The Effects of Supplemental Rumen Protected Lysine and Methionine on Some Metabolic Parameters in Holstein Heirs During Late Pregnancy

Abstract

Lysine and methionine are essantial amino acids which have limiting effects on of growth and milk yield. Primiparous cows are still on their growth phase while starting first lactation. In this study, the effects of additional rumen protected lysine and methionine administration on some blood metabolism parameters in the last two months of pregnancy in heifers were investigated. Thirty Holstein dairy pregnant heifers were randomly divided into two as control and treatment. Control (K) heifers were fed by standard ration prepared in accordance with the NRC (2001), while Treatment heifers fed by a rumen protected lysine and methionine supplemented ration. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein (vena coccygea) of all animals at 15-day intervals and analyzed for glucose, Non-Esterified Fatty acids (NEFA), Beta Hydroxybutyric Acid (BHBA), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (Trig) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). As a result of the statistical evaluation, it was determined that rumen protected lysine and methionine supplementation did not have a statistically significant effect on blood glucose, NEFA, BHBA, TK, Trig and IgG concentrations in pregnant heifers. However, more comprehensive studies are needed to evaluate the differences seen in BHBA and glucose in some weeks and the numerical increase seen in IgG level in the treatment group.

Keywords

• Holstein
• Pregnant Heifer
• IgG
• Lysine
• Metabolic Parameters
• Methionine

Gebeliğin Son Dönemindeki Holştayn Düvelerde Rasyona Rumen Korumalı Lizin Ve Metiyonin İlavesinin Bazı Metabolik Parametreler Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Lizin ve metiyonin gerek büyüme ve gelişme gerekse süt verimi açısından sınırlayıcı etkiye sahip amino asitlerdir. İlk doğumunu yapan düveler bir taraftan laktasyona başlarken diğer taraftan hala büyüme ve gelişme çağındadırlar. Yapılan bu çalışmada ilk doğumunu yapacak olan düvelerde gebeliğin son iki ayında ilave olarak rumen korumalı lizin ve metiyonin verilmesinin bazı kan metabolizma parametreleri üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada otuz adet Holştayn ırkı sütçü gebe düve rastgele örnekleme metodu ile iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Kontrol (K) grubundaki düvelere NRC (2001) doğrultusunda hazırlanan standart bir rasyon verilmişken, uygulama (U) grubundaki düvelere ise rumen korumalı lizin ve metiyonin takviyesi yapılmış bir rasyon uygulanmıştır. Çalışma esnasında 15’er gün aralıklarla tüm hayvanların kuyruk venasından (vena coccygea) kan örneği alınmıştır. Alınan kan örneklerine glukoz, esterleşmemiş yağ asitleri (NEFA), beta hidroksi bütirik asit (BHBA), total kolestrol (TK), trigliserid (Trig) ve immünoglobülin G (IgG) analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan istatiksel değerlendirme sonucunda gebe düvelerde rumen korumalı lizin ve metiyonin takviyesinin kanda glukoz, NEFA, BHBA, TK, Trig ve IgG konsantrasyonları üzerine istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak uygulama grubunda bazı haftalarda BHBA ve glukozda görülen farklılıklar ile IgG seviyesinde görülen rakamsal artışın değerlendirilebilmesi için daha kapsamlı çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gebe Düve
• Holştayn
• IgG
• Lizin
• Metabolik Parametreler
• Metiyonin

References

1. Cady, R. A. and T. R. Smith, 1996. Economics of heifer raising programs. Proc. Calves, Heifers, and Dairy Profitability National Conference. North Regional Agricultural Engineering Service Pub. No. 74 pp 7- 24. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
2. Chow, J. M., E. J. DePeters, and R. L. Baldwin. "Effect of rumen-protected methionine and lysine on casein in milk when diets high in fat or concentrate are fed." Journal of Dairy Science 73.4 (1990): 1051-1061.
3. Drackley, J.K., 1999. ADSA foundation scholar award: Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier? J. Dairy Sci. 82, 2259–2273. https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75474-3.
4. Duffield, T. (2000). Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cattle. Veterinary clinics of North America: Food animal practice, 16(2), 231-253.
5. Erickson, P. S., Murphy, M. R., & Clark, J. H. (1992). Supplementation of dairy cow diets with calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids and nicotinic acid in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 75(4), 1078-1089.
6. Griel Jr, L. C., Patton, R. A., McCarthy, R. D., & Chandler, P. T. (1968). Milk production response to feeding methionine hydroxy analog to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 51(11), 1866-1868.
7. Grummer, R. R. (1996). Close-up dry period: feeding management for a smooth transition. Proceedings WCDS, Red Deer, Alberta.
8. Harrison, J. H., Kincaid, R. L., McNamara, J. P., Waltner, S., Loney, K. A., Riley, R. E., & Cronrath, J. D. (1995). Effect of whole cottonseeds and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids on performance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 78(1), 181-193.

9. Loerch, S. C., & Oke, B. O. (2018). Rumen protected amino acids in ruminant nutrition. In Absorption and utilization of amino acids (pp. 187-200). CRC Press.
10. National Research Council, Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle), National Academy Press, Washington, DC (2001).
11. Overton, T. R., & Waldron, M. R. (2004). Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health. Journal of dairy science, 87, E105-E119.
12. Rulquin, H., Pisulewski, P. M., Vérité, R., & Guinard, J. (1993). Milk production and composition as a function of postruminal lysine and methionine supply: a nutrient-response approach. Livestock Production Science, 37(1-2), 69-90.
13. Schingoethe, D. J. (1991). Byproduct feeds: feed analysis and interpretation. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 7(2), 577-584.
14. Schwab, C. G., Satter, L. D., & Clay, A. B. (1976). Response of lactating dairy cows to abomasal infusion of amino acids. Journal of Dairy Science, 59(7), 1254-1270.
15. Schwab, C. G., Bozak, C. K., Whitehouse, N. L., & Mesbah, M. M. A. (1992a). Amino acid limitation and flow to duodenum at four stages of lactation. 1. Sequence of lysine and methionine limitation. Journal of dairy science, 75(12), 3486-3502.
16. Schwab, C. G., Bozak, C. K., Whitehouse, N. L., & Olson, V. M. (1992b). Amino acid limitation and flow to the duodenum at four stages of lactation. 2. Extent of lysine limitation. Journal of dairy science, 75(12), 3503-3518.
17. Steeneveld, W., Amuta, P., van Soest, F. J., Jorritsma, R., & Hogeveen, H. (2020). Estimating the combined costs of clinical and subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. PloS one, 15(4), e0230448.
18. Overton, T.R., Drackley, J.K., Ottemann-Abbamonte, C.J., Beaulieu, A.D., Emmert, L.S., Clark, J.H., 1999. Substrate utilization for hepatic gluconeogenesis is altered by increased glucose demand in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 1940–1951. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7771940x.