The Effect of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Use in addition to Classical Treatment on Prognosis and Blood Values in Patients with Feline Panleukopenia

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 357 - 364, 30.09.2023

Botan Kızılkaya , Erdal Kara

Abstract

Feline panleukopenia virus is a notable disease in cats and has a very contagious progression especially in young and not vaccinated individuals. Worse still, conventional treatments have a below 50 % success rate in treating this disease. This study investigated the prognostic success of administering a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, filgrastim, with the conventional treatment for cats with feline infectious enteritis. The study had 48 sick individuals, 31 of whom had conventional + filgrastim treatment, whereas 17 had only conventional treatment (control group). A ratio of 93.61 % of all individuals showed leukopenia and 82.97 % of all individuals had neutropenia. The ratio of not vaccinated individuals in the study sample was 92.3 %. The recovery ratio in the study group in which filgrastim was administered was 72.41 %, whereas this ratio was 58.82 % in the control group, yet the difference was not statistically significant (p˃0.9999). In the blood count values of the control group, there was no statistically significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements. On the other hand, WBC, LYM, and NEU values were significantly different in the study group with additional filgrastim treatment (p<0.001). The study results indicated that vaccination is critical in protection against feline parvovirus, diarrhea, and vomiting symptoms in the first diagnosis are noteworthy, and using filgrastim in addition to the conventional treatment did not have a considerable impact on prognosis, although it did ameliorate blood values.

Keywords

colony-stimulating factor, Feline panleukopenia Virus, Filgrastim, leukopenia, treatment

Feline Panlökopeni Hastalarında Tedaviye Ek Koloni Stimüle Edici Faktör Kullanımının Kan Değerleri ve Prognostik Açıdan Önemi

Abstract

Feline panlökopemi virüs özellikle genç ve aşısız bireylerde çok bulaşıcı seyreden, klasik tedaviler ile iyileşme oranları %50’nin altında olan, kedilerin önemli bir hastalığıdır. Bu çalışmada feline parvovirüs hastalarında klasik tedaviye ek olarak granülosit koloni sitümile edici faktör olarak filgrastim kullanımının prognostik başarısının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya alınan 48 hastanın 31’inde filgrastim uygulaması yapılırken 17’si sadece klasik tedavi (kontrol grubu) yapılmıştır. Hastaların %93,61’inde lökopeni, %82,97’sinde ise nötropeni tespit edilmiştir. Hastaların %92,3’ünün aşısız olduğu görülmüştür. Filgrastim kullanılan grupta sağkalım %72,41 iken kontrol grubunda %58,82 dir ve aradaki fark istatistik yönden anlamsız bulunmuştur (p˃0,9999). Kontrol grubunun tedavi öncesi ve sonrası kan değerlerindeki değişim anlamsız bulunurken filgrastim grubunda tedavi öncesi WBC, LYM, NEU değerlerinin tedavi sonrası değişimi istatistik olarak önemli bulunmuştur (p˂0,001). Sonuç olarak feline parvovirüs hastalığından korunmada aşılamanın çok önemli olduğu, ilk muayenede ishal ve kusma gibi semptomların yanında lökopeninin dikkat çekici olduğu, tedavide klasik tedaviye ek olarak filgrastim kullanımının kan değerlerini yükselttiği ancak prognoza etkisinin olmadığı görülmüştür.

Keywords

Feline panlökopeni virus, Filgrastim, Lökopeni, Koloni sitümile edici faktör, Tedavi

References

• Akan, Ö.A. (1991). Koloni Stimüle Edici Faktörler. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni 25, 285-293.
• Awad, R.A., Hassan, S.A., Marets, B. (2019). Treatment of Feline panleukopenia virus infection in naturally infected cats and its assessment. J Biol. Sci., 19(2), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2019.155.160
• Addie, D.D., Jarrett, O., Simpson, J., Thompson, H. (1996). Feline Parvovirus in Pedigree Kittens. Veterinary Record 138, 119.
• Addie, D.D., Toth, S., Thompson, H., Greenwood, N., Jarrett, J.O. (1998). Detection of Feline Parvovirus in Dying Pedigree Kittens. Veterinary Record 142, 353-356.
• Barker, I.K., Povey, R.C., Voigt, D.R. (1983). Response of Mink, Skunk, Red fox and Raccoon to İnoculation with Mink Virus Enteritis, Feline Panleukopenia and Canine Parvovirus and Prevalence of Antibody to Parvovirus in Wild Carnivores in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 47, 188-197.
• Barrs, V.R. (2019). Feline panleukopenia: a re-emergent disease. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 49(4), 651-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.02.006
• Bolis, S., Cocorocchio, E., Corti, C., Ferreri, A.J.M., Frungillo, N., Grillo, G., Omodeo, E.S., Tedeschi, L., Zilioli, V.R. (2013). Clinical implications, safety, efficacy of recombinant human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors and pegylated equivalent. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health, Volume 10, Number 4. https://doi.org/10.2427/8845
• Cave, T.A., Thompson, H., Reid, S.W., Hodgson, D.R., Addie, D.D. (2002). Kitten Mortality in the United Kingdom: A Retrospective Analysis of 274 Histopathological Examinations (1986 to 2000). Veterinary Record 151, 497-501. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.151.17.497
• Citarova, A., Mojzisova, J., Vojtek, B., Zakutna, L., Drazovska, M. (2022). Nachweis von FPV, CPV-2a, CPV-2b und FCoV bei Katzen mit Symptomen der felinen Panleukopenie. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 135, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2376/1439-0299-2022-13
• Csiza, C.K., Scott, F.W., De Lahunta, A., Gillespie, J.H. (1971a). İmmune Carrier State of Feline Panleukopenia Virus-Infected Cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 32, 419-426.
• Csiza, C.K., Scott, F.W., De Lahunta, A., Gillespie, J.H. (1971). Pathogenesis of Feline Panleukopenia Virus in Susceptible Newborn Kittens. II. Pathology and Immunofluorescence. Infection and Immunity 3, 838-846.
• Digangi, B.A., Gray, L.K., Levy, J.K., Dubovi, E.J., Tucker, S.J. (2011). Detection Protective Antibody Titers Against Feline Panleukopenia Virus, Feline Herpesvirus-1 and Feline Calicivirus in Shelter Cats Using a Point-of-care an ELISA. Journal Feline Medicine and Surgery 13, 912- 918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2011.07.009
• Digangi, B.A., Levy, J.K., Griffin, B., McGorray, S.P., Dubovi, E.J., Dingmann, P.A., Tucker, S.J. (2012). Prevalence of serum antibody titers against feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus 1, and feline calicivirus in cats entering a Florida animal shelter. JAVMA, 241(10), 1320-1325. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.10.1320
• Esfendiari, J., Klingeborn, B. (2000). A Comparative Study of a New Rapid and One-Step Test for The Detection of Parvovirus in Faeces from Dogs, Cats, and Mink. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 47, 145-153.
• Fei-Fei, D., Yong-Feng, Z., Jian-Li, W., Xue-Hua, W., Kai, C., Chuan-Yi, L., Zhi-Jing, X. (2017). Molecular characterization of feline panleukopenia virus isolated from mink and its pathogenesis in mink. Vet. Microbiol, 205, 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.017
• Foley, J.E., Orgad, U., Hirsh, DC., Poland, A., Pedersen, N.C. (1999). Outbreak of Fatal Salmonellosis in Cats Following Use of A High-Titer Modified-live Panleucopenia Virus Vaccine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214; 67-70, 43-64.
• Garigliany, M., Gilliaux, G., Jolly, S., Casanova, T., Bayrou, C., Gommeren, K., Fett, T., Mauroy, A., Levy, E., Cassart, D., Peeters, D., Poncelet, L., Desmecht, D. (2016). Feline panleukopenia virus in cerebral neurons of young and adult cats. BMC Vet Res, 12(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0657-0
• Greene, C.E. (2012). Feline enteric viral infections. In: Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, p. 80-91. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo., Elsevier/Saunders.
• Groblewska, M., Mroczko, B., Szmitkowski, M. (2004). Czynnik stymuluj1cy tworze- ni kolonii makrofagowych (M-CSF) i jego zastosowanie w praktyce klinicznej. Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn 111, 355-365.
• Gür, S., Avdatek, K. (2016). A Serological İnvestigation for Feline Panleucopenia Virus in Cats in Afyonkarahisar. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 9(3), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.26547
• Isaya, R., Ciccarelli, S., Enache, D., Specchi, S., Pesaresi, M., Ferri, F., Porporato. F., Auriemma, EB., Coppola, LM., Zini, E. (2021). Correction to: Gastrointestinal ultrasonographic findings in cats with Feline panleukopenia: a case series. BMC Vet Res 17(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02720-w
• Jacobson, L.S., Janke, K.J., Giancinti, J., Weese J.S. (2021). Diagnostic testing for feline panleukopenia in a shelter setting: a prospective, observational study. J Feline Med Surg, 23(12), 1192-1199. https://doi.org/110.1177/1098612X211005301
• Jumaa, MA. (2023). Feline Panlökopenide Tiyol Disülfit Dengesi Ve İskemi Modifiye Albümin (İma) Seviyelerinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Kuffer-Frank, M., Jung, H., Kraft, W. (1999). Use of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (r-metHuG-CSF) in neutropenic cats. Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere 27, 136-143.
• Kruse, B.D., Unterer, S., Horlacher, K., Sauter-Louis, C., Hartmann, K. (2010). Prognostic Factors in Cats with Feline Panleucopenia. J Vet İntern Med 24, 1271-1276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0604.x
• Kruse, BD., Unterer, S., Horlacher, K., Sauter-Louis, C., Hartmann, K. (2011). Feline Panleukopenie – differierender Krankheitsverlauf bei Katzen im Alter von unter bzw. über 6 Monaten. Tierarztl Prax Kleintiere 39(04), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1623584
• Litster, A., Benjanirut, C. (2013). Case Series of Feline Panleucopenia Virus in An Animal Shelter. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 16(4), 346-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X13497738
• Meurs, K.M., Fox, P.R., Magnon, A.L., Liu, S., Towbin, J.A. (2000). Molecular Screening by Polymerase Chain Reaction Detects Panleukopenia Virus DNA in Formalin-Fixed Hearts From Cats with İdiopathic Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis. Cardiovascular Pathology, 9, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-8807(00)00031-4
• Mende, K., Stuetzer, B., Mueller, R.S., Sauter Louis, C., Homeier Bachmann, T., Truyen, U., Hartmann, K. (2013). Prevalenz von Antikörpern Gegen Feline Parvoviren bei Katzen in Süddeutschland. Tierarztliche Praxis 2, A27.
• Mende, K., Stuetzer, B., Truyen, U., Hartmann, K. (2014). Evaluation of An in-House Dot Enzyme Linked İmmunosorbent Assay to Detect Antibodies Against Feline Panleukopenia Virus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 16(10), 805-811. doi: 10.1177/1098612X14520812
• Mende, K., Stuetzer, B., Sauter-Louis, C., Homeier, T., Truyen, U., Hartmann, K. (2014). Prevalence of antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus in client-owned cats in Southern Germany. Vet J, 199(3), 419-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.023
• Miranda, C., Viera, M.J., Silva, E., Carvalheira, J., Parrish, C.R., Thompson, G. (2017). Genetic Analysis of Feline Panleukopenia Virus Full-length VP 2 Gene in Domestic Cats Between 2006-2008 and 2012-2014, Portugal. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64(4), 1178-1183. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12483
• Parrish, C.R. (1995). Pathogenesis of feline panleukopenia virus and canine parvovirus. Bailliere’s Clinical Haematology, 8(1), 57-71.
• Poole, G.M (1972). Stability of A Modified, Live Panleukopenia Virus Stored in Liquid Phase. Applied Microbiology 24, 663-664.
• Porporato, F., Horzinek, MC., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Ferri, F., Gerardi, G., Contiero, B., Vezzosi, T., Rocchi, P., Auriemma, E., Lutz, H., Zini, E. (2018). Survival estimates and outcome predictors for shelter cats with feline panleukopenia virus infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 253(2), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.2.188
• Proksch, A.L., Unterer, S., Truyen, U., Mueller, R.S., Hartmann, K. (2015). İnfluence of Clinical and Laboratory Variables on Fecal Antigen ELISA Results in Dog with Parvovirus infection. Journal of Veterinary İnternal Medicine 27, 721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.009
• Rehme, T., Hartmann, K., Truyen, U., Zablotski, Y., Bergmann, M. (2022). Feline Panleukopenia Outbreaks and Risk Factors in Cats in Animal Shelters. Viruses, 14(6), 1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061248
• Rice J.K., 2017. Successful Treatment of Feline Panleukopenia: A guideline for rescuers and veterinarians, Part I. J Vet Sci Med Diagn, 6, 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2325-9590.1000223
• Schatzberg, S.J., Haley, N.J., Barr, S.C., Parrish, C., Steingold, S., Summers, B.A., Delahunta, A., Kornegay, J.N., Sharp, N.J. (2003). Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) Amplication of parvoviral DNA from the brains of dogs and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia. Journal of Veterinary İnternal Medicine 17, 538-544.
• Schmitz, S., Coenen, C., Konig, M., Thiel, H.J., Neiger, R., (2009). Comparison of Three Rapid Commercial Canine Parvovirus Antigen Detection Tests with Electron Microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic İnvestigation 21, 344-345.
• Schultz, R.D., Scott, F.W., (1973). Absence of an immune response after oral administration of attenuated feline panleukopenia virus. Infection and Immunity, 7(4), 547-549.
• Schultz, R.D., Ford, R.B., Olsen, J. (2002). Titer Testing and Vaccinations: A New Look At Traditional Practices. Veterinary Medicine 1-13.
• Scott, F.W., 1987. Viral Diseases: Panleukopenia. In: Holzworth, J. (Ed.), Diseases of the Cat: Medicine and Surgery, WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 182-193.
• Steinel, A., Parrish, C.R., Bloom, M.E., Truyen, U. (2001). Parvovirus Infections in Wild Carnivores. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, 594-607.
• Truyen, U., Agbanddje, M., Parrish, C.R. (1994). Characterization of the feline host range and a specific epitope of feline panleukopenia virus. Virology, 200(2), 494-503.
• Truyen, U., Addie, D., Belak, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Gruffydd-Jones, T., Hartman, K., Hosie, MJ., Lloret A., Lutz H., Marsilio, F., Pennisi, MG., Rodford,, AD., Thiry, E., Horzinek MC. (2009) Feline panleukopenia. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine &Surgery, 11(7), 538-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.002