Bolşevik Devrimi ve Orta Asyalı Müslüman Kadın: 1917-1950

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 88, 5 - 29, 01.12.2017

Havva Çaha

Öz

Bolşeviklerin gerçekleştirmiş olduğu Ekim Devrimi, işçilerin ve kadınların başlattığı grevler sonrasında ortaya çıkmıştır. Devrim kendini kadın ve işçi sınıfı hareketi diye tanımlamıştır. Ekim Devrimi ile birlikte kadınlara çok sayıda yasal haklar tanındı. Özgürleşen kadınların rejimin en büyük destekçisi ve savunucuları olacakları düşünülmüştü. Devrim Rusya’da aile kurumunu zayıflattı, ancak onun yerini dolduracak herhangi bir kurum koyamadı. Bu bakımdan kadınlar ve çocuklar, değişim ve dönüşümün en büyük mağdurları oldular. Bolşevikler, Rusya’da hayata geçirdikleri politikaları gericiliğin kalesi olarak gördükleri Orta Asyalı Müslüman kadınlar üzerinde de gerçekleştirmeye çalıştılar. Önce yumuşak politikaları harekete geçirdiler, fakat istedikleri başarıyı elde edemeyince kadın ve aileye yönelik saldırgan politikalar izlemeye başladılar. Bolşeviklerin kadına ve aileye yönelik tutumu, bölgede asimilasyon politikaları olarak algılandığı için bölge halkı gelenek ve değerlerine daha sıkı sarılmıştır. Bu dönemde bölge kadınları ikili bir saldırı altında kaldılar: Çarşafını çıkartmayan kadınlar Bolşevikler, çıkaranlar ise bölge insanı tarafından şiddetli saldırılara ve tecavüzlere maruz kaldılar. İlerleyen süreçte kadınların eğitim hayatına katılmasıyla birlikte Orta Asya bölgesi değişmeye başlamıştır. Ancak buna rağmen bölge halkı geleneksel ve kültürel değerlerinden ödün vermemiştir. Bu da kamuda Sovyet, özelde ise kendi kültürünü yaşayan melez bir toplumun ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu melez yapının en bariz biçimde hayat bulduğu kesim kadınlar olmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekim Devrimi, Orta Asya, Kadın, Toplumsal Cinsiyet

Bolshevik Revolution and Central Asian Muslim Women: 1917 - 1950

Öz

The October Revolution of 1917 presented itself as the movement of women and the working class at the beginning. Just after the Revolution, women were granted numerous legal rights. The revolution weakened the institution of the family in Soviet system, but did not replace it with any other institution. Therefore, women and children became the greatest victims of change and transformation in Russia and countries under its influence. The Bolsheviks tried to change the life style of women in Central Asia, where they regarded as the castle of religious and traditional backwardness. At the beginning they implemented somehow soft politics to change the life style of women and traditional family. But when they could not achieve their target they started to follow aggressive policies towards women and family. The politics followed by the Bolsheviks towards women and family were perceived as politics of assimilation of the people of Muslim countries in the region, and therefore they attempted to protect their traditional values. In this period, the women of the region were under a double attack. They were under the pressure of Bolsheviks on the one hand, and were under the impact of traditional values, which subjugated women to the secondary status to men, on the other. It seems that the Bolsheviks were not successful enough to modernize and liberate women from their traditional values in Central Asia. Later, with the participation of women in education, the Central Asian region started to change. Nevertheless, the people of the region have never completely given up their traditional values and cultural norms. While they were behaving according to the Bolshevik values in the public life, in their private life they were persisting in living their traditional values. Therefore, one can say that the Bolsheviks had created a kind of hybrid culture for women in Central Asian Muslim societies

Anahtar Kelimeler

October Revolution, Central Asia, Women, Gender

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