post-Traumatic Growth, Perceived Social Support and Mental Well-Being: A Sample of Battered Women
Abstract: This research aims to examine the mediating role of mental well-being and social support in post-traumatic growth processes of women who have experienced violence. The data was collected from 132 volunteer women living in Istanbul, who experienced violence, stayed in a women's shelter or did not stay before. Data were analyzed using the Hayes Process method with SPSS 26 for multiple linear regression analysis. The findings showed that there were positive relationships between post-traumatic growth and mental well-being, and positive relationship with perceived social support. In addition, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived social support and mental well-being. It has been observed that mental well-being partially mediates perceived social support and posttraumatic growth.The final finding of the study indicates that women who did not stay in women's shelters had higher scores in perceived social support compared to those who stayed in women's shelters. These findings suggest that mental well-being has an important place in the post-traumatic growth process in women who have experienced violence. These results are discussed in the context of the literature.
Al-Modallal, H. (2012). Patterns of Coping with Partner Violence: Experiences of Refugee Women in Jordan. Public Health Nursing, 29(5), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2012.01018.x
Anderson, K. M., Renner, L. M., ve Danis, F. S. (2012). Recovery: Resilience and growth in the aftermath of domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 18(11), 1279-1299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212470543
Avşar, Ş. (2021). Pandemi Döneminde Eşleri Tarafından Ev İçi Şiddete Maruz Kalan Kadınlarda Gelişen Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ile Sosyal Destek Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Bir Olgu – Kontrol Çalışması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi.
Beeble, M. L., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., ve Adams, A. E. (2009). Main, mediating, and moderating effects of social support on the well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence across 2 years. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 718–729. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016140
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2011). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık
Calhoun, L. G. ve Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Future directions. In R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park ve L. G. Calhoun (Ed.). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676.
Czuba B. (2021). Social support for veterans. Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces. 53;1(199): 5-20. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8106
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği'nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being,3(1), 93-102
Fuller-Iglesias, H. R., Webster, N. J., ve Antonucci, T. C. (2015). The complex nature of family support across the life span: Implications for psychological well-being. Developmental Psychology, 51(3), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038665
Garland, S. N., Carlson, L. E., Cook, S., Lansdell, L., ve Speca, M. (2007). A non-randomized comparison of mindfulness-based stress reduction and healing arts programs for facilitating post-traumatic growth and spirituality in cancer outpatients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 15(8), 949-961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-007-0280-5
Giebel, C., Pulford, D., Cooper, C., Lord, K., Shenton, J., Cannon, J., Shaw, L., Tetlow, H., Limbert, S., Callaghan, S., Whittington, R., Rogers, C., Komuravelli, A., Rajagopal, M., Eley, R., Downs, M., Reilly, S., Ward, K., Gaughan, A., Gabbay, M. (2021). COVID-19-related social support service closures and mental well-being in older adults and those affected by dementia: A UK longitudinal survey. BMJ Open, 11(1), e045889. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045889
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Using SPSS: A little syntax guide. Unpublished Manuscript. Available
online:https://haskayne.ucalgary.ca/sites/default/files/CCRAM/CCRAM_TR_022_01. pdf (accessed on 20 October 2022).
Harcar, T., Çakır, Ö., Sürgevil, O. ve Budak, G. (2008). Kadına Yölik Şiddet ve Türkiye'de Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Durumu. Toplum ve Demokrasi,2(4), Eylül-Aralık, s:51-70
Hill, E., ve Watkins, K. (2017). Women with Ovarian Cancer: Examining the Role of Social Support and Rumination in Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological Distress, and Psychological Well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-016-9482-7
Hupcey, J. E. (1998). Social support: Assessing conceptual coherence. Qualitative Health Research, 8(3), 304-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239800800302
Jones, L., Hughes, M., ve Unterstaller, U. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims of domestic violence: A review of the research. Trauma, Violence, ve Abuse, 2(2), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838001002002001
Kadın Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (2021). İhtisaslaşmış Kadın Konukevi Nedir?. S;07, Haziran-Temmuz.
https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/84991/ksgm-bulten-7-sayi.pdf adresinden 12.11.2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Kaziasty, K. (2005). Social support and traumatic stres. The National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Quarterly, 16(2), 1-8.
Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-Edinburgh Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği’ninTürkçe formu: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness ve Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
Kheirallah KA, Al-Zureikat SH, Al-Mistarehi AH, Alsulaiman JW, AlQudah M, Khassawneh AH, Lorettu L, Bellizzi S, Mzayek F, Elbarazi I, ve Serlin IA. (2022). The Association of Conflict-Related Trauma with Markers of Mental Health Among Syrian Refugee Women: The Role of Social Support and Post-Traumatic Growth. International Journal of Women’s Health, ume 14, 1251–1266.
Krantz, G., ve Garcia-Moreno, C. (2005). Violence against women. Journal of Epidemiology ve Community Health, 59(10), 818-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.022756
Kroemeke, A., Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K., ve Kalamarz, M. (2017). Mixed Psychological Changes Following Mastectomy: Unique Predictors and Heterogeneity of Post-traumatic Growth and Post-traumatic Depreciation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01245
Linley, P. A. ve Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress 17(1), 11-21.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e
Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Harrington, S. ve Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future, The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice, 1:1, 3-16
Long, L. J., Bistricky, S. L., Phillips, C. A., D’souza, J. M., Richardson, A. L., Lai, B. S., Short, M., ve Gallagher, M. W. (2020). The Potential Unique Impacts Of Hope and Resilience On Mental Health And Well-Being in The Wake Of Hurricane Harvey. Journal Of Traumatic Stress, 33(6), 962-972. https://doi.org/10.1002/Jts.22555
Lykins, E. L., Segerstrom, S. C., Averill, A. J., Evans, D. R., ve Kemeny, M. E. (2007). Goal shifts following reminders of mortality: Reconciling posttraumatic growth and terror management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(8), 1088-1099.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207303015
McCloskey, L. A., Treviso, M., Scionti, T., ve Dal Pozzo, G. (2002). A comparative study of battered women and their children in Italy and the United States. Journal of Family Violence, 17(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013609023141
Mensah, A. (2021). Job Stress and Mental Well-Being among Working Men and Women in Europe: The Mediating Role of Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2494.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052494
Momennasab, M., Nouzari, R. ve Najafi, S. S. (2021). Post-Traumatic Growth among Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer and Its Association with Socail Suport and Hope. Yafte. 23(2):46-58.
Murray, B. (2003). A primer on teaching positive psychology. APA Monitor on Psychology, 34, 52-53.
Prati, G., ve Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(5), 364-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020902724271
Ryan, R. M., ve Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Ryff, C. D., ve Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social Science Research, 35(4), 1103-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.01.002
Ryff, C. D., ve Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
Seligman, M. E. P., ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Shorter-Gooden, K. (2004). Multiple Resistance Strategies: How African American Women Cope With Racism and Sexism. Journal of Black Psychology, Vol. 3, No:3, August. DOI: 10.1177/0095798404266050
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., ve Ullman, J. B. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (Seventh edition).
Pearson.Tedeschi RG, Park CL, Calhoun LG. (1998). Posttraumatic Growth: Positive Changes in the Aftermath of Crisis. London, LEA, Inc;
Tedeschi, R. G., ve Kilmer, R. P. (2005). Assessing Strengths, Resilience, and Growth to Guide Clinical Interventions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(3), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.230
Tjaden, P., ve Thoennes, N. (2000). Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women, 6(2), 142-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010022181769
Woods, S. J. (2005). Intimate partner violence and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in women: What we know and need to know. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(4), 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504267882
World Health Organization (2014). Mental health: a state of well-being. https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/ (accessed October 15, 2021).
World Health Organization (2024). Violence Against Women; Scope of the Problem. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women (Accessed April, 2024).
Vincke, J., ve van Heeringen, K. (2004). Summer Holiday Camps for Gay and Lesbian Young Adults: An Evaluation of Their Impact on Social Support and Mental Well-Being. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(2), 33–46.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v47n02_02
Xavier, N., ve Wesley J., R. (2018). Mediating effect of online social support on the relationship between stress and mental well-being. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 22(4), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-07-2018-0022
Xue, S., ve Xu, W. (2022). Perceived social support and post-traumatic growth 12 years after the Wenchuan earthquake: A moderated mediation of belief in a just world and gender. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03843-z
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Details
Primary Language
Turkish
Subjects
Trauma Psychology, Family Psychology , Personality and Individual Differences, Social and Personality Psychology (Other)
Öztosun, A., Kuşci, İ., & Eldeleklioğlu, J. (2024). Şiddet Görmüş Kadınlarda Algılanan Sosyal Destek ile Travma Sonrası Büyüme İlişkisinde Mental İyi Oluşun Aracı Rolü. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(4), 321-330. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.4.03