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Epstein’in Ebeveyn Katılımı Modeli: Kentsel Okullarda Ebeveyn Algıları

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 81 - 100, 23.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.35207/later.559732

Abstract



Bu çalışmanın
amacı, Epstein’in (2007) altı ebeveyn katılımı tipolojisine (etnisite, eğitim
düzeyi, sosyo-ekonomik durum, evdeki çocuk sayısı) dayanarak çeşitli
demografik gruplar arasında ebeveynlerin ebeveyn katılımına ilişkin sıklık ve
etkinlik algıları bakımından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olup
olmadığını tespit etmektir. Ebeveynlerden, çocuklarının okulunun, Epstein’in
Ebeveyn Katılımı Modelinin altı ebeveyn katılımı tipolojisi tarafından
bildirilen faaliyetleri (ebeveynlik, iletişim, gönüllülük, evde öğrenme,
karar verme ve işbirliği yapma gibi.) 
gerçekleştirme derecesini ifade etmeleri istenmiştir. Bulgular, bu
çalışmadaki ebeveynlerin etkili ebeveyn katılımı davranışlarının okullar
tarafından uygulanmasına ilişkin olarak oldukça farklı görüşlere sahip
olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar bölgelere, ailelere
nasıl daha iyi hizmet edeceklerinin yanı sıra ev ve okul arasındaki
iletişimdeki boşluğu kapatmak konusunda bilgi sağlayacaktır.


References

  • Addi-Raccah, A., & Arviv-Elyashiv, R. (2008). Parent empowerment and teacher professionalism: Teachers' perspective. Urban Education, 43(4), 394-415.
  • Allen, A., & Mintrom, M. (2010). Responsibility and school governance. Educational Policy, 24(3), 439-464.
  • Amatea, E., & West, C. (2007). Joining the conversations about educating our poorest children: Emerging leadership roles for school counselors in high poverty schools. Professional School Counseling, 11(5), 81-89. doi:11.234/342-6433.34.2.324
  • Banerjee, M., Harrell, Z., & Johnson, D. (2010). Racial/ethnic socialization and parental involvement in education as predictors of cognitive ability and achievement in African American children. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17(2), 1-16.
  • Barnyak, N. C., & McNelly, T. A. (2009). An urban school district’s parent involvement: A study of teachers' and administrators' beliefs and practices. The School Community Journal, 19(1), 33-58. doi:12.453356.67876.54.355.34
  • Benishek LA, Kirby KC, Dugosh KL, Padovano A. (2010). Beliefs about the empirical support of drug abuse treatment interventions: A survey of outpatient treatment providers. Drug & Alcohol Dependence. 107(2), 202–208.
  • Benson, F., & Martin, S. (2003). Organizing successful parent involvement in urban schools. Child Study Journal, 4(12), 33-39.
  • Bernard, T. T. (2008). The effects of school leadership on parental involvement in urban schools (Unpublished master’s thesis). Freed-Hardeman University, Henderson, Tennessee.
  • Blatz, E. (2014). Multiple perspectives on parent involvement for middle school students receiving special education services (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.miamilink.edu/etd/
  • Bordens & Abbott. (2011). Research design and methods. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Boser, U. (2014). Teacher diversity revisited. Center for American Progress, 5(3), 1-5.
  • Catsambis, S. (2001). Expanding knowledge of parental involvement in children's secondary education: Connections with high school seniors' academic success. Social Psychology of Education, 5(7), 149-177.
  • Clay, S. G. (2005). Communicating with parents: Stages for teachers. The School Community Journal, 16(4), 117-129. doi:10.43567/495867212353
  • Comer, J. (2005, September). Interview with Dr. James Comer, Founder Comer School Development Program and Professor of Child Psychiatry, Yale University. (H. Smith, Interviewer)
  • Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (3rd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill Prentice Hall.
  • Crosnoe, R. (2009). Disparities in school readiness: How families contribute to transition into school. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 1(6), 113-115. doi:10.43567/8594837.23.4567.46
  • Davis, D. (2016). Moving toward change: A shift from silence to parent engagement (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
  • Drummond, K., & Stripek, D. (2004). Low-income parents' beliefs about their role in children's academic learning. The Elementary School Journal, 104(4), 197-213.
  • Eccles, J., & Harold, R. (1996). Family involvement in children and adolescents' schooling. Manwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • El Nokali, N., Bachman, H. J., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2010). Parent involvement and children's academic and social development in elementary school. Child Development, 81(3), 967-1005.
  • Epstein, J. (2005). Results of the partnership schools-CSR model for student achievement over three years. Elementary School, 106(3), 151-179.
  • Epstein, J. (2007). Connection count: Improving family and community involvement in secondary schools. Principal Leadership, 2(2), 16-22.
  • Epstein, J., & Sheldon, S. (2002). Present and accounted for: Improving student attendance through family and community involvement. Journal of Educational Research, 95(3), 308-319.
  • Epstein, J., Coates, L., Salinas, K., Sanders, M. G., & Simon, B. S. (1997). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
  • Ferlazzo, L., & Hammond, L. (2009). Building parent engagement in schools. Santa Barbara, CA: Linworth.
  • Ferrara, M. (2015). Parent involvement facilitators: Unlocking social capital wealth. School Community Journal, 25(3), 29-51.
  • Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A growth modeling analysis. Journal of Experimental Education, 70(2), 27-61.
  • Garrett, J. (2008). Making connections with parents. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 44, 55-58.
  • Gonzalez-DeHass, A., Willems, P., & Holbein, M. (2005). Examing the relations between parental involvement and student motivations. Educational Psychology Journal, 17(2), 349-390.
  • Gordon, I., & Louis, K. (2009). Linking parent and community involvement with student achievement: Comparing principal and teacher perceptions of stakeholder influence. American Journal of Education, 116(4), 1-31.
  • Greenwood, G., & Hickman, C. W. (1991). Research and practice in parental involvement: Implications for teacher education. Elementary School Journal, 91(2), 279-288.
  • Gutman, L. M., & McLoyd, V. C. (2000). Parents' management of their children’s education within the home, at school, and in the community: An examination of African American families living in poverty. The Urban Review, 32, 1-24. doi:10.43678.765.457897646434
  • Hayes, D. (2013). Predicting parental home and school involvement in high school African American adolescents. The High School Journal, 94(5), 154-166.
  • Henderson, A. T., & Berla, N. (1994). A new generation of evidence: The family is critical to student achievement (A report from the National Committee for Citizens in Education). Washington, DC: Center for Law and Education.
  • Herrell, P. (2011). Parental involvement: Parent perceptions and teacher perceptions (Doctoral dissertation, East Tennessee State University). Retrieved from http://www.dc.etsu.edu/cgi/
  • Hess, R., & Handel, G. (1959). A psychological approach to family life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hill, R. (1998). What sample size is enough in Internet survey research? Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 6(3), 3-4.
  • Hill, N. E., & Craft, S. A. (2003). Parent–school involvement and school performance: Mediated pathways among socioeconomically comparable African American and Euro-American families. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(8), 74–83.
  • Hoover-Dempsey, K., Walker, J., Sandler, H., Whetsel, D., Green, C., Wilkins, A., & Closson, K. (2005). Why do parents become involved? Research findings and implications. Elementary School Journal, 106(4), 105-130.
  • Hornby, G. (2011). Parental involvement in childhood education: Building effective school-family partnerships. New York, NY: Springer Science.
  • Houle, J. N. (2014). Disparities in debt: Parents’ socioeconomic resources and young adult student loan debt. Sociology of Education, 87, 53-69. doi:10.1177/0038040713512213
  • Hourani, R. B., Stringer, P., & Baker, F. (2012). Constraints and subsequent limitations to parental involvement in primary schools in Abu Dhabi: Stakeholders' perspectives. School Community Journal, 22(3), 131-157.
  • Hutchins, D. J. (2013). Improving collaboration. AMLE Magazine, 9-13. Retrieved from http://www.amle.org/browsebytopic/familyandcommunity/famdet/tabid/194/artmid/809/articleID/315/Improvingcollaboration.aspx
  • Ipatenco, S. (2016). The benefits of parental involvement in a child's development. Our Everyday Life, 2(3), 1-3.
  • Jackson, M. (2010). Where are the parents?: The parent's perspective of parent involvement in education. Dissertation Abstract International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Washington, DC: George Washington University.
  • Jacobson, L. (2005). Survey finds teachers' biggest challenge is parents. Education Week, 24(5), 5-7.
  • Jeynes, W. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relation of parental involvement to urban elementary school student academic achievement. Urban Education, 40(2), 237-250.
  • Jeynes, W. (2007). The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary school student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Urban Education, 82, 82-110. doi:11.2343-85753.34553.45.2356
  • Jeynes, W. H. (2010). The salience of the subtle aspects of parental involvement and encouraging that involvement: Implications for school-based programs. Teacher College Record, 112, 747-777. doi:13.4539.56478.09875.4.56785
  • Jones, H. (2010). Effective home-school partnerships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
  • Lawson, M. A. (2003). School-Family relations in context: Parent and teacher perceptions of parent involvement. Urban Education, 38(2), 77-133.
  • Loop, E. (2018, January 2). Parenting. Retrieved from How to adult: www.howtoadult.com. Mapp, K., & Henderson, A. (2012). Epstein's six types of parental involvement. Challenges for School Leaders, 4(3), 1-5.
  • Michigan Department of Education. (2012). What research says about parent involvement in children's education. Educational Leadership, 3, 1-6. doi:10.45643.456.78976.45677-4554.43
  • Noel, A., Stark, P., Redford, J., & Zukerberg, A. (2013). Parent and family involvement in education, from the National Household Educations Surveys Program of 2012 (NCES 2013), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
  • O'Bryan, S. T., Braddock, J. H., & Dawkins, M. P. (2006). Bringing parents back in: African American parent involvement, extracurricular participation, and education policy. The Journal of Negro Education, 75(2), 401-414.
  • Rogers, M. A., Theule, J., Ryan, B., Adams, G. R., & Keating, L. (2009). Parental involvement and children’s school achievement: Evidence for mediating processes. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24(3), 34-57.
  • Scharton, Hillary. (2019). The importance of parental involvement for student success. Emerging EdTech, 34(2), 43-52.
  • Sexton, T. L., and Alexander, J. F. (2015). Functional family therapy: Principles of clinical intervention, assessment, and implementation. Henderson, NV: RCH Enterprises.
  • Sime, D., & Sheridan, M. (2014). You want the best for your kids: Improving educational outcomes for children living in poverty through parental engagement. Educational Research, 56(3), 327-342.
  • Tillman, L. C. (2009). Facilitating African American parental involvement in urban schools: Opportunities for school leadership. International Journal of Learning, 12(3), 21-30.
  • Trofimovich, P., Collins, L., Cardoso, W., White, J., & Horst, M. (2012). A Frequency‐based approach to L2 phonological learning: teacher input and student output in an intensive ESL context. TESOL Quarterly, 46(1), 176-186.
  • United States Department of Education. (2010). A blueprint for reform. The reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education. Washington, DC: Eric. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard university press
  • Zhou, M. (2014) Teachers’ and parents’ perceptions of parental involvement on inner-city children’s academic success. Georgia Educational Researcher, 1(24), 1-176.

Epstein's Model of Parental Involvement: Parent Perceptions in Urban Schools

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 81 - 100, 23.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.35207/later.559732

Abstract



The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a statistically
significant difference in parents’ perceptions of frequency and effectiveness
regarding parental involvement among various demographic groups (ethnicity,
education level, socio-economic status, number of children in the home) based
on Epstein’s (2007) six typologies of parental involvement. Parents were asked
to reflect on the degree to which their child’s school carried out the
activities informed by the six parental involvement typologies of Epstein’s
Model of Parental Involvement (i.e., parenting, communicating, volunteering,
learning at home, decision-making, and collaborating with the community). Findings
indicated that parents in this study had significantly different views
regarding the implementation of effective parental involvement behaviors by
schools. Results from the study will provide districts with knowledge on how
to better serve parents as well as close the gap in communication between
home and school. 


References

  • Addi-Raccah, A., & Arviv-Elyashiv, R. (2008). Parent empowerment and teacher professionalism: Teachers' perspective. Urban Education, 43(4), 394-415.
  • Allen, A., & Mintrom, M. (2010). Responsibility and school governance. Educational Policy, 24(3), 439-464.
  • Amatea, E., & West, C. (2007). Joining the conversations about educating our poorest children: Emerging leadership roles for school counselors in high poverty schools. Professional School Counseling, 11(5), 81-89. doi:11.234/342-6433.34.2.324
  • Banerjee, M., Harrell, Z., & Johnson, D. (2010). Racial/ethnic socialization and parental involvement in education as predictors of cognitive ability and achievement in African American children. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17(2), 1-16.
  • Barnyak, N. C., & McNelly, T. A. (2009). An urban school district’s parent involvement: A study of teachers' and administrators' beliefs and practices. The School Community Journal, 19(1), 33-58. doi:12.453356.67876.54.355.34
  • Benishek LA, Kirby KC, Dugosh KL, Padovano A. (2010). Beliefs about the empirical support of drug abuse treatment interventions: A survey of outpatient treatment providers. Drug & Alcohol Dependence. 107(2), 202–208.
  • Benson, F., & Martin, S. (2003). Organizing successful parent involvement in urban schools. Child Study Journal, 4(12), 33-39.
  • Bernard, T. T. (2008). The effects of school leadership on parental involvement in urban schools (Unpublished master’s thesis). Freed-Hardeman University, Henderson, Tennessee.
  • Blatz, E. (2014). Multiple perspectives on parent involvement for middle school students receiving special education services (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.miamilink.edu/etd/
  • Bordens & Abbott. (2011). Research design and methods. New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Boser, U. (2014). Teacher diversity revisited. Center for American Progress, 5(3), 1-5.
  • Catsambis, S. (2001). Expanding knowledge of parental involvement in children's secondary education: Connections with high school seniors' academic success. Social Psychology of Education, 5(7), 149-177.
  • Clay, S. G. (2005). Communicating with parents: Stages for teachers. The School Community Journal, 16(4), 117-129. doi:10.43567/495867212353
  • Comer, J. (2005, September). Interview with Dr. James Comer, Founder Comer School Development Program and Professor of Child Psychiatry, Yale University. (H. Smith, Interviewer)
  • Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (3rd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill Prentice Hall.
  • Crosnoe, R. (2009). Disparities in school readiness: How families contribute to transition into school. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 1(6), 113-115. doi:10.43567/8594837.23.4567.46
  • Davis, D. (2016). Moving toward change: A shift from silence to parent engagement (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
  • Drummond, K., & Stripek, D. (2004). Low-income parents' beliefs about their role in children's academic learning. The Elementary School Journal, 104(4), 197-213.
  • Eccles, J., & Harold, R. (1996). Family involvement in children and adolescents' schooling. Manwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • El Nokali, N., Bachman, H. J., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2010). Parent involvement and children's academic and social development in elementary school. Child Development, 81(3), 967-1005.
  • Epstein, J. (2005). Results of the partnership schools-CSR model for student achievement over three years. Elementary School, 106(3), 151-179.
  • Epstein, J. (2007). Connection count: Improving family and community involvement in secondary schools. Principal Leadership, 2(2), 16-22.
  • Epstein, J., & Sheldon, S. (2002). Present and accounted for: Improving student attendance through family and community involvement. Journal of Educational Research, 95(3), 308-319.
  • Epstein, J., Coates, L., Salinas, K., Sanders, M. G., & Simon, B. S. (1997). School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
  • Ferlazzo, L., & Hammond, L. (2009). Building parent engagement in schools. Santa Barbara, CA: Linworth.
  • Ferrara, M. (2015). Parent involvement facilitators: Unlocking social capital wealth. School Community Journal, 25(3), 29-51.
  • Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A growth modeling analysis. Journal of Experimental Education, 70(2), 27-61.
  • Garrett, J. (2008). Making connections with parents. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 44, 55-58.
  • Gonzalez-DeHass, A., Willems, P., & Holbein, M. (2005). Examing the relations between parental involvement and student motivations. Educational Psychology Journal, 17(2), 349-390.
  • Gordon, I., & Louis, K. (2009). Linking parent and community involvement with student achievement: Comparing principal and teacher perceptions of stakeholder influence. American Journal of Education, 116(4), 1-31.
  • Greenwood, G., & Hickman, C. W. (1991). Research and practice in parental involvement: Implications for teacher education. Elementary School Journal, 91(2), 279-288.
  • Gutman, L. M., & McLoyd, V. C. (2000). Parents' management of their children’s education within the home, at school, and in the community: An examination of African American families living in poverty. The Urban Review, 32, 1-24. doi:10.43678.765.457897646434
  • Hayes, D. (2013). Predicting parental home and school involvement in high school African American adolescents. The High School Journal, 94(5), 154-166.
  • Henderson, A. T., & Berla, N. (1994). A new generation of evidence: The family is critical to student achievement (A report from the National Committee for Citizens in Education). Washington, DC: Center for Law and Education.
  • Herrell, P. (2011). Parental involvement: Parent perceptions and teacher perceptions (Doctoral dissertation, East Tennessee State University). Retrieved from http://www.dc.etsu.edu/cgi/
  • Hess, R., & Handel, G. (1959). A psychological approach to family life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hill, R. (1998). What sample size is enough in Internet survey research? Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 6(3), 3-4.
  • Hill, N. E., & Craft, S. A. (2003). Parent–school involvement and school performance: Mediated pathways among socioeconomically comparable African American and Euro-American families. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(8), 74–83.
  • Hoover-Dempsey, K., Walker, J., Sandler, H., Whetsel, D., Green, C., Wilkins, A., & Closson, K. (2005). Why do parents become involved? Research findings and implications. Elementary School Journal, 106(4), 105-130.
  • Hornby, G. (2011). Parental involvement in childhood education: Building effective school-family partnerships. New York, NY: Springer Science.
  • Houle, J. N. (2014). Disparities in debt: Parents’ socioeconomic resources and young adult student loan debt. Sociology of Education, 87, 53-69. doi:10.1177/0038040713512213
  • Hourani, R. B., Stringer, P., & Baker, F. (2012). Constraints and subsequent limitations to parental involvement in primary schools in Abu Dhabi: Stakeholders' perspectives. School Community Journal, 22(3), 131-157.
  • Hutchins, D. J. (2013). Improving collaboration. AMLE Magazine, 9-13. Retrieved from http://www.amle.org/browsebytopic/familyandcommunity/famdet/tabid/194/artmid/809/articleID/315/Improvingcollaboration.aspx
  • Ipatenco, S. (2016). The benefits of parental involvement in a child's development. Our Everyday Life, 2(3), 1-3.
  • Jackson, M. (2010). Where are the parents?: The parent's perspective of parent involvement in education. Dissertation Abstract International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Washington, DC: George Washington University.
  • Jacobson, L. (2005). Survey finds teachers' biggest challenge is parents. Education Week, 24(5), 5-7.
  • Jeynes, W. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relation of parental involvement to urban elementary school student academic achievement. Urban Education, 40(2), 237-250.
  • Jeynes, W. (2007). The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary school student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Urban Education, 82, 82-110. doi:11.2343-85753.34553.45.2356
  • Jeynes, W. H. (2010). The salience of the subtle aspects of parental involvement and encouraging that involvement: Implications for school-based programs. Teacher College Record, 112, 747-777. doi:13.4539.56478.09875.4.56785
  • Jones, H. (2010). Effective home-school partnerships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
  • Lawson, M. A. (2003). School-Family relations in context: Parent and teacher perceptions of parent involvement. Urban Education, 38(2), 77-133.
  • Loop, E. (2018, January 2). Parenting. Retrieved from How to adult: www.howtoadult.com. Mapp, K., & Henderson, A. (2012). Epstein's six types of parental involvement. Challenges for School Leaders, 4(3), 1-5.
  • Michigan Department of Education. (2012). What research says about parent involvement in children's education. Educational Leadership, 3, 1-6. doi:10.45643.456.78976.45677-4554.43
  • Noel, A., Stark, P., Redford, J., & Zukerberg, A. (2013). Parent and family involvement in education, from the National Household Educations Surveys Program of 2012 (NCES 2013), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
  • O'Bryan, S. T., Braddock, J. H., & Dawkins, M. P. (2006). Bringing parents back in: African American parent involvement, extracurricular participation, and education policy. The Journal of Negro Education, 75(2), 401-414.
  • Rogers, M. A., Theule, J., Ryan, B., Adams, G. R., & Keating, L. (2009). Parental involvement and children’s school achievement: Evidence for mediating processes. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24(3), 34-57.
  • Scharton, Hillary. (2019). The importance of parental involvement for student success. Emerging EdTech, 34(2), 43-52.
  • Sexton, T. L., and Alexander, J. F. (2015). Functional family therapy: Principles of clinical intervention, assessment, and implementation. Henderson, NV: RCH Enterprises.
  • Sime, D., & Sheridan, M. (2014). You want the best for your kids: Improving educational outcomes for children living in poverty through parental engagement. Educational Research, 56(3), 327-342.
  • Tillman, L. C. (2009). Facilitating African American parental involvement in urban schools: Opportunities for school leadership. International Journal of Learning, 12(3), 21-30.
  • Trofimovich, P., Collins, L., Cardoso, W., White, J., & Horst, M. (2012). A Frequency‐based approach to L2 phonological learning: teacher input and student output in an intensive ESL context. TESOL Quarterly, 46(1), 176-186.
  • United States Department of Education. (2010). A blueprint for reform. The reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education. Washington, DC: Eric. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard university press
  • Zhou, M. (2014) Teachers’ and parents’ perceptions of parental involvement on inner-city children’s academic success. Georgia Educational Researcher, 1(24), 1-176.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nicole Newman

Alesha Northcutt This is me

Aarek Farmer This is me

Bryan Black This is me

Publication Date December 23, 2019
Acceptance Date September 29, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Newman, N., Northcutt, A., Farmer, A., Black, B. (2019). Epstein’s Model of Parental Involvement: Parent Perceptions in Urban Schools. Language Teaching and Educational Research, 2(2), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.35207/later.559732