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SOSYAL MEDYADA TÜKETİCİ ONAYLI PAZARLAMA: INSTAGRAM ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2018, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 444 - 457, 01.10.2018

Abstract

Geleneksel iletişim yöntemlerinin İnternet ile tanışmasıyla tüm kurum ve kuruluşlar hedef kitleleri ile doğrudan iletişim kurma fırsatını elde etmiş, dolayısıyla tüm iletişim biçimleri yeniden tanımlanmıştır. Web 2.0 üzerine inşa edilen, yer ve zaman kısıtlaması olmaksızın, paylaşımın, tartışmanın ve bilgi alışverişinin temel alındığı yeni bir iletişim şekli olan sosyal medya, kurumlar ve kamularının etkileşime geçmek için kullandığı kanalların bütünü olarak da ifade edilmektedir. İnternetin ve sosyal medyanın günlük hayatımızın büyük bir parçası olmalarıyla birlikte, markaların pazarlama yöntemleri de değişmeye başlamıştır. Kulaktan kulağa pazarlama yönteminin internet ortamına uyarlanmış hali olan viral pazarlama; mal, ürün ya da hizmetlerin tüketiciler arasında gündem olmasını sağlayan etkili bir yoldur. Markaların sıklıkla başvurduğu tanıtım yöntemlerinden biri olan ünlü onayı ile pazarlama, sosyal medyanın etkisiyle tüketici onayı ile pazarlama halini almıştır. Markaların karakterine uygun ünlülerin tanıtımlarda kullanılması maliyet, imaj ve sürdürülebilirlik krizleri gibi sorunları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu riskleri en aza indirmek isteyen markalar, rotalarını ünlülerden tüketicilere çevirmişlerdir. Sosyal medyada yüksek takipçi ve etkileşime ulaşan “sıradan” insanlar, tek tıkla on binlere ulaşabilen birer “influencer” haline gelmiştir. Markalar da viral pazarlama tekniklerini bu kişiler vasıtasıyla kullanarak tüketiciye ulaşmayı hedeflemektedirler. Bu çalışmada, “influencer” olarak nitelendirilen fenomenlerin, bir fotoğraf paylaşım uygulaması olan Instagram aracılığıyla yaptıkları faaliyetlerin biçim ve içerikleri ile mevcut durumları yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerle değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre, günümüzde viral pazarlamanın en yaygın örneği haline gelen fenomen odaklı tanıtım kampanyalarının yasal ve mali zorunlulukların yanı sıra bu uygulamaların işleyiş çerçevelerinin çizilmesi noktasında da eksikliklerin olduğu ve bu boşluklar nedeniyle çeşitli sorunların yaşandığı anlaşılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Sosyal Medya, Viral Pazarlama, Tüketici Onayı, Instagram, Fenomen

References

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  • Belch G. E. ve M. Belch (2009). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective, New York:McGraw-Hill Irwin
  • Booth N. ve J. A. Matic (2010). Mapping and Leveraging Influencers in Social Media to Shape Corporate Brand Perceptions, Proceedings of the Conference on Corporate Communication, 16-25.
  • Borden N. H. (1964). The Concept of the Marketing Mix, Science in Marketing, 7-12, New York:John Wiley
  • Bozan Ö. ve M. Johansson (2017). How does celebrity endorsement affect consumers' perception on brand image and purchase intention?, Bachelor’s Thesis, Luleå University of Technology
  • Büyüköztürk Ş., E. Kılıç Çakmak, Ö. E. Akgün, Ş. Karadeniz, F. Demirel (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara:Pegem Akademi
  • Cheung, M. K. C. ve M. K. O. Lee (2012). What Drives Consumers to Spread Electronic Word of Mouth in Online Consumer-Opinion Platforms. Decision Support Systems, 53, 218- 225, DOI:10.1016/j.dss.2012.01.015.
  • Dean D. H. ve A. Biswas (2001). Third-Party Organization Endorsement of Products: An Advertising Cue Affecting Consumer Prepurchase Evaluation of Goods and Services, Journal of Advertising, 30:4, 41-57, DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2001.10673650
  • Erdoğan B. Z. (1999). Celebrity Endorsement: A Literature Review, Joumal of Marketing Management, 15, 291-314.
  • Freberg, K., K. Graham, K. McGaughey, L. A. Freberg (2011). Who are the Social Media Influencers? A Study of Public Perceptions of Personality, Public Relations Review, 37, 90-92, DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.11.001
  • Friedman H. H. ve L. Friedman (1979). Endorser Effectiveness by Product Type, Journal of Advertising Research, 19(5), 63-71.
  • Goi C. L. (2009). A Review of Marketing Mix: 4Ps or More?, International Journal of Marketing Studies, 1(1), 2-15.
  • Jatto O. (2014). Consumer Attitude towards Celebrity Endorsements on Social Media, MBA Thesis, Dublin Business School
  • Jurvetson S. (2000). What Exactly Is Viral Marketing?, May 2000110-111, Red Herring Communications https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/937d/5bf28040bdf9cbb3c1a47da8853118eb49a7.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • Kaplan A. M. ve M. Haenlein (2010). Users of the World, Unite The Challenges and Opportunities DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 Social Media, Business Horizons, 53, 59-68
  • Kaplan A. M. ve M. Haenlein (2011). Two hearts in three-quarter time: How to Waltz the Social Media DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.006 Marketing Dance, Business Horizons, 54, 253-263
  • Kok Wei K. ve Y. L. Wu (2013). Measuring the Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Behavioural Intentions: A Study of Malaysian Consumers, International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 14(3), 2-22, DOI:10.1108/IJSMS-14-03-2013-B002
  • Kotler P. (2000). Marketing Management, Millenium Edition, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall Inc.
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  • Lauterborn B. (1990). New Marketing Litany Four P’s Passe; C-Words Take Over, Advertising Age
  • Mangold W. G. ve D. J. Faulds (2009). Social Media: The New Hybrid Element of the Promotion Mix, Business Horizons, 52, 357-365, DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.03.002
  • McCracken G. (1989). Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process, Journal of Consumer Research, 16(3), 310-321.
  • Nhung N. P., P. Sarinya, C. Tang Xue Hui (2011). Effectiveness of Consumer Endorser in Social Media Advertisement: Impact on Consumers’ Attitudes and Behaviors, Bachelor’s Thesis, Lund University
  • Ohanian R. (1991). The Impact of Celebrity Spokespersons Perceived Image on Consumers Intention to Purchase, Journal of Advertising Research, 31, 46-54.
  • OMahony S. ve T. Meenaghan (1997). The Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Consumers, Irish Marketing Review, 10(2), 15-24.
  • Öztürk E. ve G. Şener (2018). Modada Nüfuz Pazarlaması: Mikro Instabloggerların Ürün Yerleştirme Uygulamaları, Selçuk İletişim, 2018, 11 (1): 382-412.
  • Perreault Jr. W. D. ve E. J. McCarthy (1960). Basic Marketing: A Global-Managerial Approach, New York:McGraw-Hill Irwin
  • Petty R. E. ve J. T. Cacioppo (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-162.
  • Rowley J. (2004). Just Another Channel? Marketing Communications in e-business, Marketing Intelligence ve Planning, 22(1), 24-41, DOI: 10.1108/02634500410516896
  • Shimp, T.A. (2000). Advertising, Promotion, and Supplemental Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications, New York:Dryden Press
  • Spry A., R. Pappu, T. B. Cornwell (2011). Celebrity endorsement, brand credibility and brand equity, DOI:10.1108/03090561111119958 Journal of Marketing, 45(6), 882 – 909
  • Till B. D. ve M. Busler, (1998). Matching Products with Endorsers: Attractiveness Versus Consumer Expertise, DOI:/10.1108/07363769810241445 of Marketing, 15(6), 576-586
  • Till, B.D. (1998). Using Celebrity Endorsers Effectively: Lessons from Associative Learning. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 7(5), 400-409.
  • Todi M. (2008). Advertising on Social Networking Websites, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton Research Scholars, 52.
  • Wang A. (2005). The Effects of Expert and Consumer Endorsements on Audience Response, Journal of Advertising Research, 402-412, DOI: 10.1017/S0021849905050452 WEB KAYNAKÇA
  • https://adage.com/article/digitalnext/10-essential-rules-brands-social-media/142907/ [Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2018]
  • https://blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-statistics/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://business.instagram.com/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://carusele.com/change-influencer-marketing-pr-strategy-media-strategy/[Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://influencermarketinghub.com/what-is-an-influencer/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://sosyalmedya.co/instagram-infografik/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://wearesocial.com/special-reports/digital-in-2017-global-overview [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://www.briansolis.com/2007/06/future-of-communications-manifesto-for/[Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://www.fastcompany.com/27701/virus-marketing [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://www.fastcompany.com/27701/virus-marketing/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://www.omnicoreagency.com/instagram-statistics/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://socialprchat.com/pr-under-the-influence-why-influencer-marketing-is-all-the-buzz/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]

CONSUMER ENDORSED MARKETING ON SOCIAL MEDIA: INSTAGRAM AS A SAMPLE

Year 2018, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 444 - 457, 01.10.2018

Abstract

Thanks to technological developments, traditional methods became online and people took the chance of direct interaction. Social media as a new form of communication, being free from time and place restrictions, is based of sharing, discussion and information exchange. As the Internet and the social media became a great part of our lives, marketing strategies for the brands began to change, too. Celebrity endorsement, as a promotion strategy, also converted into consumer endorsement. Although celebrity endorsement, which is the cooperation of famous people and brands, is a popular strategy; it may result in several problems such as cost and crises of image and sustainability. To eliminate these risks, brands started to cooperate with “ordinary” people with lots of followers on social media. Those people with thousands, even millions of followers are known as “influencers” with the ability of reaching audiences via only one post. Brands choose to blend viral marketing strategies with influencers to reach the consumers. To fully understand the process of consumer endorsed marketing, semi-structured interviews are performed with Instagram influencers. This paper is concerned with the effects and results of Instagram activities of influencers

References

  • Akyazı E. (2015). Sosyal Medyanın Tüketici Davranışları Üzerine Etkileri: Ünlülerin Twitter Hesapları Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Sosyal Medya Araştırmaları, (Der. Deniz Yengin), 313-330, İstanbul:Paloma
  • Belch G. E. ve M. Belch (2009). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective, New York:McGraw-Hill Irwin
  • Booth N. ve J. A. Matic (2010). Mapping and Leveraging Influencers in Social Media to Shape Corporate Brand Perceptions, Proceedings of the Conference on Corporate Communication, 16-25.
  • Borden N. H. (1964). The Concept of the Marketing Mix, Science in Marketing, 7-12, New York:John Wiley
  • Bozan Ö. ve M. Johansson (2017). How does celebrity endorsement affect consumers' perception on brand image and purchase intention?, Bachelor’s Thesis, Luleå University of Technology
  • Büyüköztürk Ş., E. Kılıç Çakmak, Ö. E. Akgün, Ş. Karadeniz, F. Demirel (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara:Pegem Akademi
  • Cheung, M. K. C. ve M. K. O. Lee (2012). What Drives Consumers to Spread Electronic Word of Mouth in Online Consumer-Opinion Platforms. Decision Support Systems, 53, 218- 225, DOI:10.1016/j.dss.2012.01.015.
  • Dean D. H. ve A. Biswas (2001). Third-Party Organization Endorsement of Products: An Advertising Cue Affecting Consumer Prepurchase Evaluation of Goods and Services, Journal of Advertising, 30:4, 41-57, DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2001.10673650
  • Erdoğan B. Z. (1999). Celebrity Endorsement: A Literature Review, Joumal of Marketing Management, 15, 291-314.
  • Freberg, K., K. Graham, K. McGaughey, L. A. Freberg (2011). Who are the Social Media Influencers? A Study of Public Perceptions of Personality, Public Relations Review, 37, 90-92, DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.11.001
  • Friedman H. H. ve L. Friedman (1979). Endorser Effectiveness by Product Type, Journal of Advertising Research, 19(5), 63-71.
  • Goi C. L. (2009). A Review of Marketing Mix: 4Ps or More?, International Journal of Marketing Studies, 1(1), 2-15.
  • Jatto O. (2014). Consumer Attitude towards Celebrity Endorsements on Social Media, MBA Thesis, Dublin Business School
  • Jurvetson S. (2000). What Exactly Is Viral Marketing?, May 2000110-111, Red Herring Communications https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/937d/5bf28040bdf9cbb3c1a47da8853118eb49a7.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • Kaplan A. M. ve M. Haenlein (2010). Users of the World, Unite The Challenges and Opportunities DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 Social Media, Business Horizons, 53, 59-68
  • Kaplan A. M. ve M. Haenlein (2011). Two hearts in three-quarter time: How to Waltz the Social Media DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.006 Marketing Dance, Business Horizons, 54, 253-263
  • Kok Wei K. ve Y. L. Wu (2013). Measuring the Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Behavioural Intentions: A Study of Malaysian Consumers, International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 14(3), 2-22, DOI:10.1108/IJSMS-14-03-2013-B002
  • Kotler P. (2000). Marketing Management, Millenium Edition, New Jersey:Prentice-Hall Inc.
  • Kotler, P., V. Wong, J. Saunders, G. Armstrong (2005). Principles of Marketing. New York:Pearson
  • Lauterborn B. (1990). New Marketing Litany Four P’s Passe; C-Words Take Over, Advertising Age
  • Mangold W. G. ve D. J. Faulds (2009). Social Media: The New Hybrid Element of the Promotion Mix, Business Horizons, 52, 357-365, DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.03.002
  • McCracken G. (1989). Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process, Journal of Consumer Research, 16(3), 310-321.
  • Nhung N. P., P. Sarinya, C. Tang Xue Hui (2011). Effectiveness of Consumer Endorser in Social Media Advertisement: Impact on Consumers’ Attitudes and Behaviors, Bachelor’s Thesis, Lund University
  • Ohanian R. (1991). The Impact of Celebrity Spokespersons Perceived Image on Consumers Intention to Purchase, Journal of Advertising Research, 31, 46-54.
  • OMahony S. ve T. Meenaghan (1997). The Impact of Celebrity Endorsements on Consumers, Irish Marketing Review, 10(2), 15-24.
  • Öztürk E. ve G. Şener (2018). Modada Nüfuz Pazarlaması: Mikro Instabloggerların Ürün Yerleştirme Uygulamaları, Selçuk İletişim, 2018, 11 (1): 382-412.
  • Perreault Jr. W. D. ve E. J. McCarthy (1960). Basic Marketing: A Global-Managerial Approach, New York:McGraw-Hill Irwin
  • Petty R. E. ve J. T. Cacioppo (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-162.
  • Rowley J. (2004). Just Another Channel? Marketing Communications in e-business, Marketing Intelligence ve Planning, 22(1), 24-41, DOI: 10.1108/02634500410516896
  • Shimp, T.A. (2000). Advertising, Promotion, and Supplemental Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications, New York:Dryden Press
  • Spry A., R. Pappu, T. B. Cornwell (2011). Celebrity endorsement, brand credibility and brand equity, DOI:10.1108/03090561111119958 Journal of Marketing, 45(6), 882 – 909
  • Till B. D. ve M. Busler, (1998). Matching Products with Endorsers: Attractiveness Versus Consumer Expertise, DOI:/10.1108/07363769810241445 of Marketing, 15(6), 576-586
  • Till, B.D. (1998). Using Celebrity Endorsers Effectively: Lessons from Associative Learning. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 7(5), 400-409.
  • Todi M. (2008). Advertising on Social Networking Websites, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton Research Scholars, 52.
  • Wang A. (2005). The Effects of Expert and Consumer Endorsements on Audience Response, Journal of Advertising Research, 402-412, DOI: 10.1017/S0021849905050452 WEB KAYNAKÇA
  • https://adage.com/article/digitalnext/10-essential-rules-brands-social-media/142907/ [Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2018]
  • https://blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-statistics/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://business.instagram.com/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://carusele.com/change-influencer-marketing-pr-strategy-media-strategy/[Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://influencermarketinghub.com/what-is-an-influencer/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://sosyalmedya.co/instagram-infografik/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://wearesocial.com/special-reports/digital-in-2017-global-overview [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://www.briansolis.com/2007/06/future-of-communications-manifesto-for/[Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://www.fastcompany.com/27701/virus-marketing [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://www.fastcompany.com/27701/virus-marketing/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://www.omnicoreagency.com/instagram-statistics/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
  • https://socialprchat.com/pr-under-the-influence-why-influencer-marketing-is-all-the-buzz/ [Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2018]
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serap Can This is me

Konur Alp Koz

Publication Date October 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 26 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Can, S., & Koz, K. A. (2018). SOSYAL MEDYADA TÜKETİCİ ONAYLI PAZARLAMA: INSTAGRAM ÖRNEĞİ. Kurgu, 26(3), 444-457.