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Thyroid Cancer in Childhood: A Retrospective Study

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 99 - 106, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.775844

Abstract

Objective: Thyroid cancers are rare in childhood; however, it is one of the most common endocrine malignancies. The treatment and follow-up methods applied are the minimalized form of those used in adult thyroid cancer.
Material and Methods: The data of a 5-year period from a single center (Dışkapı Pediatric Hematology Oncology Hospital, Pediatric Endocrine outpatient clinic) are presented. Data related to age, gender, complaints at the presentation, clinical findings, predisposing factors, thyroid function tests, thyroglobulin levels, thyroid antibodies, ultrasound scan, computed tomography scan, fine needle aspiration biopsy results, histology, and treatment methods were retrieved from patient files.
Results: The data related to 11 patients treated between 2014 and 2019 were collected from a single center. The patients comprised 8 females and 3 males. The most common complaint at presentation was swelling in the neck. Only one patient was diagnosed in the prepubertal period. The longest follow-up period was 7 years. Average age of diagnosis was 13 years 8 months. Follicular cancer was determined in 2 of the cases and papillary cancer in 9 of the cases. Two cases with recent diagnosis have not yet been followed up.
Conclusion: In this study; it was determined that the most common histopathological subtype was papillary thyroid cancer (%81,8), in accordance with the literature and was seen in 72.7% of girls. It was observed that the same protocol was not applied in the treatment of all cases especially for surgical treatment. A better understanding of the etiological factors and, mechanism of formation of the disease and treatment strategies for this patient group will make it easier to manage the treatment of these cases with personalized treatments, thereby avoiding unnecessary over-treatment which will subsequently reduce mortality and morbidity rates. The method of treatment of childhood thyroid cancer should be individualized for each patient.

References

  • 1. Miller RW, Young JL, Novakovic B. Childhood cancer. Cancer. 1995;75(1):95-405.
  • 2. Sigurdson AJ, Ronckers CM, Mertens AC, Stovall M, Smith SA, Liu Y et al. Primary thyroid cancer after a first tumour in childhood (The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study): a nested case-control study. Lancet. 2005;365(9476):2014-23.
  • 3. Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, Angelos P, Benvenga S, Cerutti JM et al. Management guidelines for children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Pediatric Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716-59.
  • 4. Gupta A, Ly S, Castroneves LA, Frates MC, Benson CB, Feldman HA et al. A standardized assessment of thyroid nodules in children confirms higher cancer prevalance than in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(8):3238-45.
  • 5. Waguespack SG, Rich TA, Perrier ND, Jimenez C, Cote GJ. Management of medullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 syndromes in childhood. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(10):596-607.
  • 6. Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Clinical review 128: current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(4):1447-63.
  • 7. Zimmerman D, Hay ID, Gough IR, Goellner JR, RyanJJ, Grant CS et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adults: long term follow-up of 1039 patients conservatively treated at one institution during three decades. Surgery. 1988;104(6):1157-66.
  • 8. Faggiano A, Coulot J, Bellon N, Talbot M, Caillou B, Ricard M et al. Age-dependent variation of follicular size and expression of iodine transporters in human thyroid tissue. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(2):232-7.
  • 9. Chung JH, Hahm JR, Min YK, Lee MS, Lee MK, Kim KW et al. Detection of RET/PTC oncogene rearrangements in Korean papillary thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid. 1999;9(12):1237-43.
  • 10. Boi F, Pani F, Mariotti S. Thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid cancer: review focused on cytological studies. Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6(4):178-86.
  • 11. Ma MK, Ong GB. Cystic thyroid nodules. Br J Surg. 1975;62(3):205-6.
  • 12. Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, Angelos P, Benvenga S, Cerutti JM et al. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716-59.
  • 13. Sugino K, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, Ohkuwa K, Uruno T, Matsuzu K et al. Risk stratification of pediatric patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: is total thyroidectomy necessary for patients at any risk? Thyroid. 2020;30(4):548-56.
  • 14. Hay ID, Hutchinson ME, Gonzalez-Losada T, McIver B, Reinalda ME, Grant CS et al. Papilary thyroid microcarcinoma; a study of 900 cases observed in a 60 year period. Surgery. 2008;144(6):980-8.
  • 15. Rivkees SA, Mazzaferri EL, Verburg FA, Reiners C, Luster M, Breuer CK et al. The treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer in children: emphasis on surgical approach and radioactive iodine therapy. Endocr Rev. 2011;32(6):798-826.
  • 16. Tamam M, Uyanık E, Edis N, Mülazimoglu M, Özpaçacı T. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children: Clinical characteristics and long term follow-up. 2020;19(1):28-35.
  • 17. Niedziela M. Pathogenesis diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006;13(2):427-53.
  • 18. Blatt J, OlshanA, Gulackman PS, Zaranek B. Second malignancies in very long term survivors of childhood cancer. Am J Med. 1992;93(1):57-60.

ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 99 - 106, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.775844

Abstract

Amaç: Tiroid kanseri çocukluk çağında nadir görülür, ancak en yaygın endokrin malignitelerinden birisidir. Uygulanan tedavi ve takip yöntemleri, yetişkin tiroid kanseri tedavisindeki yöntemlerin dozları azaltılıp uygulanmış halidir, ancak bu durum çocuk hastaların tedavi ve takiplerinde uygun bir yöntem değildir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, Dışkapı Çocuk Hematoloji Onkoloji Hastanesi, çocuk endokrin polikliniğinde, 2014-2019 yılları arasında tiroid kanseri tanısı alan ve bu tanı ile takip edilmekte olan olgular sunuldu. Beş yıllık süre boyunca polikliniğe başvuran 18 yaş altı tiroid kanseri tanısı almış olguların; yaş, cinsiyet, geliş şikayetleri, klinik bulguları, risk faktörleri, laboratuvar bulguları ve tedavi yöntemleri hasta dosyalarından geriye dönük tarandı.
Bulgular: Tiroid kanseri nedeni ile yeni tanı alan ve takip edilmekte olan 11 olgu ile ilgili veriler tek bir merkezden toplandı. Hastaların ortalama tanı yaşı 13 yaş 8 ay idi. En küçük olgu 4 yaş 3 ay, en büyük olgu ise 17 yaşındaydı. Olguların sekizi kız, üçü erkekti. Olguların en sık başvuru şikayeti boyunda şişlikdi. Sadece bir olgu prepubertal dönemde tanı almıştı. Onbir olgunun ikisinde foliküler kanser, dokuzunda ise papiller kanser saptandı. Olguların en uzun izlem süresi 7 yıl, tüm olguların ortalama izlem süresi ise 3 yıl 1 aydı. İki olgu yeni tanı olup henüz izlemleri yapılamadı.
Sonuç: Bu çalışmada literatürle uyumlu olarak en sık histopatolojik alt tipin %81.8 oranında papiller tiroid kanseri olduğu ve kız çocuklarında %72.7 oranında görüldüğü tespit edildi. Ancak olgularda özellikle cerrrahi açıdan aynı tedavi protokolunun uygulanmadığı görüldü. Çocuk hastalarda tiroid kanserinin etiyolojisinin, oluşum mekanizmasının ve tedavi stratejilerinin daha iyi anlaşılması, bu vakaların tedavisinin kişiselleştirilmesini ve tedavi yönetiminin kolaylaştırılmasını sağlayacak, gereksiz aşırı tedavi önlenecek ve böylece hastalığa bağlı ölüm ve morbidite azalacaktır. Ancak bu çalışmada tedavinin kişiselleştirilmesini önerebilecek yeterli hasta sayısı ve en önemlisi yeterli izlem süresi yoktur. Bunun sağlanabilmesi daha çok hasta içeren ve daha uzun izlem süresi olan başka çalışmalar ile mümkün olacaktır.

References

  • 1. Miller RW, Young JL, Novakovic B. Childhood cancer. Cancer. 1995;75(1):95-405.
  • 2. Sigurdson AJ, Ronckers CM, Mertens AC, Stovall M, Smith SA, Liu Y et al. Primary thyroid cancer after a first tumour in childhood (The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study): a nested case-control study. Lancet. 2005;365(9476):2014-23.
  • 3. Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, Angelos P, Benvenga S, Cerutti JM et al. Management guidelines for children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Pediatric Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716-59.
  • 4. Gupta A, Ly S, Castroneves LA, Frates MC, Benson CB, Feldman HA et al. A standardized assessment of thyroid nodules in children confirms higher cancer prevalance than in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(8):3238-45.
  • 5. Waguespack SG, Rich TA, Perrier ND, Jimenez C, Cote GJ. Management of medullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 syndromes in childhood. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(10):596-607.
  • 6. Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Clinical review 128: current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(4):1447-63.
  • 7. Zimmerman D, Hay ID, Gough IR, Goellner JR, RyanJJ, Grant CS et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adults: long term follow-up of 1039 patients conservatively treated at one institution during three decades. Surgery. 1988;104(6):1157-66.
  • 8. Faggiano A, Coulot J, Bellon N, Talbot M, Caillou B, Ricard M et al. Age-dependent variation of follicular size and expression of iodine transporters in human thyroid tissue. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(2):232-7.
  • 9. Chung JH, Hahm JR, Min YK, Lee MS, Lee MK, Kim KW et al. Detection of RET/PTC oncogene rearrangements in Korean papillary thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid. 1999;9(12):1237-43.
  • 10. Boi F, Pani F, Mariotti S. Thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid cancer: review focused on cytological studies. Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6(4):178-86.
  • 11. Ma MK, Ong GB. Cystic thyroid nodules. Br J Surg. 1975;62(3):205-6.
  • 12. Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, Angelos P, Benvenga S, Cerutti JM et al. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716-59.
  • 13. Sugino K, Nagahama M, Kitagawa W, Ohkuwa K, Uruno T, Matsuzu K et al. Risk stratification of pediatric patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: is total thyroidectomy necessary for patients at any risk? Thyroid. 2020;30(4):548-56.
  • 14. Hay ID, Hutchinson ME, Gonzalez-Losada T, McIver B, Reinalda ME, Grant CS et al. Papilary thyroid microcarcinoma; a study of 900 cases observed in a 60 year period. Surgery. 2008;144(6):980-8.
  • 15. Rivkees SA, Mazzaferri EL, Verburg FA, Reiners C, Luster M, Breuer CK et al. The treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer in children: emphasis on surgical approach and radioactive iodine therapy. Endocr Rev. 2011;32(6):798-826.
  • 16. Tamam M, Uyanık E, Edis N, Mülazimoglu M, Özpaçacı T. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children: Clinical characteristics and long term follow-up. 2020;19(1):28-35.
  • 17. Niedziela M. Pathogenesis diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006;13(2):427-53.
  • 18. Blatt J, OlshanA, Gulackman PS, Zaranek B. Second malignancies in very long term survivors of childhood cancer. Am J Med. 1992;93(1):57-60.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Pınar Kocaay 0000-0003-0850-0360

Eda Mengen 0000-0003-1597-8418

Seyit Ahmet Uçaktürk 0000-0001-8666-4454

Publication Date April 30, 2021
Submission Date July 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kocaay, P., Mengen, E., & Uçaktürk, S. A. (2021). ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.775844
AMA Kocaay P, Mengen E, Uçaktürk SA. ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. April 2021;23(1):99-106. doi:10.24938/kutfd.775844
Chicago Kocaay, Pınar, Eda Mengen, and Seyit Ahmet Uçaktürk. “ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 23, no. 1 (April 2021): 99-106. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.775844.
EndNote Kocaay P, Mengen E, Uçaktürk SA (April 1, 2021) ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 23 1 99–106.
IEEE P. Kocaay, E. Mengen, and S. A. Uçaktürk, “ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA”, Kırıkkale Uni Med J, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 99–106, 2021, doi: 10.24938/kutfd.775844.
ISNAD Kocaay, Pınar et al. “ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 23/1 (April 2021), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.775844.
JAMA Kocaay P, Mengen E, Uçaktürk SA. ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2021;23:99–106.
MLA Kocaay, Pınar et al. “ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 1, 2021, pp. 99-106, doi:10.24938/kutfd.775844.
Vancouver Kocaay P, Mengen E, Uçaktürk SA. ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TİROİD KANSERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2021;23(1):99-106.

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