Research Article
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Predictors of Loneliness in Young Adults: Depression, Anxiety, Social Support, Emotional Intelligence

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 93 - 101, 10.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.19.1.11

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the constructs that predict loneliness in young adults. For this purpose, the relations between loneliness, depression, anxiety, perceived social support and emotional intelligence were examined, and loneliness scores of different socio-demographic groups were compared. The study conducted with 213 female and 226 male, a total of 439 participants between the ages of 18 and 25. In the first place, multiple linear regression analysis was performed in order to predict loneliness scores in the whole group, and the regression analysis was repeated in different groups which were generated based on the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. Results of the regression analysis showed that State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, CES Depression Scale, Positive Expressivity subscale of the IPIP Emotional Intelligence Test, and Friend subscale of the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale predicted total score of the UCLA Loneliness Scale significantly; the prediction ratio for the loneliness was calculated 66.0%. Afterwards, loneliness scores of different socio-demographic groups were compared using multi-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and no significant differences were found between the groups. In addition, there was significant interaction observed between groups that were generated based on gender and education level.

References

  • Alpass, F. M. ve Neville, S. (2003). Loneliness, health and depression in older males. Aging and Mental Health, 7(3), 212- 216.
  • Aylaz, R., Aktürk, Ü., Erci, B., Öztürk, H. ve Aslan, H. (2012). Relationship between depression and loneliness in elderly and examination of influential factors. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 55(3), 548-554.
  • Barchard, K. A. (2001). Emotional and social intelligence: examining its place in the nomological network. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Besevegis, E. ve Galanaki, E. P. (2010). Coping with loneliness in childhood. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7(6), 653-673.
  • Cooper, L., Balandin, S. ve Trembath, D. (2009). The loneliness experiences of young adults with cerebral palsy who use alternative and augmentative communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 25(3), 154-164.
  • Daniel, K. (2013). Loneliness and depression among university students in Kenya. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Arts and Humanities, 13(4), 11-18.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. (1987). Developing and testing a model of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 119-128.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 8(1), 73-80.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. ve van Tilburg, T. G. (2006a). Loneliness and social isolation. In D. Perlman, & A. Vangelisti (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 485-500). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. ve van Tilburg, T. G. (2006b). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582-598.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. ve van Tilburg, T. G. (2008). A shortened scale for overall, emotional and social loneliness. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie, 39(1), 4-15.
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 14-18.
  • Demir, A. ve Tarhan, N. (2001). Loneliness and social dissatisfaction in Turkish adolescents. The Journal of Psychology, 135(1), 113-123.
  • Durak, M., & Senol-Durak, E. (2010). Psychometric qualities of the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Version 3 as applied in a Turkish culture. Educational Gerontology, 36(10-11), 988-1007.
  • Eker, D. ve Arkar, H. (1995). Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(34), 17-25.
  • Eker, D., Arkar, H. ve Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17-25.
  • Eskin, M. (1993) Reliability of Turkish version of the Perceived Social Support from Friends and Family Scales, Scale for Interpersonal Behavior, and Suicide Probability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 515-522.
  • Eskin, M. (2001). Ergenlikte yalnızlık, baş etme yöntemleri ve yalnızlığın intihar davranışı ile ilişkisi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 4(5), 5- 11.
  • Fees, B. S., Martin, P. ve Poon, L. W. (1999). A model of loneliness in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 54(4), 231-239.
  • Houghton, S., Hattie, J., Wood, L., Carroll, A., Martin, K. ve Tan, C. (2014). Conceptualising loneliness in adolescents: development and validation of a self-report instrument. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45(5), 604-616.
  • Kafetsios, K. ve Sideridis, G. D. (2006). Attachment, social support and well-being in young and older adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(6), 863-875.
  • Kang, H. W., Park, M. ve Wallace, J. P. (2018). The impact of perceived social support, loneliness, and physical activity on quality of life in South Korean older adults. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(2), 237-244.
  • Le Prevost, M., Arenas-Pinto, A., Melvin, D., Parrott, F., Foster, C., Ford, D., et al. (2018). Anxiety and depression symptoms in young people with perinatally acquired HIV and HIV affected young people in England. AIDS Care, 30(8), 1040-1049.
  • Lee, Y. ve Ko, Y. G. (2018). Feeling lonely when not socially isolated: social isolation moderates the association between loneliness and daily social interaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(10), 1340-1355.
  • Lykes, V. A. ve Kemmelmeier, M. (2014). What predicts loneliness? Cultural difference between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 468-490.
  • Lykes, V. A. ve Kemmelmeier, M. (2014). What predicts loneliness? Cultural difference between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 468-490.
  • Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L. ve Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55(5), 308- 315.
  • Mushtaq, R., Shoib, S., Shah, T. ve Mushtaq, S. (2014). Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(9), 1- 4.
  • Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluk - Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri el kitabı (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Perlman, D. ve Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In S. Duck & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships in disorder. London: Academic Press.
  • Perlman, D. ve Peplau, L. A. (1984). Loneliness research: a survey of empirical findings. In L. A. Peplau & S. Goldston (Eds.), Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness (pp. 13-46). Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Procidano, M. E. ve Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1- 24.
  • Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., et al. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250-264.
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
  • Rokach, A. (2001). Strategies of coping with loneliness throughout the lifespan. Current Psychology, 20(1), 3-17.
  • Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 469-480.
  • Rokach, A. (2012). Loneliness updated: an introduction. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 1-6.
  • Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., McRae, C. ve Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone? The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 7-22.
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A. ve Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480.
  • Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J. ve Minski, P. S. (2003). Factor structure and validity of a trait emotional intelligence measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(4), 707-721.
  • Seepersad, S. (2004). Coping with loneliness: adolescent online and offline behavior. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 7(1), 35- 39.
  • Singh, A. ve Misralnd, N. (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 18(1), 51-55.
  • Spence, R., Jacobs, C. ve Bifulco, A. (2018). Attachment style, loneliness and depression in older age women. Aging and Mental Health, 1-3.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. ve Lushene, R. E. (1970). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (test manual). Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Tatar, A. ve Saltukoğlu, G. (2010). CES-Depresyon Ölçeği'nin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Madde Cevap Kuramı kullanımı ile Türkçe'ye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 20(3), 213-227.
  • Tiwari, S. C. (2013). Loneliness: a disease? IndianJournal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 320-322.
  • Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Raes, F. ve Goossens, L. (2012). Loneliness and depressive symptoms: the mediating and moderating role of uncontrollable ruminative thoughts. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 259-276.
  • van Winkel, M., Wichers, M., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., et al. (2017). Unraveling the role of loneliness in depression: the relationship between daily life experience and behavior. Psychiatry, 80(2), 104-117.
  • Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: the experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. ve Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.

Genç Yetişkinlerde Yalnızlığın Yordayıcıları: Depresyon, Kaygı, Sosyal Destek, Duygusal Zeka

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 93 - 101, 10.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.19.1.11

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, genç yetişkinlerde yalnızlığın yordayıcısı olan olguların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda önce, yalnızlık, depresyon, kaygı, algılanan sosyal destek ve duygusal zeka arası ilişkiler incelenmiş, daha sonra farklı sosyo demografik grupların yalnızlık puanları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmaya, 18-25 yaş
aralığında 213 kadın ve 226 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 439 kişi katılmıştır. İlk aşamada, tüm grupta yalnızlık puanının yordanması için çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmış, analizler katılımcıların sosyo-demografik özelliklerine göre oluşturulan gruplar için ayrı ayrı olacak şekilde tekrar edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, tüm grupta Durumluk Kaygı, Sürekli Kaygı, CES Depresyon Ölçeği, UKMH Duygusal Zeka Testi’nin “Olumlu İfade” alt boyutu ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği “Arkadaş” alt boyutu toplam puanı UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği toplam puanını %66,0 oranında yordamaktadır. Çalışmada sonraki aşama olarak, farklı sosyo-demografik grupların yalnızlık puanları çok yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile karşılaştırılmış ve grupların yalnızlık puanları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Bununla birlikte, cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyine göre oluşturulan gruplar arasında etkileşim olduğu görülmüştür.
  

References

  • Alpass, F. M. ve Neville, S. (2003). Loneliness, health and depression in older males. Aging and Mental Health, 7(3), 212- 216.
  • Aylaz, R., Aktürk, Ü., Erci, B., Öztürk, H. ve Aslan, H. (2012). Relationship between depression and loneliness in elderly and examination of influential factors. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 55(3), 548-554.
  • Barchard, K. A. (2001). Emotional and social intelligence: examining its place in the nomological network. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, Canada.
  • Besevegis, E. ve Galanaki, E. P. (2010). Coping with loneliness in childhood. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7(6), 653-673.
  • Cooper, L., Balandin, S. ve Trembath, D. (2009). The loneliness experiences of young adults with cerebral palsy who use alternative and augmentative communication. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 25(3), 154-164.
  • Daniel, K. (2013). Loneliness and depression among university students in Kenya. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Arts and Humanities, 13(4), 11-18.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. (1987). Developing and testing a model of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 119-128.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. (1998). A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 8(1), 73-80.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. ve van Tilburg, T. G. (2006a). Loneliness and social isolation. In D. Perlman, & A. Vangelisti (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 485-500). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. ve van Tilburg, T. G. (2006b). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582-598.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J. ve van Tilburg, T. G. (2008). A shortened scale for overall, emotional and social loneliness. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie, 39(1), 4-15.
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 14-18.
  • Demir, A. ve Tarhan, N. (2001). Loneliness and social dissatisfaction in Turkish adolescents. The Journal of Psychology, 135(1), 113-123.
  • Durak, M., & Senol-Durak, E. (2010). Psychometric qualities of the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Version 3 as applied in a Turkish culture. Educational Gerontology, 36(10-11), 988-1007.
  • Eker, D. ve Arkar, H. (1995). Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(34), 17-25.
  • Eker, D., Arkar, H. ve Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’nin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17-25.
  • Eskin, M. (1993) Reliability of Turkish version of the Perceived Social Support from Friends and Family Scales, Scale for Interpersonal Behavior, and Suicide Probability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 515-522.
  • Eskin, M. (2001). Ergenlikte yalnızlık, baş etme yöntemleri ve yalnızlığın intihar davranışı ile ilişkisi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 4(5), 5- 11.
  • Fees, B. S., Martin, P. ve Poon, L. W. (1999). A model of loneliness in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 54(4), 231-239.
  • Houghton, S., Hattie, J., Wood, L., Carroll, A., Martin, K. ve Tan, C. (2014). Conceptualising loneliness in adolescents: development and validation of a self-report instrument. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45(5), 604-616.
  • Kafetsios, K. ve Sideridis, G. D. (2006). Attachment, social support and well-being in young and older adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(6), 863-875.
  • Kang, H. W., Park, M. ve Wallace, J. P. (2018). The impact of perceived social support, loneliness, and physical activity on quality of life in South Korean older adults. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(2), 237-244.
  • Le Prevost, M., Arenas-Pinto, A., Melvin, D., Parrott, F., Foster, C., Ford, D., et al. (2018). Anxiety and depression symptoms in young people with perinatally acquired HIV and HIV affected young people in England. AIDS Care, 30(8), 1040-1049.
  • Lee, Y. ve Ko, Y. G. (2018). Feeling lonely when not socially isolated: social isolation moderates the association between loneliness and daily social interaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(10), 1340-1355.
  • Lykes, V. A. ve Kemmelmeier, M. (2014). What predicts loneliness? Cultural difference between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 468-490.
  • Lykes, V. A. ve Kemmelmeier, M. (2014). What predicts loneliness? Cultural difference between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 468-490.
  • Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., Yarcheski, T. J., Cannella, B. L. ve Hanks, M. M. (2006). A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nursing Research, 55(5), 308- 315.
  • Mushtaq, R., Shoib, S., Shah, T. ve Mushtaq, S. (2014). Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(9), 1- 4.
  • Öner, N. ve Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluk - Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri el kitabı (2. Baskı). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Perlman, D. ve Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In S. Duck & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships in disorder. London: Academic Press.
  • Perlman, D. ve Peplau, L. A. (1984). Loneliness research: a survey of empirical findings. In L. A. Peplau & S. Goldston (Eds.), Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness (pp. 13-46). Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Procidano, M. E. ve Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1- 24.
  • Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., et al. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250-264.
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
  • Rokach, A. (2001). Strategies of coping with loneliness throughout the lifespan. Current Psychology, 20(1), 3-17.
  • Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 469-480.
  • Rokach, A. (2012). Loneliness updated: an introduction. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 1-6.
  • Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., McRae, C. ve Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone? The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 7-22.
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A. ve Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480.
  • Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J. ve Minski, P. S. (2003). Factor structure and validity of a trait emotional intelligence measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(4), 707-721.
  • Seepersad, S. (2004). Coping with loneliness: adolescent online and offline behavior. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 7(1), 35- 39.
  • Singh, A. ve Misralnd, N. (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 18(1), 51-55.
  • Spence, R., Jacobs, C. ve Bifulco, A. (2018). Attachment style, loneliness and depression in older age women. Aging and Mental Health, 1-3.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. ve Lushene, R. E. (1970). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (test manual). Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Tatar, A. ve Saltukoğlu, G. (2010). CES-Depresyon Ölçeği'nin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Madde Cevap Kuramı kullanımı ile Türkçe'ye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 20(3), 213-227.
  • Tiwari, S. C. (2013). Loneliness: a disease? IndianJournal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 320-322.
  • Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Raes, F. ve Goossens, L. (2012). Loneliness and depressive symptoms: the mediating and moderating role of uncontrollable ruminative thoughts. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 259-276.
  • van Winkel, M., Wichers, M., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., et al. (2017). Unraveling the role of loneliness in depression: the relationship between daily life experience and behavior. Psychiatry, 80(2), 104-117.
  • Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: the experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. ve Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hüdanur Özdemir

Arkun Tatar

Publication Date August 10, 2019
Acceptance Date July 27, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özdemir, H., & Tatar, A. (2019). Genç Yetişkinlerde Yalnızlığın Yordayıcıları: Depresyon, Kaygı, Sosyal Destek, Duygusal Zeka. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 1(2), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.19.1.11