MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION AND PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION IN THE ANAESTHESIA WORK AREA: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND EVIDENCE-GAP ASSESSMENT, 1990-2025
Abstract
Abstract Objective: The anaesthesia work area is an established reservoir for microbial contamination and a route of perioperative pathogen transmission, but the literature around it has not been mapped. This study described that literature's size, growth, geography, collaboration structure, intellectual base and conceptual structure, and its evidence gaps. Methods: Scopus records combining anaesthesia and perioperative-setting terms with contamination and transmission terms (articles and reviews; English; 1990-2025) were retrieved on 24 July 2026 and screened in two stages. Relevance screening used two independent large language model assessors working from a common rubric; records were retained only when both judged them relevant (inter-assessor Cohen κ=0.887). The corpus was cross-checked against OpenAlex. Performance analysis, collaboration and co-citation networks, co-word analysis and trend-topic detection were produced with bibliometrix 5.4.1 (R 4.5.0) and VOSviewer. Results: The corpus comprised 302 documents (268 articles, 34 reviews) published in 120 sources by 1,281 authors from 37 countries and attracting 8,049 citations (mean 26.7, median 13.5). Output grew steadily, 61% appearing from 2010 onward, with a pulse in 2020 linked to COVID-19. Anesthesia and Analgesia and the American Journal of Infection Control led the sources. One author (R.W. Loftus; 41 documents, 1,513 citations) and one country (United States, 149 documents) dominated, and international co-authorship reached only 6.6%. The intellectual base rested on a single programme of intraoperative transmission research together with the 1995 propofol outbreak report. Conclusion: The field is coherent but narrowly based. Independent multicentre replication, trials with postoperative-infection endpoints and extension to under-studied settings are its clearest priorities.
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References
- Bennett SN, McNeil MM, Bland LA, et al. Postoperative infections traced to contamination of an intravenous anesthetic, propofol. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(3):147-154. doi:10.1056/NEJM199507203330303.
- Loftus RW, Koff MD, Burchman CC, et al. Transmission of pathogenic bacterial organisms in the anesthesia work area. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(3):399-407. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318182c855.
- Loftus RW, Muffly MK, Brown JR, et al. Hand contamination of anesthesia providers is an important risk factor for intraoperative bacterial transmission. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(1):98-105. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e7ce18.
- Loftus RW, Brown JR, Koff MD, et al. Multiple reservoirs contribute to intraoperative bacterial transmission. Anesth Analg. 2012;114(6):1236-1248. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31824970a2.
- Koff MD, Loftus RW, Burchman CC, et al. Reduction in intraoperative bacterial contamination of peripheral intravenous tubing through the use of a novel device. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(5):978-985. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181a06ec3.
- Loftus RW, Dexter F, Goodheart MJ, et al. The effect of improving basic preventive measures in the perioperative arena on Staphylococcus aureus transmission and surgical site infections: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e201934. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1934.
- Loftus RW, Koff MD, Brown JR, et al. The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus transmission in the anesthesia work area. Anesth Analg. 2015;120(4):807-818. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a8c16a.
- Loftus RW, Dexter F, Robinson ADM. High-risk Staphylococcus aureus transmission in the operating room: a call for widespread improvements in perioperative hand hygiene and patient decolonization practices. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(10):1134-1141. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2018.04.211.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Microbiology (Other), Anaesthesiology
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
September 30, 2026
Submission Date
July 29, 2026
Acceptance Date
September 19, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 3