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The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 132 - 137, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1683714

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to investigate the perceived stress levels of families with children diagnosed with cerebral palsy(CP), with a particular focus on family-related problems and levels of pessimism across various demographic and contextual variables.
Methods: The study was conducted with the families of 67 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy who were receiving treatment at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kocaeli University Hospital. Participants' socio-demographic characteristics were obtained through a structured socio-demographic information form. Functional independence was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM), and family stress was measured using the Family Stress Questionnaire (QRS-F).
Results: There was no statistically significant correlation between the WeeFIM scores and the 'Parent–Family Problems' subscale of the QRS-F. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the 'Pessimism' subscale and the following WeeFIM scores: Self-care (p=0.028, r=-0.268), Mobility (p=0.037, r=-0.255), Communication (p=0.033, r=-0.261), Social situation (p=0.036, r=-0.257), Motor subscore (p=0.033, r=-0.261), Cognitive subscore (p=0.030, r=-0.266), and Total score (p=0.020, r=-0.285).
Conclusion: This study emphasizes the psychological impact of caring for a child with CP. Functional independence levels of children do not make a difference in terms of parental-family problems; less parental-family problems are perceived when both mother and father work in the family.

References

  • Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007;109:8-14.
  • Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, Jetté N, Pringsheim T. An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(6):509-519.
  • Novak I, McIntyre S, Morgan C, et al. A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(10):885-910.
  • Vadivelan K, Sekar P, Sruthi SS, Gopichandran V. Burden of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy: an intersectional analysis of gender, poverty, stigma, and public policy. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:645. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08808-0
  • Saadati N, Al-Dossary SA, Coelho O, et al. Investigating psychological adaptations of parents to childhood disabilities. Arch Rehabil. 2025;26(1):118-133. doi:10.32598/RJ.26.1.3892.1
  • Turnbull A, Turnbull R, Erwin EJ, Soodak LC, Shogren KA. Families, Professionals, and Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships and Trust. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall; 2006.
  • Zhong X, Wijesinghe CJ. The level and factors associated with caregiver experience among parents of children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study in southwest China. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1482011. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1482011
  • Küçüker S. Engelli çocuk annelerinin stres yaşantıları ve stresle başa çıkma yolları. Ankara Univ Egit Bilim Fak Derg. 2001;34(1-2):151-160.
  • Çiftçi M, Tekinarslan IC, Sivrikaya MH. Engelli çocuğa sahip anne babaların yaşadıkları sorunlar ve baş etme yolları. Turk Lang Lit Hist Int Periodical. 2013;8(12):139-158.
  • Dilek B, Batmaz I, Karakoç M, et al. Serebral palsili çocukların annelerinde depresyon ve yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. Marmara Med J. 2013;26(2):94-98.
  • Brehaut JC, Kohen DE, Garner RE, et al. Health among caregivers of children with health problems: findings from a Canadian population-based study. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(7):1254-1262.
  • Rusu PP, Candel OS, Bogdan I, et al. Parental stress and wellbeing: a meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2025;1-20. doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00515-9
  • Ramanandi VH, Parmar TR, Panchal JK, Prabhakar MM. Impact of parenting a child with cerebral palsy on the quality of life of parents: a systematic review. Disabil CBR Incl Dev. 2019;30(1):57-93. doi:10.5463/DCID.v30i1.793
  • Omole JO, Adegoke SA, Omole KO, et al. Levels, correlates, and predictors of stress and caregiver burden among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Nigeria. J Pediatr Neurol. 2019;17(1):13-21. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1612639
  • Tur BS, Küçükdeveci AA, Kutlay Ş, et al. Psychometric properties of the WeeFIM in children with cerebral palsy in Turkey. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(9):732-738.
  • Kaner S. Aile stres değerlendirme ölçeği (QRS-F) faktör yapısı, güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışmaları. Ankara Univ Egit Bilim Derg. 2002;34(1-2):1-10.
  • Raina P, O’Donnell M, Schwellnus H, et al. Caregiving process and caregiver burden: conceptual models to guide research and practice. BMC Pediatr. 2005;5:1-13.
  • Basaran A, Karadavut KI, Uneri SO, et al. The effect of having a child with cerebral palsy on quality of life, burnout, depression and anxiety scores: a comparative study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;49(6):815-822.
  • Parkes J, Caravale B, Marcelli M, et al. Parenting stress and children with cerebral palsy: a European cross sectional survey. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(10):815-821.
  • Telci EA, Yarar F, Cavlak U, Atalay OT. Comparison of musculoskeletal pain distribution, quality of life and hopelessness level in mothers with disabled children in different ambulation levels. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2018;31(2):305-313. doi:10.3233/BMR-169709
  • Gallagher S, Phillips AC, Oliver C, Carroll D. Predictors of psychological morbidity in parents of children with intellectual disabilities. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33(10):1129-1136.
  • Trute B, Hiebert-Murphy D. Family adjustment to childhood developmental disability: a measure of parent appraisal of family impacts. J Pediatr Psychol. 2002;27(3):271-280.
  • Dambi JM, Jelsma J, Mlambo T. Caring for a child with cerebral palsy: the experience of Zimbabwean mothers. Afr J Disabil. 2015;4(1):1-10.
  • Resch JA, Elliott TR, Benz MR. Depression among parents of children with disabilities. Fam Syst Health. 2010;28(3):236-252.
  • Findling Y, Itzhaki M, Barnoy S. Parental burnout—a model of risk factors and protective resources among mothers of children with/without special needs. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2024;14(11):2883-2900. doi:10.3390/ejihpe14110189
  • Ketelaar M, Volman MJM, Gorter JW, Vermeer A. Stress in parents of children with cerebral palsy: what sources of stress are we talking about? Child Care Health Dev. 2001;27(6):647-657.
  • Güneş P, Hoşbaş BD, Karamancıoğlu B, Altunalan T. Fatigue and depression in mothers caring for children with spina bifida: examining the role of child's functionality. J Exp Clin Med. 2024;41(1):47-52.
  • Hussein HGAK, El Awady SMSA, El Afandy AO. Mothers' perception toward their children suffering from cerebral palsy. J Biosci Appl Res. 2023;9(5):1-10. doi:10.21608/jbaar.2023.330453
  • Coşkun Y, Akkaş G. Engelli çocuğu olan annelerin sürekli kaygı düzeyleri ile sosyal destek algıları arasındaki ilişki. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;10(1):213-227.
  • Lima MBS, Ramos EMLS, Pontes FAR, Silva SSDC. Cerebral palsy: parental stress of caregivers. Psico-USF. 2021;26:357-368. doi:10.1590/1413-82712021260213
  • Kaytez N, Durualp E, Kadan G. Engelli çocuğu olan ailelerin gereksinimlerinin ve stres düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2015;4(1):197-214.

Serebral Palsili Çocuklarda Fonksiyonel Bağımsızlık ile Ebeveynlerin Aileye İlişkin Problemler ve Kötümserlik Algısı Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 132 - 137, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1683714

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Serebral Palsi (SP) tanısı almış çocuklara sahip ailelerin algıladıkları stres düzeylerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Özellikle aile ile ilgili problemler ve çeşitli demografik ve bağlamsal değişkenler çerçevesinde kötümserlik düzeylerine odaklanılmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışma, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hastanesi Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Anabilim Dalı'nda tedavi gören 67 SP tanılı çocuğun aileleri ile yürütülmüştür. Katılımcıların sosyo-demografik özellikleri yapılandırılmış bir sosyo-demografik bilgi formu aracılığıyla elde edilmiştir. Çocukların fonksiyonel bağımsızlık düzeyleri Çocuklar için Fonksiyonel Bağımsızlık Ölçeği (WeeFIM) ile, aile stresi ise Aile Stres Ölçeği (QRS-F) ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: WeeFIM puanları ile QRS-F’nin “Anne-Baba–Aile Problemleri” alt ölçeği arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Ancak WeeFIM’in şu alt alanları ile “Kötümserlik” alt ölçeği arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı korelasyonlar gözlenmiştir: Öz bakım (p=0.028, r=-0.268), Hareketlilik (p=0.037, r=-0.255), İletişim (p=0.033, r=-0.261), Sosyal durum (p=0.036, r=-0.257), Motor alt puanı (p=0.033, r=-0.261), Bilişsel alt puanı (p=0.030, r=-0.266) ve Toplam puan (p=0.020, r=-0.285).
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, SP’li bir çocuğa bakım vermenin psikolojik etkilerini vurgulamaktadır. Çocuğun fonksiyonel bağımsızlık düzeyi, ebeveyn-aile problemleri açısından anlamlı bir fark yaratmamaktadır; ancak hem annenin hem babanın çalıştığı ailelerde daha az ebeveyn-aile problemi algılanmaktadır.

References

  • Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007;109:8-14.
  • Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, Jetté N, Pringsheim T. An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(6):509-519.
  • Novak I, McIntyre S, Morgan C, et al. A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(10):885-910.
  • Vadivelan K, Sekar P, Sruthi SS, Gopichandran V. Burden of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy: an intersectional analysis of gender, poverty, stigma, and public policy. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:645. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08808-0
  • Saadati N, Al-Dossary SA, Coelho O, et al. Investigating psychological adaptations of parents to childhood disabilities. Arch Rehabil. 2025;26(1):118-133. doi:10.32598/RJ.26.1.3892.1
  • Turnbull A, Turnbull R, Erwin EJ, Soodak LC, Shogren KA. Families, Professionals, and Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships and Trust. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall; 2006.
  • Zhong X, Wijesinghe CJ. The level and factors associated with caregiver experience among parents of children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study in southwest China. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1482011. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1482011
  • Küçüker S. Engelli çocuk annelerinin stres yaşantıları ve stresle başa çıkma yolları. Ankara Univ Egit Bilim Fak Derg. 2001;34(1-2):151-160.
  • Çiftçi M, Tekinarslan IC, Sivrikaya MH. Engelli çocuğa sahip anne babaların yaşadıkları sorunlar ve baş etme yolları. Turk Lang Lit Hist Int Periodical. 2013;8(12):139-158.
  • Dilek B, Batmaz I, Karakoç M, et al. Serebral palsili çocukların annelerinde depresyon ve yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. Marmara Med J. 2013;26(2):94-98.
  • Brehaut JC, Kohen DE, Garner RE, et al. Health among caregivers of children with health problems: findings from a Canadian population-based study. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(7):1254-1262.
  • Rusu PP, Candel OS, Bogdan I, et al. Parental stress and wellbeing: a meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2025;1-20. doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00515-9
  • Ramanandi VH, Parmar TR, Panchal JK, Prabhakar MM. Impact of parenting a child with cerebral palsy on the quality of life of parents: a systematic review. Disabil CBR Incl Dev. 2019;30(1):57-93. doi:10.5463/DCID.v30i1.793
  • Omole JO, Adegoke SA, Omole KO, et al. Levels, correlates, and predictors of stress and caregiver burden among caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Nigeria. J Pediatr Neurol. 2019;17(1):13-21. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1612639
  • Tur BS, Küçükdeveci AA, Kutlay Ş, et al. Psychometric properties of the WeeFIM in children with cerebral palsy in Turkey. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(9):732-738.
  • Kaner S. Aile stres değerlendirme ölçeği (QRS-F) faktör yapısı, güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışmaları. Ankara Univ Egit Bilim Derg. 2002;34(1-2):1-10.
  • Raina P, O’Donnell M, Schwellnus H, et al. Caregiving process and caregiver burden: conceptual models to guide research and practice. BMC Pediatr. 2005;5:1-13.
  • Basaran A, Karadavut KI, Uneri SO, et al. The effect of having a child with cerebral palsy on quality of life, burnout, depression and anxiety scores: a comparative study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;49(6):815-822.
  • Parkes J, Caravale B, Marcelli M, et al. Parenting stress and children with cerebral palsy: a European cross sectional survey. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(10):815-821.
  • Telci EA, Yarar F, Cavlak U, Atalay OT. Comparison of musculoskeletal pain distribution, quality of life and hopelessness level in mothers with disabled children in different ambulation levels. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2018;31(2):305-313. doi:10.3233/BMR-169709
  • Gallagher S, Phillips AC, Oliver C, Carroll D. Predictors of psychological morbidity in parents of children with intellectual disabilities. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33(10):1129-1136.
  • Trute B, Hiebert-Murphy D. Family adjustment to childhood developmental disability: a measure of parent appraisal of family impacts. J Pediatr Psychol. 2002;27(3):271-280.
  • Dambi JM, Jelsma J, Mlambo T. Caring for a child with cerebral palsy: the experience of Zimbabwean mothers. Afr J Disabil. 2015;4(1):1-10.
  • Resch JA, Elliott TR, Benz MR. Depression among parents of children with disabilities. Fam Syst Health. 2010;28(3):236-252.
  • Findling Y, Itzhaki M, Barnoy S. Parental burnout—a model of risk factors and protective resources among mothers of children with/without special needs. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2024;14(11):2883-2900. doi:10.3390/ejihpe14110189
  • Ketelaar M, Volman MJM, Gorter JW, Vermeer A. Stress in parents of children with cerebral palsy: what sources of stress are we talking about? Child Care Health Dev. 2001;27(6):647-657.
  • Güneş P, Hoşbaş BD, Karamancıoğlu B, Altunalan T. Fatigue and depression in mothers caring for children with spina bifida: examining the role of child's functionality. J Exp Clin Med. 2024;41(1):47-52.
  • Hussein HGAK, El Awady SMSA, El Afandy AO. Mothers' perception toward their children suffering from cerebral palsy. J Biosci Appl Res. 2023;9(5):1-10. doi:10.21608/jbaar.2023.330453
  • Coşkun Y, Akkaş G. Engelli çocuğu olan annelerin sürekli kaygı düzeyleri ile sosyal destek algıları arasındaki ilişki. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;10(1):213-227.
  • Lima MBS, Ramos EMLS, Pontes FAR, Silva SSDC. Cerebral palsy: parental stress of caregivers. Psico-USF. 2021;26:357-368. doi:10.1590/1413-82712021260213
  • Kaytez N, Durualp E, Kadan G. Engelli çocuğu olan ailelerin gereksinimlerinin ve stres düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2015;4(1):197-214.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Rehabilitation
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Çiğdem Çekmece 0000-0003-2865-480X

Begüm Çapa Tayyare 0000-0003-3813-8331

Ilgın Sade 0000-0002-9004-8248

Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date April 25, 2025
Acceptance Date September 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çekmece, Ç., Çapa Tayyare, B., & Sade, I. (2025). The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 132-137. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1683714
AMA Çekmece Ç, Çapa Tayyare B, Sade I. The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism. KOU Sag Bil Derg. September 2025;11(3):132-137. doi:10.30934/kusbed.1683714
Chicago Çekmece, Çiğdem, Begüm Çapa Tayyare, and Ilgın Sade. “The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 3 (September 2025): 132-37. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1683714.
EndNote Çekmece Ç, Çapa Tayyare B, Sade I (September 1, 2025) The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11 3 132–137.
IEEE Ç. Çekmece, B. Çapa Tayyare, and I. Sade, “The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism”, KOU Sag Bil Derg, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 132–137, 2025, doi: 10.30934/kusbed.1683714.
ISNAD Çekmece, Çiğdem et al. “The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11/3 (September2025), 132-137. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1683714.
JAMA Çekmece Ç, Çapa Tayyare B, Sade I. The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2025;11:132–137.
MLA Çekmece, Çiğdem et al. “The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 3, 2025, pp. 132-7, doi:10.30934/kusbed.1683714.
Vancouver Çekmece Ç, Çapa Tayyare B, Sade I. The Association Between Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy And Parental Perceptions of Family-Related Problems and Pessimism. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2025;11(3):132-7.