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Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation with Radiological Imaging

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 167 - 170, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1733825

Abstract

Objective: The WALANT (Wide Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet) technique has gained popularity in hand surgery due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and elimination of tourniquet-related discomfort. Despite its widespread use, the anatomical accuracy of anesthetic spread between ultrasound-guided (USG) and landmark-based (blind) WALANT injections remains underexplored. To compare the anatomical distribution and perineural coverage of anesthetic solution delivered via ultrasound-guided versus blind WALANT techniques using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a cadaveric model.
Methods: WALANT injections were applied to the upper limbs of a formalin-fixed female cadaver. The right upper limb received USG-guided injection, while the left received a blind injection based on surface landmarks. A radiopaque contrast solution was used, and imaging was performed via 640-slice CT and 1.5T MRI. Distribution patterns were evaluated in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes.
Results: USG-guided injection demonstrated a more compact, deeper, and anatomically precise distribution, particularly with pronounced perineural spread around the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. The blind technique showed broader but less focused spread, extending to superficial planes with less perineural accumulation.
Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided WALANT injection provides superior anatomical targeting and perineural anesthetic coverage compared to the landmark-based technique. Routine use of ultrasound guidance in WALANT procedures is recommended to enhance effectiveness and reduce anatomical variation-related complications.

Ethical Statement

Ethical Approval This study was conducted in accordance with the protocols approved by the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of XXX University Faculty of Medicine (Approval No: GOKAEK-2025/03.18). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Supporting Institution

No financial support was provided by any institution or organization for the completion of this study.

References

  • 1. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, Ornstein E, Ranstam J, Rosén I. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. JAMA. 1999;282(2):153-158. doi:10.1001/jama.282.2.153
  • 2. Hurd JD, Schreckengaust R, Ball DR, Kwon YM, Owens BD. The efficacy of ultrasound-guided WALANT for hand surgery: a cadaveric pilot study. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2021;3(3):144-149. doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2021.01.003
  • 3. Lalonde DH, Martin AL. Wide-awake flexor tendon repair and early tendon mobilization in zones 1 and 2. Hand Clin. 2013;29(2):207-213. doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2013.02.009
  • 4. Barros MF, da Rocha Luz Júnior A, Roncaglio B, Queiróz Júnior CP, Tribst MF. Evaluation of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome using local anesthesia. Rev Bras Ortop. 2015;51(1):36-39. doi:10.1016/j.rboe.2015.12.001
  • 5. Moreira SB, Chagas DC, Yamashita CT. Ultrasound-guided WALANT technique in carpal tunnel decompression surgery. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2021;58(3):538-542. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1735172
  • 6. Haley CB, Beauchesne AR, Fox JC, Nelson AM. Block time: a multispecialty systematic review of efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided upper extremity nerve blocks. West J Emerg Med. 2023;24(4):774-785. doi:10.5811/westjem.56058
  • 7. Kang SW, Park HM, Park JK, et al. Open cubital and carpal tunnel release using wide-awake technique: reduction of postoperative pain. J Pain Res. 2019;12:2725-2731. doi:10.2147/JPR.S210366
  • 8. Pimentel VS, Artoni BB, Faloppa F, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJS, Pimentel BFR. Prevalence of anatomical variations in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome undergoing classical open carpal tunnel release. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2021;57(4):636-641. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1731361
  • 9. Degreef I, Lalonde DH. WALANT surgery of the hand: state of the art. EFORT Open Rev. 2024;9(5):349-356. doi:10.1530/EOR-24-0033
  • 10. Makishi MR, Cox RA, Pimentel VS, Abdouni YA, Nakagawa ME. Assessment of satisfaction in patients undergoing surgical treatment by the WALANT technique. Acta Ortop Bras. 2025;32(6):e282517. doi:10.1590/1413-785220243206e282517
  • 11. Soydan Z, Özçelik İB. Comparative study: WALANT vs axillary block in carpal tunnel surgery. Eur J Ther. 2023;29(3):307-311. doi:10.58600/eurjther1658
  • 12. Tulipan JE, Kim N, Abboudi J, et al. Open carpal tunnel release outcomes: performed wide awake versus with sedation. J Hand Microsurg. 2017;9(2):74-79. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1603200
  • 13. Segal KR, Debasitis A, Koehler SM. Optimization of carpal tunnel syndrome using WALANT method. J Clin Med. 2022;11(13):3854. doi:10.3390/jcm11133854

Karpal Tünel Cerrahisinde Ultrason Eşliğinde ve Anatomik İşaretlere Dayalı WALANT Tekniklerinin Karşılaştırılması: Radyolojik Görüntüleme ile Kadavra Üzerinde Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 167 - 170, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1733825

Abstract

Amaç: WALANT (Wide Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet) tekniği, el cerrahisinde sadeliği, maliyet etkinliği ve turnike kaynaklı rahatsızlıkları ortadan kaldırması nedeniyle giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Ancak yaygın kullanımına rağmen, ultrason eşliğinde (USG) ve anatomik işaretlere dayalı (kör) WALANT enjeksiyonları arasında anestezik maddenin anatomik yayılımına ilişkin veriler sınırlıdır.Bu çalışma, kadavra modelinde bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ve manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) kullanılarak, ultrason eşliğinde ve kör WALANT teknikleri ile uygulanan anestezik solüsyonun anatomik dağılımını ve sinir çevresindeki yayılımını karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: WALANT enjeksiyonları, formol ile tespit edilmiş kadın bir kadavranın üst ekstremitelerine uygulandı. Sağ üst ekstremiteye USG eşliğinde enjeksiyon yapılırken, sol üst ekstremiteye yüzeysel anatomik işaretlere dayanarak kör enjeksiyon uygulandı. Radyopak kontrast madde içeren bir solüsyon kullanıldı ve görüntüleme, 640 kesitli BT ve 1.5T MRG cihazları ile gerçekleştirildi. Enjeksiyon dağılımı aksiyel, koronal ve sagittal planlarda değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: USG eşliğinde yapılan enjeksiyon, özellikle karpal tünel içindeki median sinir etrafında belirgin şekilde sinir çevresi yayılım göstererek daha derin, kompakt ve anatomik olarak daha isabetli bir dağılım sağladı. Kör teknik ise daha yüzeyel düzlemlere yayılan, daha geniş fakat odaklanmamış bir dağılım ortaya koydu ve sinir çevresindeki birikim daha azdı.
Sonuç: Ultrason eşliğinde gerçekleştirilen WALANT enjeksiyonu, anatomik hedefleme ve sinir çevresi anestezik yayılım açısından anatomik işaretlere dayalı kör tekniğe göre üstünlük sağlamaktadır. WALANT prosedürlerinde ultrason rehberliğinin rutin kullanımı, etkinliğin artırılması ve anatomik varyasyon kaynaklı komplikasyonların azaltılması açısından önerilmektedir.

References

  • 1. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, Ornstein E, Ranstam J, Rosén I. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. JAMA. 1999;282(2):153-158. doi:10.1001/jama.282.2.153
  • 2. Hurd JD, Schreckengaust R, Ball DR, Kwon YM, Owens BD. The efficacy of ultrasound-guided WALANT for hand surgery: a cadaveric pilot study. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2021;3(3):144-149. doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2021.01.003
  • 3. Lalonde DH, Martin AL. Wide-awake flexor tendon repair and early tendon mobilization in zones 1 and 2. Hand Clin. 2013;29(2):207-213. doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2013.02.009
  • 4. Barros MF, da Rocha Luz Júnior A, Roncaglio B, Queiróz Júnior CP, Tribst MF. Evaluation of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome using local anesthesia. Rev Bras Ortop. 2015;51(1):36-39. doi:10.1016/j.rboe.2015.12.001
  • 5. Moreira SB, Chagas DC, Yamashita CT. Ultrasound-guided WALANT technique in carpal tunnel decompression surgery. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2021;58(3):538-542. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1735172
  • 6. Haley CB, Beauchesne AR, Fox JC, Nelson AM. Block time: a multispecialty systematic review of efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided upper extremity nerve blocks. West J Emerg Med. 2023;24(4):774-785. doi:10.5811/westjem.56058
  • 7. Kang SW, Park HM, Park JK, et al. Open cubital and carpal tunnel release using wide-awake technique: reduction of postoperative pain. J Pain Res. 2019;12:2725-2731. doi:10.2147/JPR.S210366
  • 8. Pimentel VS, Artoni BB, Faloppa F, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJS, Pimentel BFR. Prevalence of anatomical variations in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome undergoing classical open carpal tunnel release. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2021;57(4):636-641. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1731361
  • 9. Degreef I, Lalonde DH. WALANT surgery of the hand: state of the art. EFORT Open Rev. 2024;9(5):349-356. doi:10.1530/EOR-24-0033
  • 10. Makishi MR, Cox RA, Pimentel VS, Abdouni YA, Nakagawa ME. Assessment of satisfaction in patients undergoing surgical treatment by the WALANT technique. Acta Ortop Bras. 2025;32(6):e282517. doi:10.1590/1413-785220243206e282517
  • 11. Soydan Z, Özçelik İB. Comparative study: WALANT vs axillary block in carpal tunnel surgery. Eur J Ther. 2023;29(3):307-311. doi:10.58600/eurjther1658
  • 12. Tulipan JE, Kim N, Abboudi J, et al. Open carpal tunnel release outcomes: performed wide awake versus with sedation. J Hand Microsurg. 2017;9(2):74-79. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1603200
  • 13. Segal KR, Debasitis A, Koehler SM. Optimization of carpal tunnel syndrome using WALANT method. J Clin Med. 2022;11(13):3854. doi:10.3390/jcm11133854
There are 13 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Anaesthesiology, Orthopaedics, Anatomy
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Abdullah Örs 0000-0002-6977-7833

Özgür Çakır 0000-0001-6565-9488

Can Aksu 0000-0002-4389-4257

Hadi Ufuk Yörükoğlu 0000-0001-7572-1580

Volkan Alparslan 0000-0002-7224-0578

Serdar Demiröz 0000-0002-2403-3750

Tuncay Çolak 0000-0002-9483-3243

Alparslan Kuş 0000-0001-6381-6371

Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date July 3, 2025
Acceptance Date July 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Örs, A., Çakır, Ö., Aksu, C., … Yörükoğlu, H. U. (2025). Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation with Radiological Imaging. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 167-170. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1733825
AMA Örs A, Çakır Ö, Aksu C, et al. Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation with Radiological Imaging. KOU Sag Bil Derg. September 2025;11(3):167-170. doi:10.30934/kusbed.1733825
Chicago Örs, Abdullah, Özgür Çakır, Can Aksu, Hadi Ufuk Yörükoğlu, Volkan Alparslan, Serdar Demiröz, Tuncay Çolak, and Alparslan Kuş. “Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation With Radiological Imaging”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 3 (September 2025): 167-70. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1733825.
EndNote Örs A, Çakır Ö, Aksu C, Yörükoğlu HU, Alparslan V, Demiröz S, Çolak T, Kuş A (September 1, 2025) Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation with Radiological Imaging. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11 3 167–170.
IEEE A. Örs, Ö. Çakır, C. Aksu, H. U. Yörükoğlu, V. Alparslan, S. Demiröz, T. Çolak, and A. Kuş, “Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation with Radiological Imaging”, KOU Sag Bil Derg, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 167–170, 2025, doi: 10.30934/kusbed.1733825.
ISNAD Örs, Abdullah et al. “Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation With Radiological Imaging”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11/3 (September2025), 167-170. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1733825.
JAMA Örs A, Çakır Ö, Aksu C, Yörükoğlu HU, Alparslan V, Demiröz S, Çolak T, Kuş A. Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation with Radiological Imaging. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2025;11:167–170.
MLA Örs, Abdullah et al. “Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation With Radiological Imaging”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 3, 2025, pp. 167-70, doi:10.30934/kusbed.1733825.
Vancouver Örs A, Çakır Ö, Aksu C, Yörükoğlu HU, Alparslan V, Demiröz S, et al. Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based WALANT Techniques in Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A Cadaveric Evaluation with Radiological Imaging. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2025;11(3):167-70.