Mobile Learning and Mobile Assisted Language Learning in Focus

Abstract

Mobile learning (m-learning) has been applied to foreign language education for more than a decade. Now that the emerging technologies and digital environments for learning have led to innovative learning experiences, there has been an exponential growth in the use of mobile applications for language learning. A growing volume of research has been conducted on Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL), emphasizing conceptualization of MALL and investigating the learning outcomes of users of MALL applications in foreign language classes. This paper aims to elaborate on the concept of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) in association with learning theories and challenges, to present a conceptual framework of MALL design principles and dimensions, and to review existing MALL studies.

Keywords

• mLearning; MALL; design principles of MALL

References

1. Alemi, M., Sarab, M., & Lari, Z. (2012). Successful learning of academic word list via MALL: Mobile-assisted language learning. International Education Studies, 5(6), 99-109.
2. Al-Jarf, R. (2012). Mobile technology and student autonomy in oral skill acquisition. In J. Díaz-Vera (Ed.), Left to my own devices: Learner autonomy and mobile-assisted language learning innovation and leadership in English language teaching (pp. 105-130). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group.
3. Allan, S. (2008). Podcasts and embedded audio to support language learning. Warwick Interactions Journal, 30(2). Retrieved from: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/ldc/resource/interactions/current/aballan/allan
4. Alvarez, C., Brown, C., & Nussbaum, M. (2011). Comparative study of netbooks and tablet PCs for fostering face-to-face collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 834-844.
5. Amer, M. (2010). Idiomobile for learners of English: A study of learners’ usage of a mobile learning application for learning idioms and collocations (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Indiana University of Pennsylvania: Indiana, PA.
6. Arashnia, M., & Shahrokhi, M. (2016). Mobile assisted language learning: English pronunciation among Iranian pre-intermediate EFL learners. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 3(4), 149-162.
7. Azabdaftari, B., & Mozaheb, M. (2012). Comparing vocabulary learning of EFL learners by using two different strategies: Mobile learning vs. flashcards. The EUROCALL Review, 20(2), 47-59.
8. Baleghizadeh, S., & Oladrostam, E. (2010). The effect of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) on grammatical accuracy of EFL students. MEXTESOL Journal, 34(2), 77-86.

9. Bartolomé, A., & Steffens, K. (2011). Technologies for self-regulated learning. In R. Carneiro, P. Lefrere, K. Steffens, & J. Underwood (Eds.), Self-regulated learning in technology enhanced learning environments: A European perspective (pp. 21-31). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
10. Başoğlu, E., & Akdemir, O. (2010). A comparison of undergraduate students’ English vocabulary learning: Using mobile phones and flash cards. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 9(3), 1-7.
11. Bayyurt, Y., & Karataş, N. B. (2011). Needs analysis as the first step when developing content for mobile language learning. Boğaziçi University Journal of Education, 28(1), 13-21.
12. Begum, R. (2011). Prospect for cell phones as instructional tools in the EFL classroom: A case study of Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh. English Language Teaching, 4(1), 105-115.
13. Botero, G. G., Questier, F. & Zhu, C. (2018). Self-directed language learning in a mobile-assisted, out-of-class context: Do students walk the talk? Computer Assisted Language Learning. 1-26. 10.1080/09588221.2018.1485707.
14. Bradley, C., & Holley, D. (2011). Empirical research into students’ mobile phones and their use for learning. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 3(4), 38-53.
15. Brandt, R., & Rice, R. (2013). Mobile medicine practice. In Z. L. Berge, & L. Y. Muilenburg (Eds.), Handbook of mobile learning (pp. 483-496). New York: Routledge.
16. Brown, M., Castellano, J., Hughes, E., & Worth, A. (2012). Integration of iPads in a Japanese university English language curriculum. The JALT CALL Journal, 8 (3), 197-209.
17. Burston, J. (2014). The reality of MALL project implementations: Still on the fringes. CALICO Journal, 31(1), 43-65.
18. Butgereit, L., & Botha, A. (2009). Hadeda: The noisy way to practice spelling vocabulary using a cell phone. In P. Cunningham & M. Cunningham (Eds.), IST-Africa 2009 Conference Proceedings (pp. 1-7).
19. Castañeda, D. A., & Cho, M-H. (2016). Use of a game-like application on a mobile device to improve accuracy in conjugating Spanish verbs. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(7), 1195-1204.
20. Chang, C-K., & Hsu, C-K. (2011). A mobile-assisted synchronously collaborative translation-annotation system for English as a foreign language (EFL) reading comprehension. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24(2), 155-180.
21. Chen, C-M., & Hsu, S-H. (2008). Personalized intelligent mobile learning system for supporting effective English learning. Educational Technology & Society, 11(3), 153-180.
22. Chen, N-S., Hsieh, S-W., & Kinshuk (2008). Effects of short-term memory and content representation type on mobile language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 12(3), 93-113. Retrieved from http://llt.msu.edu/vol12num3/chenetal.pdf
23. Chen, I-J., & Chang, C-C. (2011). Content presentation modes in mobile language listening tasks: English proficiency as a moderator. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24(5), 451-470.
24. Chen, Y. S., Kao, T. C., Yu, G. J., & Sheu, J. P. (2004). A mobile butterfly-watching learning system for supporting independent learning. In J. Roschelle, T-W. Chan, Kinshuk, & S. J. H. Yang (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (WMTE 2004) (pp. 11-18). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society
25. Cheon, J., Sangno, L., Crooks, S. M., & Song, J. (2012). An investigation of mobile learning readiness in higher education based on the theory of planned behavior. Computers & Education, 59, 1054-1064.
26. Chinnery, G. M. (2006). Going to the MALL: Mobile-assisted language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 10(1), 9-16.
27. Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E. (2008). E-learning and the science of instruction (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
28. Clarke, P., Keing, C., Lam, P., & McNaught, C. (2008). Using SMSs to engage students in language learning. Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications (pp. 6132-6141). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
29. Cochrane, T. (2012). A summary and critique of mlearning research and practice. In Z. L. Berge, & L. Y. Muilenburg (Eds.), Handbook of mobile learning (pp. 24-34). New York: Routledge.
30. Cooney, G., & Keogh, K. A. (2007 October). Use of mobile phones for language learning and assessment for learning: A pilot project. Paper presented at mLearn Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
31. Corbeil, J. R., & Valdes-Corbeil, M. E. (2007). Are you ready for mobile learning? Educause Quarterly, 30(2), 51-58.
32. Çakmak, F., & Erçetin, G. (2018). Effects of gloss type on text recall and incidental vocabulary learning in mobile-assisted L2 listening. ReCALL, 30(1), 24-47.
33. Çavuş, N., & İbrahim, D. (2008). MOLT: A mobile learning tool that makes learning new technical English language words enjoyable. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 2(4), 38-42.
34. Crompton, H. (2013). A historical overview of mobile learning: Toward learner-centered education. In Z. L. Berge, & L. Y. Muilenburg, (Eds.), Handbook of mobile learning. New York: Routledge, 3–14.
35. Dean, J. (2011). Smartphone user survey: A glimpse into the mobile lives of college students. Retrieved from http://testkitchen.colorado.edu/projects/reports/smartphone/smartphone-survey/.
36. Demouy, V., & Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2010). On the spot: Using mobile devices for listening and speaking practice on a French language programme. The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 25(3), 217-232.
37. Demouy, V., Eardley, A., Shrestha, P., & Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2011). The Interactive Oral Assessment (IOA) project; using Talkback® for practice and assessment of listening and speaking skills in languages. Proceedings of ICL 2011 Interactive Collaborative Learning (pp. 126-129). Piešťany, Slovakia: IEEE Computer Society.
38. Ebner, M., Stickel, C., Scerbakov, N., & Holzinger, A. (2009). A study on the compatibility of ubiquitous learning (u-learning) systems at university level. In C. Stephanidis (Ed.), Universal access in human-computer interaction (pp. 34-43). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
39. Gabarre, S., & Gabarre, C. (2010). Utilising mobile phones as a language learning tool. In T. B. Hoon, Y. M. Fung, & Y. N. Thai (Eds.), Language learning: challenges, approaches and collaboration (pp. 92-118). Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller GmbH & Co. KG.
40. Georgiev, T., Georgieva, E., & Smrikarov, A. (2004, June). M-learning: a new stage of e-learning. Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies, Rousse, Bulgaria.
41. Gilgen, R. (2005). Holding the world in your hand: Creating a mobile language learning environment. EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 28(3), 30-39. Retrieved from https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EQM0535.pdf
42. Gromik, N. (2012). Cell phone video recording feature as a language learning tool: A case study. Computers & Education, 58(1), 223-230.
43. Hasegawa, K., Ishikawa, M., Shinagawa, N., Kaneko, K., & Mikakoda, H. (2008). Learning effects of self-made vocabulary learning materials. Proceedings of IADIS International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age 2008 (pp.153-158). Lisbon: IADIS.
44. Herrington, J., Herrington, A., Mantei, J., Olney, I., & Ferry, B. (2009). Using mobile technologies to develop new ways of teaching and learning. In J. Herrington, A. Herrington, Mantei, J, Olney, I., & Ferry, B. (Eds.), New technologies, new pedagogies: Mobile learning in higher education (pp. 1-14). University of Wollongong: Australia.
45. Hoven, D., & Palalas, A. (2011). (Re)conceptualizing design approaches for mobile language learning. CALICO Journal, 28(3), 699-720.
46. Hsu, C-K., He, Y-Y., & Chang, C-K. (2009). Evaluation of a MALL system integrating instant translation and shared annotation for ESL reading on PDA. In I. Gibson et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2009 (pp. 898-904). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
47. Hwang, W-Y., Chen, C-Y., & Chen, H. (2011). Facilitating EFL writing of elementary school students in familiar situated contexts with mobile devices. In 10th World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning (mLearn) (pp. 15-23). Beijing, China: Beijing Normal University.
48. Hwang, W-Y., Shih T. K., Ma, Z-H., Shadiev, R. & Chen, S-Y. (2016) Evaluating listening and speaking skills in a mobile game-based learning environment with situational contexts. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(4), 639-657.
49. Kennedy, C., & Levy, M. (2008, August). Mobile learning to Italian: Extending and refining the approach. Paper presented at WorldCALL conference, CALL Bridges the World, Fukuoka International Congress Centre and Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
50. Keough, M. (2005). 7 reasons why mlearning doesn’t work. Paper presented at the 4th World Conference on mLearning (mLearn 2005), Cape Town, South Africa. Retrieved from http://www.mlearn.org.za/CD/papers/McMillan-Keough.pdf
51. Killilea, J. (2012). Leveraging mobile devices for asynchronous learning: Best practices. Proceedings of the 2012 Autumn Simulation Conference on Education and Training Modeling & Simulation (ETMS’12). San Diego, CA: The Society for Modeling and Simulation International.
52. Kim, H-S. (2011). Effects of SMS text messaging on vocabulary learning. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 14(2), 159-180.
53. Kneebone, R. (2005). PDAs for PSPs. In A. Kukulska-Hulme, & J. Traxler (Eds.), Mobile Learning: A Handbook for educators and trainers (pp. 106-115). London: Routledge.
54. Kobayashi, C. (2008). The use of pocket electronic and printed dictionaries: A mixed-method study. In K. Bradford Watts, T. Muller, & M. Swanson (Eds.), JALT 2007 Conference Proceedings (pp. 657-671). Tokyo, Japan: JALT.
55. Koyama, T., & Takeuchi, O. (2004). Comparing electronic and printed dictionaries: How the difference affected EFL learning. JACET Bulletin, 38, 33-46.
56. Koyama, T., & Takeuchi, O. (2009). How effectively do good language learners use handheld electronic dictionaries: A qualitative approach. Language Education & Technology, 46, 131-150.
57. Kress, G., & Pachler, N. (2007). Thinking about the ‘m’ in m-learning. In N. Pachler (Ed.), Mobile Learning: Towards a Research Agenda (pp. 7-32). London: WLE Centre, Institute of Education.
58. Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2009). Will mobile learning change language learning? ReCALL, 21(2), 157-165.
59. Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2010). Charting unknown territory: Models of participation in mobile language learning. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 4(2), 116-129.
60. Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Shield, L. (2008). An overview of mobile-assisted language learning: From content delivery to supported collaboration and interaction. ReCALL, 20(3), 271–289.
61. Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Traxler, J. (Eds.) (2005). Mobile Learning: A handbook for educators and trainers. Abingdon: Routledge.
62. Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Traxler, J. (2013). Design principles for mobile learning. In H. Beetham, & R. Sharpe (Eds.), Rethinking pedagogy for a digital Age: designing for 21st century learning (2nd ed., pp. 244-257). Abingdon: Routledge.
63. Kukulska-Hulme, A., Traxler, J., & Pettit, J. (2007). Designed and user-generated activity in the mobile age. Journal of Learning Design, 2(1), 52-65.
64. Lai, C., & Zheng, D. (2018). Self-directed use of mobile devices for language learning beyond the classroom. ReCALL, 30(3), 299-318. doi:10.1017/S0958344017000258
65. Lan, Y. J., Sung, Y. T., & Chang, K. E. (2007). A mobile-device-supported peer-assisted learning system for collaborative early EFL reading. Language Learning & Technology, 11(3), 130-151.
66. Levert, G. L. (2006). Designing for mobile learning: Clark and Mayer’s principles applied. Learn Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/222/designing-for-mobile-learning-clark-and-mayers-principles-applied/pageall
67. Li, J., Cummins, J., & Deng, Q. (2017). The effectiveness of texting to enhance academic vocabulary learning: English language learners’ perspective. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(8), 816-843.
68. Li, Z., & Hegelheimer, V. (2013). Mobile-assisted grammar exercises: Effects on self-editing in L2 writing. Language Learning & Technology, 17(3), 135-156.
69. Lin, C-P., Liu, K-P., & Niramitranon, J. (2008). Tablet PC to support collaborative learning: An empirical study of English vocabulary learning. In Fifth IEEE International Conference on Wireless, Mobile, and Ubiquitous Technology in Education (pp. 47–51). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.
70. Lindquist, D., Denning, T., Kelly, M., Malani, R., Griswold, W. G., & Simon, B. (2007). Exploring the potential of mobile phones for active learning in the classroom. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 39(1), 384-388.
71. Liu, P-L., & Chen, C-J. (2012). A study of mobile-assisted photo-taking for English phrase learning and sentence making. In J. Colpaert, A. Aerts, W-C. V. Wu, & Y-C. J. Chao (Eds.), Proceedings 15th International CALL Research Conference (pp. 762-765). Taichung, Taiwan: Providence University.Lundin, J., & Magnusson, M. (2003). Collaborative learning in mobile work. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 273-283.
72. Lyddon, P. A. (2016). Mobile-assisted language learning and language learner autonomy. In S. Papadima-Sophocleous, L. Bradley, & S. Thouësny (Eds), CALL communities and culture – short papers from EUROCALL 2016 (pp. 302-306).
73. Martin, J. (2004). Self-regulated learning, social cognitive theory, and agency. Educational Psychologist, 39(3), 135-145.
74. Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. New York: Cambridge University Press.
75. Mayer, E. R., & Chandler, P. (2001). When learning is just a click away: does simple user interaction foster deeper understanding of multimedia messages? Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(2), 390-397.
76. Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 43-52.
77. Montaga, V. (2018). The iPad as mediating tool to support EFL speaking skills. International Journal of English and Education, 7(4), 189-198.
78. Motallebzadeh, K., Beh-Afarin, R., & Daliry Rad, S. (2011). The effect of short message service on the retention of collocations among Iranian lower intermediate EFL learners. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 1(11), 1514–1520.
79. Motiwalla, L. F. (2007). Mobile Learning: A framework and evaluation. Computers & Education. 49(3), 581-596.Nah, K-C., White, P., & Sussex, R. (2008). The potential of using a mobile phone to access the Internet for learning EFL listening skills within a Korean context. ReCALL, 20(3), 331–347.
80. Naismith, L., & Corlett, D. (2006, October). Reflections on success: A retrospective of the mLearn conference series 2002-2005. Paper presented at mLearn 2006 Conference. Banff, Canada: Athabasca University.
81. Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G., & Sharples, M. (2004). NESTA Futurelab Report 11: Literature review in mobile technologies and learning. Bristol, UK: NESTA Futurelab.
82. Ogata, H., & Yano, Y. (2004). Context-aware support for computer-supported ubiquitous learning. Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (WMTE) (pp. 27-34). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
83. O’Malley, C., Vavoula, G., Glew, J., Taylor, J., Sharples, M., & Lefrere, P. (2003). Guidelines for learning/teaching/tutoring in a mobile environment. Retrieved from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00696244/document
84. Palalas, A. (2009). Using mobile devices to extend English language learning outside the classroom. In D. Metcalf, A. Hamilton, & C. Graffeo (Eds.), Mlearn2009: Eighth World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning Proceedings (pp. 179-183). Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida.
85. Palalas, A., & Olenewa, J. (2012). Mobile-assisted language learning: Enhancing student learning with mobile phones at George Brown College. Contact North/Contact Nord.
86. Papadima-Sophocleous, S., Georgiadou, O., & Mallouris, Y. (2012). iPod impact on oral reading fluency of university ESAP students. Proceedings of GloCALL 2012 Conference 2012 International Symposium on CALL, Abstracts and Short Papers (CD-ROM). Beijing: China.
87. Parsons, D., Ryu, H., & Cranshaw, M. (2007). A design requirements framework for mobile learning environments. Journal of Computers, 2(4), 1-8.
88. Pinkwart, N., Hoppe, H.U., Milrad, M., & Perez, J. (2003). Educational scenarios for cooperative use of personal digital assistants (PDAs). Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 383-391.
89. Quinn, C. (2013). A future for m-learning. In Z. L. Berge, & L. Y. Muilenburg (Eds.), Handbook of mobile learning (pp. 82-94). New York: Routledge.Ranson, S., Boothby, J., Mazmanian, P., & Alvanzo, A. (2007). Use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) in reflection on learning and practice. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 27(4), 227-233.
90. Reinders, H., & Cho, M-Y. (2010). Extensive listening practice and input enhancement using mobile phones: Encouraging out-of-class learning with mobile phones. TESL-EJ, 14(2), 1-7.
91. Rosman, P. (2008). M-learning-as a paradigm of new forms in education. E+M Ekonomie a Management, 11(1), 119-125.
92. Ruan, G., & Wang, J. (2008). Design of English learning system based on mobile technology. Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (pp. 1062-1065). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.
93. Saran, M., Seferoğlu, G., & Çağıltay, K. (2009). Mobile-assisted language learning: English pronunciation at learners’ fingertips. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 97-114.
94. Seppala, P., & Alamaki, H. (2003). Mobile learning in teacher training. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 330-335.
95. Sharples, M., Crook, C., Jones, I., Kay, D., Chowcat, I., Balmer, K., & Stokes, E. (2009). New modes of technology-enhanced learning: Opportunities and challenges: First-term report. British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTA) Retrieved from https://dera.ioe.ac.uk//1532/
96. Sharples, M., Taylor, J., & Vavoula, G. (2007). A theory of learning for the mobile age. In R. Andrews, & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The sage handbook of e-learning research (pp. 221-247). London: Sage.
97. Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 3-10.
98. Song, Y., & Fox, R. (2008). Using PDA for undergraduate student incidental vocabulary testing. ReCALL, 20(3), 290-314.
99. Stockwell, G. (2008). Investigating learner preparedness for and usage patterns of mobile learning. ReCALL, 20(3), 253-270.
100. Stockwell, G. (2010). Using mobile phones for vocabulary activities: Examining the effect of the platform. Language Learning & Technology, 14(2), 95-110.
101. Stockwell, G., & Hubbard, P. (2013). Some emerging principles for mobile-assisted language learning. Monterey, CA: The International Research Foundation for English Language Education.
102. Summey, D. (2013). Mobile learning strategies for K-12 professional development. In Z. L. Berge, & L. Y. Muilenburg (Eds.), Handbook of mobile education (pp. 447-457). Newyork: Routledge.
103. Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty and instructional design. Learning and Instruction, 4, 295-312.
104. Thornton, P., & Houser, C. (2005). Using mobile phones in English education in Japan. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 21(3), 217-228.
105. Traxler, J. (2005). Mobile learning- it’s here but what is it? Interactions Journal, 9(1), 1-12.
106. Traxler, J. (2007). Defining, discussing and evaluating mobile education. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 8(2). Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/346
107. Traxler, J. (2009). Learning in a mobile age. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 1(1), 1-12.
108. Tuttle, G. H. (2013). Improving student’s modern language speaking skills through mobile learning. In Z. L. Berge, & L. Y. Muilenburg (Eds.), Handbook of mobile learning (pp. 112-118). New York: Routledge.
109. Vavoula, G. N., & Sharples, M. (2002). KLeOS: A personal, mobile, knowledge and learning organisation system. In M. Milrad, U. Hoppe, & Y. Kinshuk (Eds.), Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Technologies in Education (WMTE2002) (pp. 152-156). Vaxjo, Sweden: IEEE Computer Society.
110. Wong, L. H., & Looi, C. K. (2010). Vocabulary learning by mobile-assisted authentic content creation and social meaning making: Two case studies. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(5), 421-433.
111. Xu, O. & Peng, H. (2017). Investigating mobile-assisted oral feedback in teaching Chinese as a second language. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(3-4), 173-182.
112. Yıldız, S. (2012, June). Use of iPad applications to introduce English as a foreign language to young Turkish learners. Paper presented at 2012 CALICO Symposium, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana.
113. Zhang, F. (2012). Combining the body and mobile technology to teach English pronunciation. In F. Zhang (Ed.), Computer-enhanced and mobile-assisted language learning: Emerging issues and trends (pp. 202-219). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
114. Zhao, Y. (2005). The future of research in technology and second language education. In Y. Zhao (Ed.), Research in technology and second language learning: Developments and directions (pp. 445-457). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, Inc.
115. Zurita G., & Nussbaum, M. (2004). A constructivist mobile learning environment supported by a wireless handheld network. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20, 235-243.