Year 2022,
, 16 - 35, 27.06.2022
Gülin Zeybek
,
İdil Sayın
References
- Ahn, S. K. (2018). Korean EFL college students' acceptance and use of smartphone applications for English language learning (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University).
- Alkhezzi, F., & Al-Dousari, W. (2016). The Impact of Mobile Learning on ESP Learners' Performance. Journal of Educators Online, 13(2), 73-101.
- Allen, M. (2017). The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods. SAGE Publications.
- Andujar, A. (2016). Benefits of mobile instant messaging to develop ESL writing. System, 62, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.07.004
- Armbruster, B., Lehr. F, and Osborn, J. (2001). Put Reading First: The Research Building Blocks For Teaching Children To Read. Jessup, M D: Education Publishing Centre.
- Azli, W. U. A. W., Shah, P. M., & Mohamad, M. (2018). Perception on the usage of mobile assisted language learning (MALL) in English as a second language (ESL) learning among vocational college students. Creative Education, 9(01), 84.
- Bacca, J., Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R., Graf, S., & Kinshuk. (2014). Augmented Reality Trends in Education: A Systematic Review of Research and Applications. Educational Technology & Society, 17 (4), 133–149.
- Barreira, J., Bessa, M., Pereira, L. C., Adao, T., Peres, E., & Magalhaes, L. (2012). MOW: Augmented reality game to learn words in different languages: Case study on learning English names of animals in elementary school. 7th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 1-6.
- Billinghurst, M., Kato, H., & Poupyrev, I. (2001). The MagicBook-Moving Seamlessly between Reality and Virtuality. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(3), 6-8.
- Botero, G. G., Questier, F., Cincinnato, S., He, T., & Zhu, C. (2018). Acceptance and usage of mobile assisted language learning by higher education students. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 30(3), 426–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-018-9177-1
- Bradley, L., Lindström, N. B., & Hashemi, S. S. (2017). Integration and language learning of newly arrived migrants using mobile technology. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, (1), 3. doi:10.5334/jime.434
- Brooks, P. J., & Kempe, V. (2019). More is more in language learning: Reconsidering the less-is-More hypothesis. Language Learning, 69, 13-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12320
- Chang, Y. S., Chen, C. N., & Liao, C. L. (2020). Enhancing English-Learning Performance through a Simulation Classroom for EFL Students Using Augmented Reality—A Junior High School Case Study. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 7854.
- Chang, G., Morreale, P. & Medicherla, P. (2010). Applications of Augmented Reality Systems in Education. In D. Gibson & B. Dodge (Eds.), Proceedings of SITE 2010--Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1380-1385). San Diego, CA, USA:
Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved March 14, 2022 from https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/33549/.
- Chen, C., & Wang, C. (2015, December 14-16). The Effects of Learning Style on Mobile Augmented-Reality-Facilitated English Vocabulary Learning. Paper presented at Information Science and Security (ICISS). https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icissec.2015.7371036
- Chen, C. M., Li, M. C., & Lin, M. F. (2020). The effects of video-annotated learning and reviewing system with vocabulary learning mechanism on English listening comprehension and technology acceptance. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-37.
- Cheng, S.C., Hwang, W.Y., Wu, S.Y., Shadiev, R. and Xie, C.-H. (2010). A mobile device and online system with contextual familiarity and its effects on English learning on Campus. Educational Technology and Society, 13(3), 93-109.
- Chiang, T. H., Yang, S. J., & Hwang, G. (2014). Students online interactive patterns in augmented reality based Inquiry activities. Computers & Education, 78, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.006
- Corbin, J. and Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th Ed. Sage, UK.
Demmans Epp, C. (2016). Supporting English language learners with an adaptive mobile application. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto.
- Denscombe, M. (2010). Good research guide: For small-scale research projects (4th ed.). Open University Press.
- Deris, F. D., & Shukor, N. S. A. (2019). Vocabulary Learning Through Mobile Apps: A Phenomenological Inquiry of Student Acceptance and Desired Apps Features. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 13(07), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i07.10845
- Edmunds, R., Thorpe, M., & Conole, G. (2012). Student attitudes towards and use of ICT in course study, work and social activity: A technology acceptance model approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01142.x
- Fan, M., Antle, A. N., & Warren, J. L. (2020). Augmented Reality for Early Language Learning: A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Application Design, Instructional Strategies, and Evaluation Outcomes. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 0735633120927489.
- Fleischer, H. (2012). What is our current understanding of one-to-one computer projects: A systematic narrative research review. Educational Research Review, 7(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2011.11.004
- Foomani, E. M., & Hedayati, M. (2016). A seamless learning design for mobile assisted language learning: An Iranian context. English Language Teaching, 9(5), 206-213.
- García Botero, G., Questier, F., Cincinnato, S., He, T., & Zhu, C. (2018). Acceptance and usage of mobile assisted language learning by higher education students. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 30(3), 426-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-018-9177-1
- Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile computing devices in higher education: Student perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones & social media. The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.06.002
- Gilgen, R. (2005). Holding the world in your hand: Creating a mobile language learning environment. Educause Quarterly, 28(3), 30-39. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2005/1/holding-the-world-in-your-hand-creating-a-mobile-language-learning-environment
- Gimeno-Sanz, A., Morgana, V., & Van de Vyver, J. (2020). Understanding Learner and Instructor Attitudes Toward and Use of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. In Recent Tools for Computer-and Mobile-Assisted Foreign Language Learning (pp. 1-34). IGI Global.
- Grabe, W. (2009). Reading a Second Language: Moving from Theory to Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Grabe, W. P., & Stoller, F. L. (2013). Teaching and researching: Reading. Routledge.
- Han, J., Jo, M., Hyun, E., & So, H. J. (2015). Examining young children’s perception toward augmented reality-infused dramatic play. Educational Technology Research and Development, 63(3), 455–474. doi:10.1007/s11423-015-9374-9
- Hoi, V. N. (2020). Understanding higher education learners' acceptance and use of mobile devices for language learning: A Rasch-based path modeling approach. Computers & Education, 146, 103761.
- Holden, C. L., & Sykes, J. M. (2011). Leveraging mobile games for place-based language learning. International Journal of Game-Based Learning, 1(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1864-0.ch003
- Hung, S. (2011). Pedagogical applications of Vlogs: An investigation into ESP learners’ perceptions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(5), 736 – 746.
- Iqbal, M., Noor, M., Muhabat, F., & Kazemian, B. (2015). Factors responsible for poor English reading comprehension at secondary level. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2602630
- Jamrus, M. H. M., & Razali, A. B. (2019). Augmented reality in teaching and learning English reading: realities, possibilities, and limitations. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 8(4), 724-737.
- Jee, M. J. (2011). Web 2.0 technology meets mobile assisted language learning. IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies, 41(1), 161-175.
Kacetl, J., & Klímová, B. (2019). Use of smartphone applications in english language learning—A challenge for foreign language education. Education Sciences, 9(3), 179.
- Kesim, M. & Ozarslan, Y. (2012). Augmented reality in education: Current technologies and the potential for education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 297–302.
- Klingner, J., Vaughn, S., & Boardman, A. (2015). Teaching Reading Comprehension to Students with Learning Difficulties (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Kim, D., Rueckert, D., Kim, D. J., & Seo, D. (2013). Students' perceptions and experiences of mobile learning. Language Learning & Technology, 17(3), 52-73.
- Kipper. (2013). Augmented Reality: An Emerging Technologies Guide to AR. Syngress.
- Klopfer, E., & Squire, K. (2008). Environmental Detectives-the development of an augmented reality platform for environmental simulations. Educational Technology Research and Development, 56(2), 203-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-007-9037-6
- Küçük, S., Yılmaz, R. M., & Göktaş, Y. (2014). Augmented reality for learning English: Achievement, attitude and cognitive load levels of students. Education & Science, 39(176), 393. https://doi.org/10.15390/eb.2014.3595
- Kukulska-Hulme, A., Lee, H., & Norris, L. (2017). Mobile learning revolution: Implications for language pedagogy. The handbook of technology and second language teaching and learning, 217-233.
- Kukulska-Hulme, Agnes; Gaved, Mark; Brasher, Andrew; Jones, Ann; Scanlon, Eileen and Paletta, Lucas (2012). Designing for inclusion through incidental language learning. In: ICT for Language Learning (5th Edition), 15-16 Nov 2012, Florence, Italy.
- Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2013) Mobile-assisted language learning. In: C. Chapelle (ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. New York: Wiley, 3701–3709.
- Kwon, Y. (2013). A study of college EFL learners’ continued use of and the perceptual changes toward mobile-assisted language learning, WorldCALL, 153-155.
- Lai, C., & Zheng, D. (2018). Self-directed use of mobile devices for language learning beyond the classroom. ReCALL, 30(3), 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344017000258
- Lakarnchua, O., & Reinders, H. (2014). Implementing mobile language learning with an augmented reality activity. Modern English Teacher, 23(2), 42–50.
- Lara-Prieto, V., Bravo-Quirino, E., Rivera-Campa, M. Á., & Gutiérrez-Arredondo, J. E. (2015). An innovative self-learning approach to 3D printing using multimedia and augmented reality on mobile devices. Procedia computer science, 75, 59-65.
- Larchen Costuchen, A., Darling, S., & Uytman, C. (2020). Augmented reality and visuospatial bootstrapping for second-language vocabulary recall. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1-12.
- Larson-Hall, J. (2016). A guide to doing statistics in second language research using SPSS and R (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Lee, J. (2020). Problem-based gaming via an augmented reality mobile game and a printed game in foreign language education. Education and Information Technologies, 1-29.
- Lee, S. M. (2019). A systematic review of context-aware technology use in foreign language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-25.
- Lee, S., Lo, Y. G., & Chin, T. (2019). Practicing multiliteracies to enhance EFL learners’ meaning making process and language development: A multimodal problem-based approach. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1614959
- Leis, A., Tohei, A., & Cooke, S. D. (2015). Smartphone Assisted Language Learning and Autonomy. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 5(3), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5140-9.ch015
- Li, J., & Cummins, J. (2019). Effect of using texting on vocabulary instruction for English learners. Language Learning & Technology, 23(2), 43–64.
- Liu, P.-H. E., & Tsai, M.-K. (2013). Using augmented-reality-based mobile learning material in EFL English composition: An exploratory case study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(1), E1–E4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01302.x
- Liu, T., Tan, T., & Chu, Y. (2010). QR code and augmented reality-supported mobile English learning system. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5960, 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12349-8_3
- Liu, Y. (2016). Improving Chinese university students' speaking performance in mobile-assisted English learning. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois.
- Liu, Y., Holden, D., & Zheng, D. (2016). Analyzing students language learning experience in an augmented reality mobile game: An exploration of an emergent learning environment. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 228, 369–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.055
- Ludwig, C., & Reimann, C. (2005). Augmented Reality: Information in Focus. Cooperative Computing & Communication Laboratory. Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://www.c-lab.de/fileadmin/clab/C-LAB_Reports/1_C-LAB-TR-2005-1-Augmented_Reality_Information_im_Fokus.pdf
- Mahadzir, N. N. N., & Phung, L. F. (2013). The use of augmented reality pop-up book to increase motivation In English language learning for national primary school. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1(1), 26–38.
- Majid, N. A. A., Arshad, H., & Yunus, F. (2018). Children and Teacher’s Interaction for English Pre-Literacy Using Mobile Augmented Reality. International Journal, 3(15), 71-78.
- McNair, C. L., & Green, M. (2016). Preservice teachers’ perceptions of augmented reality. Literacy Summit Yearbook, 74-81.
- Miangah, T., & Nezarat, A. (2012). Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS), 3(1), 309-319. https://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijdps.2012.3126
- Morris, C. E. (2012). Flash on English for Cooking, Catering and Reception: ESP Series. Bright Sparks.
- Nation, K., Clarke, P., & Snowling, M. J. (2002). General cognitive ability in children with reading comprehension difficulties. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(4), 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1348/00070990260377604
- Nezami, S. A. (2012). A Critical Study of Comprehension Strategies and General Problems in Reading Skill Faced by Arab EFL Learners with Special Reference to Najran University in Saudi Arabia. International Journal Social Science and Education, 2, 306-316.
- Papadokostaki, K. (2018). Diakhiti Mathisi. Apo Orama Pragmatikotita me ti khrisi tou Experience API. [Ubiquitous learning. From vision to reality with experience API]. In IAKE (Ed.), Conference Proceedings of 4th International Conference ‘Democracy, rights and inequalities in the era of economic crisis. Challenges in the field of research and education’ (pp. 244-253 (Volume B’). Heraklion Crete.
- Parmaxi, A., & Demetriou, A. A. (2020). Augmented reality in language learning: A state‐of‐the‐art review of 2014–2019. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(6), 861-875.
- Pegrum, M. (2016). Three agendas for MALL. In The international handbook of mobile-assisted language learning (pp. 86-112). China Central Radio & TV University Press Co., Ltd.
- Radu, I. (2014). Augmented reality in education: A meta-review and cross-media analysis. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 18(6), 1533-1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-013-0747-y
- Rau, P. P., Gao, Q., & Wu, L. (2008). Using mobile communication technology in high school education: Motivation, pressure, and learning performance. Computers & Education, 50(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2006.03.008
- Rau, P. L. P., Zheng, J., Guo, Z., & Li, J. (2018). Speed reading on virtual reality and augmented reality. Computers & Education, 125, 240-245.
- Read, T., Barcena, E., Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Rodríguez-Arancón, P. (2016). Exploring the application of a conceptual framework in a social MALL app. In A. Pareja-Lora & C. Calle-Martínez (Eds.), New perspectives on teaching and working with languages in the digital era (pp. 223-232). Research-publishing.net, Dublin.
- Roschelle, J., Rafanan, K., Estrella, G., Nussbaum, M., & Claro, S. (2010). From handheld collaborative tool to effective classroom module: Embedding CSCL in a broader design framework. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1018–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.04.012
- Salman, I. S. (2014). mLearning: How to use mobile devices for learning? IT e-Magazine, 12, 1-3.
- Santos, M., Lübke, A., Taketomi, T., Yamamoto, G., Rodrigo, M., Sandor, C., & Kato, H. (2016). Augmented reality as multimedia: The case for situated vocabulary learning. Research & Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 11(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-016-0028-2
- Schmalstieg, D., & Hollerer, T. (2016). Augmented reality: principles and practice. Addison-Wesley Professional.
- Şevik, M., Yalçın, A., & Bostancıoğlu, F. (2018). University Vocational School Students’ Beliefs about Foreign Language Learning. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 325-343. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.318634
- Shadiev, R., & Yang, M. (2020). Review of studies on technology-enhanced language learning and teaching. Sustainability, 12(2), 524.
- Solak, E., & Cakir, R. (2015). Exploring the Effect of Materials Designed with Augmented Reality on Language Learners' Vocabulary Learning. Journal of Educators Online, 12(2), 50-72.
- Steel, C. (2013). Students’ perspectives on the benefits of using mobile apps for learning languages. Glasgow, 10-13 July 2013 Papers, 310-313.
- Stockwell, G. & Hubbard, P. (2013). Some emerging principles for mobile-assisted language learning. The International Research Foundation for English Language Education, 1-15.
- Stockwell, G., & Liu, Y. C. (2015). Engaging in mobile phone-based activities for learning vocabulary: An investigation in Japan and Taiwan. CALICO Journal, 32(2), 299–322. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v32i2.25000
- Suki, N. M., & Suki, N. M. (2011). Exploring the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, attitude and subscribers’ intention towards using 3G mobile services. Journal of Information Technology Management, 22(1), 1-7.
- Taskiran, A. (2018, June). Augmented reality games and motivation in language learning. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 892-898). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
- Teo, T. (Ed.). (2011). Technology acceptance in education. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Teo, T., & Noyes, J. (2011). An assessment of the influence of perceived enjoyment and attitude on the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: A structural equation modeling approach. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1645–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.03.002
- Ting, Y. L. (2012). The pitfalls of mobile devices in learning: A different view and implications for pedagogical design. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46(2), 119-134.
- Tobar-Muñoz, H., Baldiris, S., & Fabregat, R. (2017). Augmented reality game-based learning: Enriching students’ experience during reading comprehension activities. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(7), 901-936.
- Valeeva, N., Pavlova, E. B., & Zakirova, Y. L. (2019). M-Learning in Teaching ESP: Case Study of Ecology Students. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 8(4), 920-930.
- Vate-U-Lan, P. (2012). An augmented reality 3D pop-up book: the development of a multimedia project for English language teaching. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 890–895.
- Vavoula, G., Sharples, M., Rudman, P., Meek, J., & Lonsdale, P. (2009). Myartspace: Design and evaluation of support for learning with multimedia phones between classrooms and museums. Computers & Education, 53(2), 286-299.
- Vedadi, S., Abdullah, Z. B., & Cheok, A. D. (2019, April). The Effects of Multi-Sensory Augmented Reality on Students’ Motivation in English Language Learning. In 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (pp. 1079-1086). IEEE.
- Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
- Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS quarterly, 157-178.
- Wang, S., & Smith, S. (2013). Reading and grammar learning through mobile phones. Language Learning & Technology, 17(3), 117-134.
- Warschauer, M. (2007). A teacher’s place in the digital divide. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 106(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7984.2007.00118.x
- Wojciechowski, R., & Cellary, W. (2013). Evaluation of Learners’ Attitude toward Learning in ARIES Augmented Reality Environments. Computers & Education, 68, 570-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.014
- Wrigglesworth, J. (2019). Using smartphones to extend interaction beyond the EFL classroom. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1(22). https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1569067
- Wu, H. K., Lee, S. W. Y., Chang, H. Y., & Liang, J. C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers & education, 62, 41-49.
- Yaman, İ., Şenel, M., & Yeşilel, D. B. A. (2015). Exploring the extent to which ELT students utilise smartphones for language learning purposes. South African journal of education, 35(4).
- Yang, S., & Mei, B. (2018). Understanding learners’ use of augmented reality in language learning: Insights from a case study. Journal of Education for Teaching, 44(4), 511-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2018.1450937
- Yılmaz, B. (2014). Türkiye’de dijital kütüphanecilikle ilgili bir standart ya da politika bulunmuyor (There are no standard or policy relating to digital librarianship in Turkey). Bilişim Dergisi, 42(166), 72–83.
- Zarraonandia, T., Aedo, I., Díaz, P., & Montero, A. (2013). An augmented lecture feedback system to support learner and teacher communication. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(4), 616-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12047
Acceptance and Use of Smartphones: AR-enhanced EFL Reading Practices
Year 2022,
, 16 - 35, 27.06.2022
Gülin Zeybek
,
İdil Sayın
Abstract
The increasing technological practices in educational settings have boosted up a wide variety of mobile tools use. One of the most recent tools is Augmented Reality (AR). As this newest technology whets many educators’ appetite in various fields, EFL learning has taken its place among the recent research related with AR enhanced practices. Although AR is a novel and promising tool for educational objectives, little is known about EFL learners' perceptions towards AR-enhanced reading practices and the effect of these practices on EFL learners’ smartphone acceptance levels in EFL learning. Herewith, the aim of this study is to investigate EFL learners’ perceptions regarding AR-enhanced reading practices and these practices' effect on EFL learners’ smartphone acceptance levels in EFL learning. A total of 32 second year vocational school students studying in the department of culinary at a state university participated in this study. This present study adopted a quasi-experimental mixed methods research design. The participants were introduced reading passages in the target language enhanced with AR technologies to increase the comprehension of these texts. Survey of Acceptance and Use of Smartphone Applications for English Language Learning was used to gather quantitative data and a semi-structured focus-group interview was conducted to understand their perceptions on using AR and acceptance of smartphones in EFL learning. The results of this study revealed that these EFL learners have positive attitudes towards using smartphones in their English reading practices and have moderate levels of smartphone acceptance in EFL learning. They found these practices motivating and helpful for understanding the reading passages. Taken together, this study will contribute to the EFL education and technology-enhanced language learning research field.
References
- Ahn, S. K. (2018). Korean EFL college students' acceptance and use of smartphone applications for English language learning (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University).
- Alkhezzi, F., & Al-Dousari, W. (2016). The Impact of Mobile Learning on ESP Learners' Performance. Journal of Educators Online, 13(2), 73-101.
- Allen, M. (2017). The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods. SAGE Publications.
- Andujar, A. (2016). Benefits of mobile instant messaging to develop ESL writing. System, 62, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.07.004
- Armbruster, B., Lehr. F, and Osborn, J. (2001). Put Reading First: The Research Building Blocks For Teaching Children To Read. Jessup, M D: Education Publishing Centre.
- Azli, W. U. A. W., Shah, P. M., & Mohamad, M. (2018). Perception on the usage of mobile assisted language learning (MALL) in English as a second language (ESL) learning among vocational college students. Creative Education, 9(01), 84.
- Bacca, J., Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R., Graf, S., & Kinshuk. (2014). Augmented Reality Trends in Education: A Systematic Review of Research and Applications. Educational Technology & Society, 17 (4), 133–149.
- Barreira, J., Bessa, M., Pereira, L. C., Adao, T., Peres, E., & Magalhaes, L. (2012). MOW: Augmented reality game to learn words in different languages: Case study on learning English names of animals in elementary school. 7th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 1-6.
- Billinghurst, M., Kato, H., & Poupyrev, I. (2001). The MagicBook-Moving Seamlessly between Reality and Virtuality. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(3), 6-8.
- Botero, G. G., Questier, F., Cincinnato, S., He, T., & Zhu, C. (2018). Acceptance and usage of mobile assisted language learning by higher education students. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 30(3), 426–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-018-9177-1
- Bradley, L., Lindström, N. B., & Hashemi, S. S. (2017). Integration and language learning of newly arrived migrants using mobile technology. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, (1), 3. doi:10.5334/jime.434
- Brooks, P. J., & Kempe, V. (2019). More is more in language learning: Reconsidering the less-is-More hypothesis. Language Learning, 69, 13-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12320
- Chang, Y. S., Chen, C. N., & Liao, C. L. (2020). Enhancing English-Learning Performance through a Simulation Classroom for EFL Students Using Augmented Reality—A Junior High School Case Study. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 7854.
- Chang, G., Morreale, P. & Medicherla, P. (2010). Applications of Augmented Reality Systems in Education. In D. Gibson & B. Dodge (Eds.), Proceedings of SITE 2010--Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1380-1385). San Diego, CA, USA:
Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved March 14, 2022 from https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/33549/.
- Chen, C., & Wang, C. (2015, December 14-16). The Effects of Learning Style on Mobile Augmented-Reality-Facilitated English Vocabulary Learning. Paper presented at Information Science and Security (ICISS). https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icissec.2015.7371036
- Chen, C. M., Li, M. C., & Lin, M. F. (2020). The effects of video-annotated learning and reviewing system with vocabulary learning mechanism on English listening comprehension and technology acceptance. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-37.
- Cheng, S.C., Hwang, W.Y., Wu, S.Y., Shadiev, R. and Xie, C.-H. (2010). A mobile device and online system with contextual familiarity and its effects on English learning on Campus. Educational Technology and Society, 13(3), 93-109.
- Chiang, T. H., Yang, S. J., & Hwang, G. (2014). Students online interactive patterns in augmented reality based Inquiry activities. Computers & Education, 78, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.006
- Corbin, J. and Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th Ed. Sage, UK.
Demmans Epp, C. (2016). Supporting English language learners with an adaptive mobile application. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto.
- Denscombe, M. (2010). Good research guide: For small-scale research projects (4th ed.). Open University Press.
- Deris, F. D., & Shukor, N. S. A. (2019). Vocabulary Learning Through Mobile Apps: A Phenomenological Inquiry of Student Acceptance and Desired Apps Features. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 13(07), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i07.10845
- Edmunds, R., Thorpe, M., & Conole, G. (2012). Student attitudes towards and use of ICT in course study, work and social activity: A technology acceptance model approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01142.x
- Fan, M., Antle, A. N., & Warren, J. L. (2020). Augmented Reality for Early Language Learning: A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Application Design, Instructional Strategies, and Evaluation Outcomes. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 0735633120927489.
- Fleischer, H. (2012). What is our current understanding of one-to-one computer projects: A systematic narrative research review. Educational Research Review, 7(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2011.11.004
- Foomani, E. M., & Hedayati, M. (2016). A seamless learning design for mobile assisted language learning: An Iranian context. English Language Teaching, 9(5), 206-213.
- García Botero, G., Questier, F., Cincinnato, S., He, T., & Zhu, C. (2018). Acceptance and usage of mobile assisted language learning by higher education students. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 30(3), 426-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-018-9177-1
- Gikas, J., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Mobile computing devices in higher education: Student perspectives on learning with cellphones, smartphones & social media. The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.06.002
- Gilgen, R. (2005). Holding the world in your hand: Creating a mobile language learning environment. Educause Quarterly, 28(3), 30-39. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2005/1/holding-the-world-in-your-hand-creating-a-mobile-language-learning-environment
- Gimeno-Sanz, A., Morgana, V., & Van de Vyver, J. (2020). Understanding Learner and Instructor Attitudes Toward and Use of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. In Recent Tools for Computer-and Mobile-Assisted Foreign Language Learning (pp. 1-34). IGI Global.
- Grabe, W. (2009). Reading a Second Language: Moving from Theory to Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Grabe, W. P., & Stoller, F. L. (2013). Teaching and researching: Reading. Routledge.
- Han, J., Jo, M., Hyun, E., & So, H. J. (2015). Examining young children’s perception toward augmented reality-infused dramatic play. Educational Technology Research and Development, 63(3), 455–474. doi:10.1007/s11423-015-9374-9
- Hoi, V. N. (2020). Understanding higher education learners' acceptance and use of mobile devices for language learning: A Rasch-based path modeling approach. Computers & Education, 146, 103761.
- Holden, C. L., & Sykes, J. M. (2011). Leveraging mobile games for place-based language learning. International Journal of Game-Based Learning, 1(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1864-0.ch003
- Hung, S. (2011). Pedagogical applications of Vlogs: An investigation into ESP learners’ perceptions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(5), 736 – 746.
- Iqbal, M., Noor, M., Muhabat, F., & Kazemian, B. (2015). Factors responsible for poor English reading comprehension at secondary level. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2602630
- Jamrus, M. H. M., & Razali, A. B. (2019). Augmented reality in teaching and learning English reading: realities, possibilities, and limitations. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 8(4), 724-737.
- Jee, M. J. (2011). Web 2.0 technology meets mobile assisted language learning. IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies, 41(1), 161-175.
Kacetl, J., & Klímová, B. (2019). Use of smartphone applications in english language learning—A challenge for foreign language education. Education Sciences, 9(3), 179.
- Kesim, M. & Ozarslan, Y. (2012). Augmented reality in education: Current technologies and the potential for education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 297–302.
- Klingner, J., Vaughn, S., & Boardman, A. (2015). Teaching Reading Comprehension to Students with Learning Difficulties (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Kim, D., Rueckert, D., Kim, D. J., & Seo, D. (2013). Students' perceptions and experiences of mobile learning. Language Learning & Technology, 17(3), 52-73.
- Kipper. (2013). Augmented Reality: An Emerging Technologies Guide to AR. Syngress.
- Klopfer, E., & Squire, K. (2008). Environmental Detectives-the development of an augmented reality platform for environmental simulations. Educational Technology Research and Development, 56(2), 203-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-007-9037-6
- Küçük, S., Yılmaz, R. M., & Göktaş, Y. (2014). Augmented reality for learning English: Achievement, attitude and cognitive load levels of students. Education & Science, 39(176), 393. https://doi.org/10.15390/eb.2014.3595
- Kukulska-Hulme, A., Lee, H., & Norris, L. (2017). Mobile learning revolution: Implications for language pedagogy. The handbook of technology and second language teaching and learning, 217-233.
- Kukulska-Hulme, Agnes; Gaved, Mark; Brasher, Andrew; Jones, Ann; Scanlon, Eileen and Paletta, Lucas (2012). Designing for inclusion through incidental language learning. In: ICT for Language Learning (5th Edition), 15-16 Nov 2012, Florence, Italy.
- Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2013) Mobile-assisted language learning. In: C. Chapelle (ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. New York: Wiley, 3701–3709.
- Kwon, Y. (2013). A study of college EFL learners’ continued use of and the perceptual changes toward mobile-assisted language learning, WorldCALL, 153-155.
- Lai, C., & Zheng, D. (2018). Self-directed use of mobile devices for language learning beyond the classroom. ReCALL, 30(3), 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344017000258
- Lakarnchua, O., & Reinders, H. (2014). Implementing mobile language learning with an augmented reality activity. Modern English Teacher, 23(2), 42–50.
- Lara-Prieto, V., Bravo-Quirino, E., Rivera-Campa, M. Á., & Gutiérrez-Arredondo, J. E. (2015). An innovative self-learning approach to 3D printing using multimedia and augmented reality on mobile devices. Procedia computer science, 75, 59-65.
- Larchen Costuchen, A., Darling, S., & Uytman, C. (2020). Augmented reality and visuospatial bootstrapping for second-language vocabulary recall. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1-12.
- Larson-Hall, J. (2016). A guide to doing statistics in second language research using SPSS and R (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Lee, J. (2020). Problem-based gaming via an augmented reality mobile game and a printed game in foreign language education. Education and Information Technologies, 1-29.
- Lee, S. M. (2019). A systematic review of context-aware technology use in foreign language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-25.
- Lee, S., Lo, Y. G., & Chin, T. (2019). Practicing multiliteracies to enhance EFL learners’ meaning making process and language development: A multimodal problem-based approach. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1614959
- Leis, A., Tohei, A., & Cooke, S. D. (2015). Smartphone Assisted Language Learning and Autonomy. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 5(3), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5140-9.ch015
- Li, J., & Cummins, J. (2019). Effect of using texting on vocabulary instruction for English learners. Language Learning & Technology, 23(2), 43–64.
- Liu, P.-H. E., & Tsai, M.-K. (2013). Using augmented-reality-based mobile learning material in EFL English composition: An exploratory case study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(1), E1–E4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01302.x
- Liu, T., Tan, T., & Chu, Y. (2010). QR code and augmented reality-supported mobile English learning system. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5960, 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12349-8_3
- Liu, Y. (2016). Improving Chinese university students' speaking performance in mobile-assisted English learning. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois.
- Liu, Y., Holden, D., & Zheng, D. (2016). Analyzing students language learning experience in an augmented reality mobile game: An exploration of an emergent learning environment. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 228, 369–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.055
- Ludwig, C., & Reimann, C. (2005). Augmented Reality: Information in Focus. Cooperative Computing & Communication Laboratory. Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://www.c-lab.de/fileadmin/clab/C-LAB_Reports/1_C-LAB-TR-2005-1-Augmented_Reality_Information_im_Fokus.pdf
- Mahadzir, N. N. N., & Phung, L. F. (2013). The use of augmented reality pop-up book to increase motivation In English language learning for national primary school. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1(1), 26–38.
- Majid, N. A. A., Arshad, H., & Yunus, F. (2018). Children and Teacher’s Interaction for English Pre-Literacy Using Mobile Augmented Reality. International Journal, 3(15), 71-78.
- McNair, C. L., & Green, M. (2016). Preservice teachers’ perceptions of augmented reality. Literacy Summit Yearbook, 74-81.
- Miangah, T., & Nezarat, A. (2012). Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS), 3(1), 309-319. https://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijdps.2012.3126
- Morris, C. E. (2012). Flash on English for Cooking, Catering and Reception: ESP Series. Bright Sparks.
- Nation, K., Clarke, P., & Snowling, M. J. (2002). General cognitive ability in children with reading comprehension difficulties. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(4), 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1348/00070990260377604
- Nezami, S. A. (2012). A Critical Study of Comprehension Strategies and General Problems in Reading Skill Faced by Arab EFL Learners with Special Reference to Najran University in Saudi Arabia. International Journal Social Science and Education, 2, 306-316.
- Papadokostaki, K. (2018). Diakhiti Mathisi. Apo Orama Pragmatikotita me ti khrisi tou Experience API. [Ubiquitous learning. From vision to reality with experience API]. In IAKE (Ed.), Conference Proceedings of 4th International Conference ‘Democracy, rights and inequalities in the era of economic crisis. Challenges in the field of research and education’ (pp. 244-253 (Volume B’). Heraklion Crete.
- Parmaxi, A., & Demetriou, A. A. (2020). Augmented reality in language learning: A state‐of‐the‐art review of 2014–2019. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(6), 861-875.
- Pegrum, M. (2016). Three agendas for MALL. In The international handbook of mobile-assisted language learning (pp. 86-112). China Central Radio & TV University Press Co., Ltd.
- Radu, I. (2014). Augmented reality in education: A meta-review and cross-media analysis. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 18(6), 1533-1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-013-0747-y
- Rau, P. P., Gao, Q., & Wu, L. (2008). Using mobile communication technology in high school education: Motivation, pressure, and learning performance. Computers & Education, 50(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2006.03.008
- Rau, P. L. P., Zheng, J., Guo, Z., & Li, J. (2018). Speed reading on virtual reality and augmented reality. Computers & Education, 125, 240-245.
- Read, T., Barcena, E., Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Rodríguez-Arancón, P. (2016). Exploring the application of a conceptual framework in a social MALL app. In A. Pareja-Lora & C. Calle-Martínez (Eds.), New perspectives on teaching and working with languages in the digital era (pp. 223-232). Research-publishing.net, Dublin.
- Roschelle, J., Rafanan, K., Estrella, G., Nussbaum, M., & Claro, S. (2010). From handheld collaborative tool to effective classroom module: Embedding CSCL in a broader design framework. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1018–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.04.012
- Salman, I. S. (2014). mLearning: How to use mobile devices for learning? IT e-Magazine, 12, 1-3.
- Santos, M., Lübke, A., Taketomi, T., Yamamoto, G., Rodrigo, M., Sandor, C., & Kato, H. (2016). Augmented reality as multimedia: The case for situated vocabulary learning. Research & Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 11(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-016-0028-2
- Schmalstieg, D., & Hollerer, T. (2016). Augmented reality: principles and practice. Addison-Wesley Professional.
- Şevik, M., Yalçın, A., & Bostancıoğlu, F. (2018). University Vocational School Students’ Beliefs about Foreign Language Learning. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 325-343. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.318634
- Shadiev, R., & Yang, M. (2020). Review of studies on technology-enhanced language learning and teaching. Sustainability, 12(2), 524.
- Solak, E., & Cakir, R. (2015). Exploring the Effect of Materials Designed with Augmented Reality on Language Learners' Vocabulary Learning. Journal of Educators Online, 12(2), 50-72.
- Steel, C. (2013). Students’ perspectives on the benefits of using mobile apps for learning languages. Glasgow, 10-13 July 2013 Papers, 310-313.
- Stockwell, G. & Hubbard, P. (2013). Some emerging principles for mobile-assisted language learning. The International Research Foundation for English Language Education, 1-15.
- Stockwell, G., & Liu, Y. C. (2015). Engaging in mobile phone-based activities for learning vocabulary: An investigation in Japan and Taiwan. CALICO Journal, 32(2), 299–322. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v32i2.25000
- Suki, N. M., & Suki, N. M. (2011). Exploring the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, attitude and subscribers’ intention towards using 3G mobile services. Journal of Information Technology Management, 22(1), 1-7.
- Taskiran, A. (2018, June). Augmented reality games and motivation in language learning. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 892-898). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
- Teo, T. (Ed.). (2011). Technology acceptance in education. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Teo, T., & Noyes, J. (2011). An assessment of the influence of perceived enjoyment and attitude on the intention to use technology among pre-service teachers: A structural equation modeling approach. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1645–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.03.002
- Ting, Y. L. (2012). The pitfalls of mobile devices in learning: A different view and implications for pedagogical design. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46(2), 119-134.
- Tobar-Muñoz, H., Baldiris, S., & Fabregat, R. (2017). Augmented reality game-based learning: Enriching students’ experience during reading comprehension activities. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(7), 901-936.
- Valeeva, N., Pavlova, E. B., & Zakirova, Y. L. (2019). M-Learning in Teaching ESP: Case Study of Ecology Students. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 8(4), 920-930.
- Vate-U-Lan, P. (2012). An augmented reality 3D pop-up book: the development of a multimedia project for English language teaching. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 890–895.
- Vavoula, G., Sharples, M., Rudman, P., Meek, J., & Lonsdale, P. (2009). Myartspace: Design and evaluation of support for learning with multimedia phones between classrooms and museums. Computers & Education, 53(2), 286-299.
- Vedadi, S., Abdullah, Z. B., & Cheok, A. D. (2019, April). The Effects of Multi-Sensory Augmented Reality on Students’ Motivation in English Language Learning. In 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (pp. 1079-1086). IEEE.
- Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
- Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS quarterly, 157-178.
- Wang, S., & Smith, S. (2013). Reading and grammar learning through mobile phones. Language Learning & Technology, 17(3), 117-134.
- Warschauer, M. (2007). A teacher’s place in the digital divide. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 106(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7984.2007.00118.x
- Wojciechowski, R., & Cellary, W. (2013). Evaluation of Learners’ Attitude toward Learning in ARIES Augmented Reality Environments. Computers & Education, 68, 570-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.014
- Wrigglesworth, J. (2019). Using smartphones to extend interaction beyond the EFL classroom. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1(22). https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2019.1569067
- Wu, H. K., Lee, S. W. Y., Chang, H. Y., & Liang, J. C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers & education, 62, 41-49.
- Yaman, İ., Şenel, M., & Yeşilel, D. B. A. (2015). Exploring the extent to which ELT students utilise smartphones for language learning purposes. South African journal of education, 35(4).
- Yang, S., & Mei, B. (2018). Understanding learners’ use of augmented reality in language learning: Insights from a case study. Journal of Education for Teaching, 44(4), 511-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2018.1450937
- Yılmaz, B. (2014). Türkiye’de dijital kütüphanecilikle ilgili bir standart ya da politika bulunmuyor (There are no standard or policy relating to digital librarianship in Turkey). Bilişim Dergisi, 42(166), 72–83.
- Zarraonandia, T., Aedo, I., Díaz, P., & Montero, A. (2013). An augmented lecture feedback system to support learner and teacher communication. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(4), 616-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12047