Research Article
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Genetically Modified Organisms Problematics in Agriculture and Turkey Case

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 23 - 38, 29.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.47478/lectio.992374

Abstract

Reflection of advances in genetic science in the agricultural sector has emerged as modification of the genetic structure of agricultural seeds in order to increase their yield per hectare or boost their resistance against harsh environmental conditions. Those organisms are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). This study aimed to find answers to questions such as: Does the use of genetically engineered seeds in agriculture raise the yield of agricultural products? If so, is this rise in yield sufficient to feed the increasing human population on earth? Can GMOs be the solution to global food security and global hunger problems in future? What are the probable and potential effects of GMOs on the environment? What is the contemporary situation of Turkey against genetically engineered agriculture? It was concluded that genetically engineered agriculture might not be indispensable in future.

References

  • Bayraç, A. T., Kalemtaş, G., Baloğlu, M. C., & Kavas, M. (2014). Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar (3. Baskı). Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık.
  • Benbrook, C. M. (2004). Genetically Engineered Crops and Pesticide Use in the United States: The First Nine Years. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1138&context=leopold_pubspapers (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2019).
  • Brookes, G. (2019). Twenty-One Years of Using Insect Resistant (GM) Maize in Spain and Portugal: Farm-Level Economic and Environmental Contributions. GM Crops & Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain, 10 (2), 90-101.
  • Engdahl, F. W. (2007). Seeds of Destruction: The Hidden Agenda of Genetic Manipulation (1. Baskı). Montreal: Global Research.
  • Falkner, R. (2007). The International Politics of Genetically Modified Food: Diplomacy, Trade and Law. Robert Falkner (Der.), Introduction: The International Politics of Genetically Modified Food (ss. 1-11). Basingstoke [England]; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1995). Dimensions of Need: An Atlas of Food and Agriculture. https://ia800208.us.archive.org/9/items/bub_gb_u2Ob-ejD3hAC/bub_gb_u2Ob-ejD3hAC.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1996). 1996 World food summit: Rome declaration on world food security. http://www.fao.org/3/w3613e/w3613e00.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2013). The State of Food Insecurity in the World. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3434e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2016).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019a). Cotton Yield at Turkey, India and China. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019b). Maize Yield at USA, Western Europe and Brazil. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019c). Pesticides Indicators. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EP (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019d). Rapeseed Yields at Western Europe and Canada. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Gustavsson, J., & Cederber, C. (2011). Global Food Losses and Food Waste – Extent, Causes and Prevention. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2697e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2019)
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, & IFAD-WFP. (2015). Achieving Zero Hunger: The Critical Role of Investments in Social Protection and Agriculture. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4951e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2016).
  • Fromartz, S. (2011). State of the world 2011: Innovations That Nourish the Planet: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. 13. Bölüm: The Missing Links: Going Beyond Production (1. Baskı). New York; London: W.W. Norton.
  • Global Perspective Studies Unit: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2012). World Agriculture Towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2015).
  • Halweil, B., & Nierenberg, D. (2011). State of the world 2011: Innovations That Nourish the Planet: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. 1. Bölüm: Charting a New Path to Eliminating Hunger (1. Baskı). New York; London: W.W. Norton.
  • Ho, M.-W. (1999). Genetic Engineering: Dream of Nightmare? New York: Continuum.
  • ISAAA. (2017). Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017: Biotech Crop Adoption Surges as Economic Benefits Accumulate in 22 Years. https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/53/download/isaaa-brief-53-2017.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2019).
  • Kazgan, G. (2002). Küreselleşme ve Ulus-Devlet: Yeni Ekonomik Düzen (3. Baskı). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Malthus, T. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project. http://www.esp.org (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2021).
  • Oğuz, C., & Bayramoğlu, Z. (2014). Tarım Ekonomisi (1. Baskı). Konya: Atlas Akademi.
  • Pinstrup-Andersen, P., & Watson, D. D. (2011). Food Policy for Developing Countries : The Role of Government in Global, National, and Local Food Systems. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Pollan, M. (2001). The botany of desire : A Plant's-eye View of the World. New York: Random House.
  • Resmi Gazete 27533. (2010). Biyogüvenlik Kanunu. http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5977.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019).
  • Rifkin, J. (1998). The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam.
  • Russell, K., & Hakim, D. (29.10.2016). Broken Promises of Genetically Modified Crops. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/10/30/business/gmo-crops-pesticides.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2017).
  • Spieldoch, A. (2011). State of the world 2011: Innovations that Nourish the Planet: a Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. 15. Bölüm: A Road Map for Nourishing the Planet (1. Baskı). New York; London: W.W. Norton.
  • Stuart, T. (2011). State of the world 2011: Innovations that Nourish the Planet: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. 9. Bölüm: Post-Harvest Losses: A Neglected Field (1. Baskı). New York; London: W.W. Norton.
  • Şahin S. (2021). Küresel Ticaret Performansının Teknolojik Yansımaları: Seçilmiş Ülkeler Üzerine bir Panel Veri Analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 12(1), 146-159.
  • Thomson, J. A. (2013). Food for Africa : The Life and Work of a Scientist in GM Crops. South Africa: UCT Press.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2019a). SITC Rev3 Sınıflamasına Göre Türkiye’nin 2014-2018 Yılları Arası Durum Buğdayı Hariç Gerçekleştirdiği Buğday ve Mahlut İthalatı ($). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=3&param2=4&sitcrev=3&isicrev=0&sayac=5806 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2019).
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2019b). SITC Rev3 Sınıflamasına Göre Türkiye’nin 2014-2018 Yılları Arası Mısır İthalatı ($). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=3&param2=4&sitcrev=3&isicrev=0&sayac=5806 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2019).
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2019c). SITC Rev3 Sınıflamasına Göre Türkiye’nin 2014-2018 Yılları Arası Pamuk İthalatı ($). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=3&param2=4&sitcrev=3&isicrev=0&sayac=5806 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2019).
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2019d). SITC Rev3 Sınıflamasına Göre Türkiye’nin 2014-2018 Yılları Arası Soya Fasulyesi İthalatı ($). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=3&param2=4&sitcrev=3&isicrev=0&sayac=5806 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2019).

Tarımda Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Sorunsalları ve Türkiye’nin Durumu

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 23 - 38, 29.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.47478/lectio.992374

Abstract

Genetik bilimindeki gelişmelerin tarım sektörüne yansıması, tohumların genetik yapılarının değiştirilmesi suretiyle tarım ürünlerinin veriminin hektar başına artırılmaya çalışılması veya zorlu çevre şartlarına karşı dirençlerinin desteklenmesi şeklinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Genetiğinde değişiklikler yapılmış bu organizmalara Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar (GDO) denir. Bu çalışmada temel olarak; GDO’lu tohumların kullanımının tarımda ürün verimini artırma konusunda başarılı olup olmadığı, GDO’lu tarım faaliyetlerinin gelecekte sürekli artan dünya nüfusunu beslemek için gerekli ve yeterli olup olmadığı, GDO’lu tarım ürünlerinin gelecekte küresel gıda güvencesi ve açlık sorunlarına çözüm olabilip olamayacağı, GDO’lu tohumların ve tarım ürünlerinin çevre üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerinin neler olduğu, Türkiye’nin GDO’lu tarım konusundaki durumu gibi sorulara cevap aranmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, GDO’lu tarımın gelecek açısından zaruri olmayabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

References

  • Bayraç, A. T., Kalemtaş, G., Baloğlu, M. C., & Kavas, M. (2014). Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar (3. Baskı). Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık.
  • Benbrook, C. M. (2004). Genetically Engineered Crops and Pesticide Use in the United States: The First Nine Years. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1138&context=leopold_pubspapers (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2019).
  • Brookes, G. (2019). Twenty-One Years of Using Insect Resistant (GM) Maize in Spain and Portugal: Farm-Level Economic and Environmental Contributions. GM Crops & Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain, 10 (2), 90-101.
  • Engdahl, F. W. (2007). Seeds of Destruction: The Hidden Agenda of Genetic Manipulation (1. Baskı). Montreal: Global Research.
  • Falkner, R. (2007). The International Politics of Genetically Modified Food: Diplomacy, Trade and Law. Robert Falkner (Der.), Introduction: The International Politics of Genetically Modified Food (ss. 1-11). Basingstoke [England]; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1995). Dimensions of Need: An Atlas of Food and Agriculture. https://ia800208.us.archive.org/9/items/bub_gb_u2Ob-ejD3hAC/bub_gb_u2Ob-ejD3hAC.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1996). 1996 World food summit: Rome declaration on world food security. http://www.fao.org/3/w3613e/w3613e00.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2013). The State of Food Insecurity in the World. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3434e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2016).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019a). Cotton Yield at Turkey, India and China. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019b). Maize Yield at USA, Western Europe and Brazil. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019c). Pesticides Indicators. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EP (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2019d). Rapeseed Yields at Western Europe and Canada. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2019).
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Gustavsson, J., & Cederber, C. (2011). Global Food Losses and Food Waste – Extent, Causes and Prevention. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2697e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2019)
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, & IFAD-WFP. (2015). Achieving Zero Hunger: The Critical Role of Investments in Social Protection and Agriculture. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4951e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2016).
  • Fromartz, S. (2011). State of the world 2011: Innovations That Nourish the Planet: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. 13. Bölüm: The Missing Links: Going Beyond Production (1. Baskı). New York; London: W.W. Norton.
  • Global Perspective Studies Unit: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2012). World Agriculture Towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2015).
  • Halweil, B., & Nierenberg, D. (2011). State of the world 2011: Innovations That Nourish the Planet: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. 1. Bölüm: Charting a New Path to Eliminating Hunger (1. Baskı). New York; London: W.W. Norton.
  • Ho, M.-W. (1999). Genetic Engineering: Dream of Nightmare? New York: Continuum.
  • ISAAA. (2017). Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017: Biotech Crop Adoption Surges as Economic Benefits Accumulate in 22 Years. https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/53/download/isaaa-brief-53-2017.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2019).
  • Kazgan, G. (2002). Küreselleşme ve Ulus-Devlet: Yeni Ekonomik Düzen (3. Baskı). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Malthus, T. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project. http://www.esp.org (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2021).
  • Oğuz, C., & Bayramoğlu, Z. (2014). Tarım Ekonomisi (1. Baskı). Konya: Atlas Akademi.
  • Pinstrup-Andersen, P., & Watson, D. D. (2011). Food Policy for Developing Countries : The Role of Government in Global, National, and Local Food Systems. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Pollan, M. (2001). The botany of desire : A Plant's-eye View of the World. New York: Random House.
  • Resmi Gazete 27533. (2010). Biyogüvenlik Kanunu. http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5977.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019).
  • Rifkin, J. (1998). The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam.
  • Russell, K., & Hakim, D. (29.10.2016). Broken Promises of Genetically Modified Crops. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/10/30/business/gmo-crops-pesticides.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2017).
  • Spieldoch, A. (2011). State of the world 2011: Innovations that Nourish the Planet: a Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. 15. Bölüm: A Road Map for Nourishing the Planet (1. Baskı). New York; London: W.W. Norton.
  • Stuart, T. (2011). State of the world 2011: Innovations that Nourish the Planet: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. 9. Bölüm: Post-Harvest Losses: A Neglected Field (1. Baskı). New York; London: W.W. Norton.
  • Şahin S. (2021). Küresel Ticaret Performansının Teknolojik Yansımaları: Seçilmiş Ülkeler Üzerine bir Panel Veri Analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 12(1), 146-159.
  • Thomson, J. A. (2013). Food for Africa : The Life and Work of a Scientist in GM Crops. South Africa: UCT Press.
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2019a). SITC Rev3 Sınıflamasına Göre Türkiye’nin 2014-2018 Yılları Arası Durum Buğdayı Hariç Gerçekleştirdiği Buğday ve Mahlut İthalatı ($). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=3&param2=4&sitcrev=3&isicrev=0&sayac=5806 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2019).
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2019b). SITC Rev3 Sınıflamasına Göre Türkiye’nin 2014-2018 Yılları Arası Mısır İthalatı ($). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=3&param2=4&sitcrev=3&isicrev=0&sayac=5806 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2019).
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2019c). SITC Rev3 Sınıflamasına Göre Türkiye’nin 2014-2018 Yılları Arası Pamuk İthalatı ($). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=3&param2=4&sitcrev=3&isicrev=0&sayac=5806 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2019).
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu). (2019d). SITC Rev3 Sınıflamasına Göre Türkiye’nin 2014-2018 Yılları Arası Soya Fasulyesi İthalatı ($). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret.zul?param1=3&param2=4&sitcrev=3&isicrev=0&sayac=5806 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2019).
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yusuf Kağıt 0000-0003-0689-743X

Nurdan Aslan 0000-0002-6080-3513

Publication Date January 29, 2022
Submission Date September 7, 2021
Acceptance Date October 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kağıt, Y., & Aslan, N. (2022). Tarımda Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Sorunsalları ve Türkiye’nin Durumu. Lectio Socialis, 6(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.47478/lectio.992374

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