Research Article
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Determining the Strategies Used by Teachers Working with Students with Intellectual Disabilities in Teaching Reading Comprehension

Year 2023, , 143 - 159, 16.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35207/later.1309351

Abstract

The general purpose of this study was to define the strategies used by teachers working with
students with intellectual disabilities in teaching them reading comprehension. In line with
this general purpose, the study sought to find out which cognitive and metacognitive
strategies these teachers working used before, during and after reading in reading
comprehension activities in the classroom. The study used semi-structured interviews, one
of the data collections techniques employed in qualitative studies. Interviews were
conducted with 13 special education teachers working with students with mild intellectual
disabilities. These students are educated at a special education and practice school high
school. The data obtained from the teachers were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The
findings obtained as a result of this analysis showed that special education teachers used a
limited number of strategies in teaching reading comprehension.

References

  • Aktaş, E., & Bayram, B. (2018). Türkçe öğretiminde okuduğunu anlama stratejilerinin kullanımı üzerine bir inceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(3), 1401-1414. [An Analysis on the use of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Turkish Education] https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/553622
  • Alexander, P. A., & Jetton, T. L. (2000). Learning from text: A multidimensional and developmental perspective. In M. Kamil, P.B. Mosenthal, P.D. Pearson, and R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research, Vol. III (pp. 285 – 310). Mahwah, N.J: Erlbaum.
  • Alyousef, H. S. (2005). Teaching reading comprehensıon to ESL/EFL learners. The Reading Matrix, 5(2), 143-154. https://www.readingmatrix.com/articles/alyousef/article.pdf
  • Anmarkrud, O., & Braten, I. (2012). Naturally-occurring comprehension strategies instruction in 9th-grade language arts classrooms. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 56(6), 591–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2011.621134
  • Baker. L., & Brown, A.L. (2002). Metacognitive skills and reading. In P. D. Pearson (Ed.), Handbook of reading research (pp. 353-395). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315200651
  • Barron, E. R., Rupley, W. H., Paige, D., Nichols, W. D., Nichols, J., & Lumbreras, R. (2018). Middle school teachers’ knowledge and use of comprehension strategies in discipline instruction. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 17(10), 1–17. DOI: 10.26803/ijlter.17.10.1
  • Baydık, B. (2011). Okuma güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin üstbilişsel okuma stratejilerini kullanımı ve öğretmenlerinin okuduğunu anlama öğretim uygulamalarının incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(162), 301-319. [Examining the Use of Metacognitive Reading Strategies of Students with Reading Difficulties and their Teachers’ Reading Comprehension Instruction Practices]
  • Berkeley, S., & Larsen, A. (2018). Fostering self‐regulation of students with learning disabilities: Insights from 30 years of reading comprehension intervention study. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 33(2), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12165
  • Bishop, P. A., Reyes, C., & Pflaum, S. W. (2006). Read smarter, not harder: Global reading comprehension strategies. The Reading Teacher, 60(1), 66-69. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.60.1.7
  • Doganay Bilgi, A., & Ozmen, E. R. (2014). The impact of modified multi-component cognitive strategy instruction in the acquisition of metacognitive strategy knowledge in the text comprehension process of students with intellectual retardation. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(2), 707-714. DOI: 10.12738/estp.2014.2.1629
  • Duman, N. (2006). Hikâye haritası yönteminin eğitilebilir zihinsel engelli öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerileri üzerindeki etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bolu. [The effect of story mapping method on educable mentally retarded students' reading comprehension skills.Unpublished Master Thesis]
  • Eripek, S. (1987). Alt özel sınıf öğrencilerinin ilkokullar sınıfları düzeyinde sesli okuma basarılarının değerlendirilmesi. Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 125-140. [Evaluation of a self-contained classroom in the achievement of students reading aloud at the elementary level]
  • Eripek, S. (2005). Özel gereksinimi olan çocuklar ve özel eğitim. Standart, Ekonomik ve Teknik Dergisi. 44(52), 14-19. [Children with special needs and special education]
  • Fälth, L., Selenius, H., & Egerhag, H. (2023). A cross-sectional study on reading among young L1 and L2 students in Sweden. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 38(2), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2022.2050973
  • Flores, M. M., & Ganz, J. B. (2007). Effectiveness of direct instruction for teaching statement inference, use of facts, and analogies to students with developmental disabilities and reading delays. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental disabilities, 22(4), 244-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576070220040601
  • Gersten, R., Fuchs, L. S., Williams, J. P., & Baker, S. (2001). Teaching reading comprehension strategies to students with learning disabilities: A review of study. Review of Educational Study, 71(2), 279-320. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543071002279
  • Guldenoglu, B., & Kargin, T. (2012). Karşılıklı öğretim tekniğinin hafif derecede zihinsel engelli öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerileri üzerindeki etkililiğinin incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 13(01), 17-34. [The Effectiveness of Reciprocal Teaching Method on Teaching Reading Comprehension to Students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities] https://doi.org/10.1501/Ozlegt_0000000164
  • Guldenoglu, B., Kargin, T., & Ergül, C. (2016). Sesbilgisel farkındalık becerilerinin okuma ve okuduğunu anlama üzerindeki etkisi: Boylamsal bir çalışma. İlköğretim Online, 15(1), 251-272. [Effects of Phonological Awareness Skills on Reading and Reading Comprehension: A Longitudinal Study] https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2016.25973
  • Guler, Ö. (2008). Comparing the Effectivenes of Before, While and After Reading Techniques in Improving Story Comprehension of Students with Mental Retardation (Publication No. 218469) [Master's thesis, Gazi University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Guzel, R. (1999). Doğrudan öğretim yönteminin öykü anlama becerisinin öğretiminde uygulanması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 23(111), 31-41. [An Application of the Direct Method in Understanding Stories]
  • Ozmen, R. G. (2011). Comparison of two different presentations of graphic organizers in recalling information in expository texts with intellectually disabled students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 785-793.
  • Ozmen, R. G., & Vayiç, Ş. (2007). Oku-altını çiz-böl-birleştir stratejisinin zihinsel engelli öğrencilerin hece tanıma becerilerini kazanmalarında etkililiği. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 8(02), 1-18. [The Effectiveness of The Read-Underline-Segment-Blend Strategy on the Acquisition of Syllable Recognition Skills of Students with Mental Retardation] https://doi.org/10.1501/Ozlegt_0000000116
  • Hoover, W. A., & Gough, P. B. (1990). The simple view of reading. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2, 127–160.
  • Işıkdoğan, N., & Kargin, T. (2010). Hikaye haritası tekniğinin zihin engelli öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerilerini kazanmalarındaki etkililiği. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 10(3), 1489-1531. [Investigation of the Effectiveness of the Story-Map Method on Reading Comprehension Skills among Students with Mental Retardation]
  • İnce, Y., & Duran, E. (2013). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin okuduğunu anlama stratejilerine yönelik görüşleri ve kullanma düzeyleri [Examination of the opinions elementary teachers on reading comprehension strategies and the use of such strategies]. Okuma Yazma Eğitimi Araştırmaları, 1(1), 9-19.
  • Jakobson, K., Soodla, P., & Aro, M. (2022). General and special education teachers’ knowledge about reading comprehension processes and instructional practices. Reading and Writing, 35(9), 2229-2256.
  • Johnson, L., Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (1997). The effects of goal setting and self-instruction on learning a reading comprehension strategy: A study of students with learning disabilities. Journal of learning disabilities, 30(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949703000107
  • Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. [Scientific research methods] Lipson M. Y., & Wixson, K. K. (2009). Assessment and instructions of learning and writting difficulties: An interactive approach. Boston: Pressley.
  • Lundberg, I., & Reichenberg, M. (2013). Developing reading comprehension among students with mild intellectual disabilities: An intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 57(1), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2011.623179
  • Mastropieri, M. A., & Scruggs, T. E. (1997). Best practices in promoting reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities 1976 to 1996. Remedial and Special Education, 18(4), 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259701800402
  • Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E., & Graetz, J. E. (2003). Reading comprehension instruction for secondary students: Challenges for struggling students and teachers. Learning Disability Quarterly, 26(2), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.2307/1593593
  • Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.).California: SAGE Publication Inc.
  • Nelson, J. M., & Manset-Williamson, G. (2006). The impact of explicit, self-regulatory reading comprehension strategy instruction on the reading-specific self-efficacy, attributions, and affect of students with reading disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 29(3), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.2307/1593593
  • Perfetti, C. & Adlof, S.M. (2012). Reading comprehension: A conceptual framework from word meaning to text meaning. In J. Sabatini, E. Albro & T. O’Reilly (Eds.), Measuring up: Advances in how we assess reading ability, (pp. 3–20). New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  • Pressley, M., & Gaskins, I. W. (2006). Metacognitively competent reading comprehension is constructively responsive reading: How can such reading be developed in students? Metacognition and Learning, 1(1), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-022-00253-5
  • Pressley, M., & Hilden, K. (2002). How can children be taught to comprehend text better? In M.L. Kamil, J.B. Manning, & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Successful reading instruction: Research in educational productivity (pp. 33-51). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
  • Solis, M., Kulesz, P., & Williams, K. (2022). Response to intervention for high school students: examining baseline word reading skills and reading comprehension outcomes. Annals of Dyslexia, 72(2), 324-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-022-00253-5
  • Swanson, H. L., & Trahan, M. (1996). Learning disabled and average readers' working memory and comprehension: does metacognition play a role?. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(3), 333-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01201.x
  • Yıldırım, A., Şimşek, H. (2003). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları [Social Sciences Qualitative Research Methods]
  • Yucesoy, Ş., & Cure, G. (2018). Comparison of repeated reading and story-mapping strategies on improving reading comprehension skills of students with intellectual disabilities (Publication No. 524941). [Master's thesis, Anadolu Üniversitesi]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Westby, C. (2004). A language perspective on executive on functioning, metacognition, and self-regulation. In A. Stone, E. R. Silliman, B. J. Ehren, & K. Apel (Eds.) Handbook of language and literacy (pp. 398-427). New York: Guilford Press.
Year 2023, , 143 - 159, 16.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.35207/later.1309351

Abstract

References

  • Aktaş, E., & Bayram, B. (2018). Türkçe öğretiminde okuduğunu anlama stratejilerinin kullanımı üzerine bir inceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(3), 1401-1414. [An Analysis on the use of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Turkish Education] https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/553622
  • Alexander, P. A., & Jetton, T. L. (2000). Learning from text: A multidimensional and developmental perspective. In M. Kamil, P.B. Mosenthal, P.D. Pearson, and R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of reading research, Vol. III (pp. 285 – 310). Mahwah, N.J: Erlbaum.
  • Alyousef, H. S. (2005). Teaching reading comprehensıon to ESL/EFL learners. The Reading Matrix, 5(2), 143-154. https://www.readingmatrix.com/articles/alyousef/article.pdf
  • Anmarkrud, O., & Braten, I. (2012). Naturally-occurring comprehension strategies instruction in 9th-grade language arts classrooms. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 56(6), 591–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2011.621134
  • Baker. L., & Brown, A.L. (2002). Metacognitive skills and reading. In P. D. Pearson (Ed.), Handbook of reading research (pp. 353-395). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315200651
  • Barron, E. R., Rupley, W. H., Paige, D., Nichols, W. D., Nichols, J., & Lumbreras, R. (2018). Middle school teachers’ knowledge and use of comprehension strategies in discipline instruction. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 17(10), 1–17. DOI: 10.26803/ijlter.17.10.1
  • Baydık, B. (2011). Okuma güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin üstbilişsel okuma stratejilerini kullanımı ve öğretmenlerinin okuduğunu anlama öğretim uygulamalarının incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(162), 301-319. [Examining the Use of Metacognitive Reading Strategies of Students with Reading Difficulties and their Teachers’ Reading Comprehension Instruction Practices]
  • Berkeley, S., & Larsen, A. (2018). Fostering self‐regulation of students with learning disabilities: Insights from 30 years of reading comprehension intervention study. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 33(2), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12165
  • Bishop, P. A., Reyes, C., & Pflaum, S. W. (2006). Read smarter, not harder: Global reading comprehension strategies. The Reading Teacher, 60(1), 66-69. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.60.1.7
  • Doganay Bilgi, A., & Ozmen, E. R. (2014). The impact of modified multi-component cognitive strategy instruction in the acquisition of metacognitive strategy knowledge in the text comprehension process of students with intellectual retardation. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(2), 707-714. DOI: 10.12738/estp.2014.2.1629
  • Duman, N. (2006). Hikâye haritası yönteminin eğitilebilir zihinsel engelli öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerileri üzerindeki etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bolu. [The effect of story mapping method on educable mentally retarded students' reading comprehension skills.Unpublished Master Thesis]
  • Eripek, S. (1987). Alt özel sınıf öğrencilerinin ilkokullar sınıfları düzeyinde sesli okuma basarılarının değerlendirilmesi. Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 125-140. [Evaluation of a self-contained classroom in the achievement of students reading aloud at the elementary level]
  • Eripek, S. (2005). Özel gereksinimi olan çocuklar ve özel eğitim. Standart, Ekonomik ve Teknik Dergisi. 44(52), 14-19. [Children with special needs and special education]
  • Fälth, L., Selenius, H., & Egerhag, H. (2023). A cross-sectional study on reading among young L1 and L2 students in Sweden. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 38(2), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2022.2050973
  • Flores, M. M., & Ganz, J. B. (2007). Effectiveness of direct instruction for teaching statement inference, use of facts, and analogies to students with developmental disabilities and reading delays. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental disabilities, 22(4), 244-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576070220040601
  • Gersten, R., Fuchs, L. S., Williams, J. P., & Baker, S. (2001). Teaching reading comprehension strategies to students with learning disabilities: A review of study. Review of Educational Study, 71(2), 279-320. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543071002279
  • Guldenoglu, B., & Kargin, T. (2012). Karşılıklı öğretim tekniğinin hafif derecede zihinsel engelli öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerileri üzerindeki etkililiğinin incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 13(01), 17-34. [The Effectiveness of Reciprocal Teaching Method on Teaching Reading Comprehension to Students with Mild Intellectual Disabilities] https://doi.org/10.1501/Ozlegt_0000000164
  • Guldenoglu, B., Kargin, T., & Ergül, C. (2016). Sesbilgisel farkındalık becerilerinin okuma ve okuduğunu anlama üzerindeki etkisi: Boylamsal bir çalışma. İlköğretim Online, 15(1), 251-272. [Effects of Phonological Awareness Skills on Reading and Reading Comprehension: A Longitudinal Study] https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2016.25973
  • Guler, Ö. (2008). Comparing the Effectivenes of Before, While and After Reading Techniques in Improving Story Comprehension of Students with Mental Retardation (Publication No. 218469) [Master's thesis, Gazi University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Guzel, R. (1999). Doğrudan öğretim yönteminin öykü anlama becerisinin öğretiminde uygulanması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 23(111), 31-41. [An Application of the Direct Method in Understanding Stories]
  • Ozmen, R. G. (2011). Comparison of two different presentations of graphic organizers in recalling information in expository texts with intellectually disabled students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 785-793.
  • Ozmen, R. G., & Vayiç, Ş. (2007). Oku-altını çiz-böl-birleştir stratejisinin zihinsel engelli öğrencilerin hece tanıma becerilerini kazanmalarında etkililiği. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 8(02), 1-18. [The Effectiveness of The Read-Underline-Segment-Blend Strategy on the Acquisition of Syllable Recognition Skills of Students with Mental Retardation] https://doi.org/10.1501/Ozlegt_0000000116
  • Hoover, W. A., & Gough, P. B. (1990). The simple view of reading. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2, 127–160.
  • Işıkdoğan, N., & Kargin, T. (2010). Hikaye haritası tekniğinin zihin engelli öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerilerini kazanmalarındaki etkililiği. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 10(3), 1489-1531. [Investigation of the Effectiveness of the Story-Map Method on Reading Comprehension Skills among Students with Mental Retardation]
  • İnce, Y., & Duran, E. (2013). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin okuduğunu anlama stratejilerine yönelik görüşleri ve kullanma düzeyleri [Examination of the opinions elementary teachers on reading comprehension strategies and the use of such strategies]. Okuma Yazma Eğitimi Araştırmaları, 1(1), 9-19.
  • Jakobson, K., Soodla, P., & Aro, M. (2022). General and special education teachers’ knowledge about reading comprehension processes and instructional practices. Reading and Writing, 35(9), 2229-2256.
  • Johnson, L., Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (1997). The effects of goal setting and self-instruction on learning a reading comprehension strategy: A study of students with learning disabilities. Journal of learning disabilities, 30(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949703000107
  • Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. [Scientific research methods] Lipson M. Y., & Wixson, K. K. (2009). Assessment and instructions of learning and writting difficulties: An interactive approach. Boston: Pressley.
  • Lundberg, I., & Reichenberg, M. (2013). Developing reading comprehension among students with mild intellectual disabilities: An intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 57(1), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2011.623179
  • Mastropieri, M. A., & Scruggs, T. E. (1997). Best practices in promoting reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities 1976 to 1996. Remedial and Special Education, 18(4), 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259701800402
  • Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E., & Graetz, J. E. (2003). Reading comprehension instruction for secondary students: Challenges for struggling students and teachers. Learning Disability Quarterly, 26(2), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.2307/1593593
  • Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.).California: SAGE Publication Inc.
  • Nelson, J. M., & Manset-Williamson, G. (2006). The impact of explicit, self-regulatory reading comprehension strategy instruction on the reading-specific self-efficacy, attributions, and affect of students with reading disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 29(3), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.2307/1593593
  • Perfetti, C. & Adlof, S.M. (2012). Reading comprehension: A conceptual framework from word meaning to text meaning. In J. Sabatini, E. Albro & T. O’Reilly (Eds.), Measuring up: Advances in how we assess reading ability, (pp. 3–20). New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  • Pressley, M., & Gaskins, I. W. (2006). Metacognitively competent reading comprehension is constructively responsive reading: How can such reading be developed in students? Metacognition and Learning, 1(1), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-022-00253-5
  • Pressley, M., & Hilden, K. (2002). How can children be taught to comprehend text better? In M.L. Kamil, J.B. Manning, & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Successful reading instruction: Research in educational productivity (pp. 33-51). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
  • Solis, M., Kulesz, P., & Williams, K. (2022). Response to intervention for high school students: examining baseline word reading skills and reading comprehension outcomes. Annals of Dyslexia, 72(2), 324-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-022-00253-5
  • Swanson, H. L., & Trahan, M. (1996). Learning disabled and average readers' working memory and comprehension: does metacognition play a role?. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(3), 333-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01201.x
  • Yıldırım, A., Şimşek, H. (2003). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları [Social Sciences Qualitative Research Methods]
  • Yucesoy, Ş., & Cure, G. (2018). Comparison of repeated reading and story-mapping strategies on improving reading comprehension skills of students with intellectual disabilities (Publication No. 524941). [Master's thesis, Anadolu Üniversitesi]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Westby, C. (2004). A language perspective on executive on functioning, metacognition, and self-regulation. In A. Stone, E. R. Silliman, B. J. Ehren, & K. Apel (Eds.) Handbook of language and literacy (pp. 398-427). New York: Guilford Press.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mental Disability Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yasin Günlü 0000-0003-4308-2192

Çağla Özgür Yılmaz 0000-0002-1279-8967

Publication Date December 16, 2023
Acceptance Date August 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Günlü, Y., & Özgür Yılmaz, Ç. (2023). Determining the Strategies Used by Teachers Working with Students with Intellectual Disabilities in Teaching Reading Comprehension. Language Teaching and Educational Research, 6(2), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.35207/later.1309351