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Bolşevik Devrimi ve Orta Asyalı Müslüman Kadın: 1917-1950

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 88, 5 - 29, 01.12.2017

Öz

Bolşeviklerin gerçekleştirmiş olduğu Ekim Devrimi, işçilerin ve kadınların başlattığı grevler sonrasında ortaya çıkmıştır. Devrim kendini kadın ve işçi sınıfı hareketi diye tanımlamıştır. Ekim Devrimi ile birlikte kadınlara çok sayıda yasal haklar tanındı. Özgürleşen kadınların rejimin en büyük destekçisi ve savunucuları olacakları düşünülmüştü. Devrim Rusya’da aile kurumunu zayıflattı, ancak onun yerini dolduracak herhangi bir kurum koyamadı. Bu bakımdan kadınlar ve çocuklar, değişim ve dönüşümün en büyük mağdurları oldular. Bolşevikler, Rusya’da hayata geçirdikleri politikaları gericiliğin kalesi olarak gördükleri Orta Asyalı Müslüman kadınlar üzerinde de gerçekleştirmeye çalıştılar. Önce yumuşak politikaları harekete geçirdiler, fakat istedikleri başarıyı elde edemeyince kadın ve aileye yönelik saldırgan politikalar izlemeye başladılar. Bolşeviklerin kadına ve aileye yönelik tutumu, bölgede asimilasyon politikaları olarak algılandığı için bölge halkı gelenek ve değerlerine daha sıkı sarılmıştır. Bu dönemde bölge kadınları ikili bir saldırı altında kaldılar: Çarşafını çıkartmayan kadınlar Bolşevikler, çıkaranlar ise bölge insanı tarafından şiddetli saldırılara ve tecavüzlere maruz kaldılar. İlerleyen süreçte kadınların eğitim hayatına katılmasıyla birlikte Orta Asya bölgesi değişmeye başlamıştır. Ancak buna rağmen bölge halkı geleneksel ve kültürel değerlerinden ödün vermemiştir. Bu da kamuda Sovyet, özelde ise kendi kültürünü yaşayan melez bir toplumun ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu melez yapının en bariz biçimde hayat bulduğu kesim kadınlar olmuştur

Kaynakça

  • AKYILDIZ, Şevket ve Carlson, Richard, Social and Cultural Change in Central Asia The Soviet Legacy, Routledge, London 2013.
  • ASWİN, Sarah, Gender, State, and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, Routledge, Lon- don 2000.
  • BALL, Alan M., And Now My Soul is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918- 1930, University of California Press, California 1994.
  • CHATTERJEE, Choi, “Ideology, Gender and Propaganda in the Soviet Union: A Historical Survey” Left History, 1999, http://lh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/lh/article/view/5380 (erişim: 19.9.2017).
  • COCORAN, Yvonne ve diğerleri, Lost Voices Central Asian Women Confronting Transition, Zed Books, Chicago 2005.
  • ÇAHA, Havva, “Orta Asya’da Kadın İstihdamın Profili ve Sorunları” Bağımsızlıktan Günümüze Türkiye Cumhuriyetleri Ekonomi Politiği: Sektörel ve Bölgesel Analiz, Der. Mehmet Dikka- ya, Savaş Yayınevi, Ankara: 2017.
  • DADABAEV, Timur, Identity and Memory in Post Soviet Central Asia Uzbekistans Soviet Past, Routledge, London 2015
  • EDGAR, Adrienne Lynn, ‘Bolshevism, Patriarchy, and the Nation: the Soviet “Emancipation” of Muslim Women in Pan-Islamic Perspective’, Slavic Review, 65,20, 2006, 252-272. https://doi.org/10.2307/4148592 (erişim: 10.8.2017).
  • EDGAR, Adrienne Lynn, Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton Univer- sity Press, Princeton 2004.
  • ENGEL, Barbara Alpern, Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work, and Family in Russia, 1861-1914, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge 1994.
  • FREEMAN, Jacqui, “The Emancipation of Women in Soviet Central Asia from 1917 to 1940: Strategies, Successes and Failures” Social and Cultural Change in Central Asia: The Soviet Legacy, Der. Ş.Akyıldız ve R. Carlson,Routledge, London 2013.
  • GOLDMANN, Wendy, Z., Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993.
  • GORSUCH, Anne, E., “A Woman is Not a Man”: The Culture of Gender and Generation in Soviet Russia, 1921-1928”, Slavic Review, Vol. 55, No. 3. (Autumn, 1996), pp. 636-660. https://www.colby.edu/academics_cs/courses/HI398/upload/Gorsuch-Women-is-Not- a-Man.pdf (erişim: 15.9.2017).
  • HARRIS, Colette, Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan, Pluto Press, London 2004.
  • HARRIS, Henry, “Abortion in Soviet Russia: Has the Time Come to Legalize it Elsewhe- re”,1932, https:// www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pmc// PMC2984843/pdf/ (erişim: 9.9.2017).
  • HEYAT, Farideh, Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan,Rout- ledge,London2002.
  • HIRO, Dilip, Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran, Overlook Duckworth, Peter Mayers Publishers, Inc., Michigan 2009
  • HORTACSU, Nuran, “Desire for Children in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan Son Preference and Perceived Instrumentality for Value Satisfaction”Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 32 No. 3, May 2001 309-321
  • KAMP, Marianne, The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Com- munism, University of Washington Press, Seattle 2006.
  • KHVOSTUNOVA, Olga, Russia’s Invisible Children the Unrelieved Plight of Russia’s Homeless Youth, 2012 https:// imrussia.org/ en/nation/ 245-besprizorniki
  • KOENKER, Diane P. Ve diğerleri, Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1990.
  • LAPIDUS, Gail Warshofsky, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Chan- ge, University of California Press, California 1978.
  • MANDEL, William, “Soviet Women in the Work Foree and Professions” American Behaviraol Scientist, ss. 255-280. 1971. Erişim tarihi 1971 https:// deepblue.lib.umich.edu/ bitst- ream/ handle/ 2027.42/ 67596/ 10.1177_ 000276427101500208.pdf? sequence=2 (erişim: 17.8.2017).
  • MASSELL, Gregory J., The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929,Princeton University Press, Princeton1974.
  • NORTHROP, Douglas, Veiled Empire: Gender & Power in Stalinist Central Asia, Cornell Univer- sity Press, Ithaca 2003.
  • PHIZACKLEA, Annie ve diğerleri,“Introduction”Women in the Face of Change: Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China, Der. A.Phizacklea, H.Pilkington ve S. Rai, Routledge, London 1992.
  • RASHID, Ahmed, The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or nationalism?, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994.
  • RATHER, Farooq A., “Status of Women in Soviet Central Asia: A Case Study of Tajik Women”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013 http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0213/ijsrp-p1443.pdf(erişim: 19.9.2017).
  • REMASKAVSK, Natalia, “Perestroika, and the Status of Women in the Soviet Union” Women in the Face of Change: Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China, Der. A.Phizacklea, H.Pil- kington ve S. Rai, Routledge, London 1992.
  • SAEKS, Paul M., “Women, Work and Family in the Soviet Union”, Understanding Soviet Society,Der. M.P.Sacks ve J.G. Pankhurs, Allen and Unwin Ine., London1988.
  • SHKANIAN, Armine, Gendered Transitions Transitions: The Impact of the Post-Soviet Tran- sition on Women in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, Volume 2, issue ss:475-496, 2003 http:// citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ view- doc/ download? doi=10.1.1.576.7881&rep=rep1&type=pdf(erişim: 11.8.2017).
  • SIEGELBAUM, Lewis H., Soviet State and Society between Revolutions, 1918-1929, Cambrid- ge University Press, Cambridge 1992.
  • THIBAULT, Helene, “The Soviet Secularization Project in Central Asia: Accommodation and Institutional Legacies” Eurostudia 101 (2015): 11–31. DOI: 10.7202/1032440ar htt- ps:// www. erudit.org/ en/journals/ euro/2015-v10-n1-euro 02010/1032440ar.pdf(e- rişim: 19.9.2017).
  • TOHIDI, N. “Guardians of the Nation: Women, Islam, and the Soviet Legacy of Modernizati- on in Azerbaijan.” Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity, Der. H.L. Bodman ve N. Tohidi, N, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1998
  • WOOD, Elizabeth, A., The Bolsheviksin Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, Yale University Press, New Haven 1997.

Bolshevik Revolution and Central Asian Muslim Women: 1917 - 1950

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 88, 5 - 29, 01.12.2017

Öz

The October Revolution of 1917 presented itself as the movement of women and the working class at the beginning. Just after the Revolution, women were granted numerous legal rights. The revolution weakened the institution of the family in Soviet system, but did not replace it with any other institution. Therefore, women and children became the greatest victims of change and transformation in Russia and countries under its influence. The Bolsheviks tried to change the life style of women in Central Asia, where they regarded as the castle of religious and traditional backwardness. At the beginning they implemented somehow soft politics to change the life style of women and traditional family. But when they could not achieve their target they started to follow aggressive policies towards women and family. The politics followed by the Bolsheviks towards women and family were perceived as politics of assimilation of the people of Muslim countries in the region, and therefore they attempted to protect their traditional values. In this period, the women of the region were under a double attack. They were under the pressure of Bolsheviks on the one hand, and were under the impact of traditional values, which subjugated women to the secondary status to men, on the other. It seems that the Bolsheviks were not successful enough to modernize and liberate women from their traditional values in Central Asia. Later, with the participation of women in education, the Central Asian region started to change. Nevertheless, the people of the region have never completely given up their traditional values and cultural norms. While they were behaving according to the Bolshevik values in the public life, in their private life they were persisting in living their traditional values. Therefore, one can say that the Bolsheviks had created a kind of hybrid culture for women in Central Asian Muslim societies

Kaynakça

  • AKYILDIZ, Şevket ve Carlson, Richard, Social and Cultural Change in Central Asia The Soviet Legacy, Routledge, London 2013.
  • ASWİN, Sarah, Gender, State, and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, Routledge, Lon- don 2000.
  • BALL, Alan M., And Now My Soul is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918- 1930, University of California Press, California 1994.
  • CHATTERJEE, Choi, “Ideology, Gender and Propaganda in the Soviet Union: A Historical Survey” Left History, 1999, http://lh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/lh/article/view/5380 (erişim: 19.9.2017).
  • COCORAN, Yvonne ve diğerleri, Lost Voices Central Asian Women Confronting Transition, Zed Books, Chicago 2005.
  • ÇAHA, Havva, “Orta Asya’da Kadın İstihdamın Profili ve Sorunları” Bağımsızlıktan Günümüze Türkiye Cumhuriyetleri Ekonomi Politiği: Sektörel ve Bölgesel Analiz, Der. Mehmet Dikka- ya, Savaş Yayınevi, Ankara: 2017.
  • DADABAEV, Timur, Identity and Memory in Post Soviet Central Asia Uzbekistans Soviet Past, Routledge, London 2015
  • EDGAR, Adrienne Lynn, ‘Bolshevism, Patriarchy, and the Nation: the Soviet “Emancipation” of Muslim Women in Pan-Islamic Perspective’, Slavic Review, 65,20, 2006, 252-272. https://doi.org/10.2307/4148592 (erişim: 10.8.2017).
  • EDGAR, Adrienne Lynn, Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton Univer- sity Press, Princeton 2004.
  • ENGEL, Barbara Alpern, Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work, and Family in Russia, 1861-1914, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge 1994.
  • FREEMAN, Jacqui, “The Emancipation of Women in Soviet Central Asia from 1917 to 1940: Strategies, Successes and Failures” Social and Cultural Change in Central Asia: The Soviet Legacy, Der. Ş.Akyıldız ve R. Carlson,Routledge, London 2013.
  • GOLDMANN, Wendy, Z., Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993.
  • GORSUCH, Anne, E., “A Woman is Not a Man”: The Culture of Gender and Generation in Soviet Russia, 1921-1928”, Slavic Review, Vol. 55, No. 3. (Autumn, 1996), pp. 636-660. https://www.colby.edu/academics_cs/courses/HI398/upload/Gorsuch-Women-is-Not- a-Man.pdf (erişim: 15.9.2017).
  • HARRIS, Colette, Control and Subversion: Gender Relations in Tajikistan, Pluto Press, London 2004.
  • HARRIS, Henry, “Abortion in Soviet Russia: Has the Time Come to Legalize it Elsewhe- re”,1932, https:// www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pmc// PMC2984843/pdf/ (erişim: 9.9.2017).
  • HEYAT, Farideh, Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan,Rout- ledge,London2002.
  • HIRO, Dilip, Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran, Overlook Duckworth, Peter Mayers Publishers, Inc., Michigan 2009
  • HORTACSU, Nuran, “Desire for Children in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan Son Preference and Perceived Instrumentality for Value Satisfaction”Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 32 No. 3, May 2001 309-321
  • KAMP, Marianne, The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Com- munism, University of Washington Press, Seattle 2006.
  • KHVOSTUNOVA, Olga, Russia’s Invisible Children the Unrelieved Plight of Russia’s Homeless Youth, 2012 https:// imrussia.org/ en/nation/ 245-besprizorniki
  • KOENKER, Diane P. Ve diğerleri, Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1990.
  • LAPIDUS, Gail Warshofsky, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Chan- ge, University of California Press, California 1978.
  • MANDEL, William, “Soviet Women in the Work Foree and Professions” American Behaviraol Scientist, ss. 255-280. 1971. Erişim tarihi 1971 https:// deepblue.lib.umich.edu/ bitst- ream/ handle/ 2027.42/ 67596/ 10.1177_ 000276427101500208.pdf? sequence=2 (erişim: 17.8.2017).
  • MASSELL, Gregory J., The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929,Princeton University Press, Princeton1974.
  • NORTHROP, Douglas, Veiled Empire: Gender & Power in Stalinist Central Asia, Cornell Univer- sity Press, Ithaca 2003.
  • PHIZACKLEA, Annie ve diğerleri,“Introduction”Women in the Face of Change: Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China, Der. A.Phizacklea, H.Pilkington ve S. Rai, Routledge, London 1992.
  • RASHID, Ahmed, The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or nationalism?, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994.
  • RATHER, Farooq A., “Status of Women in Soviet Central Asia: A Case Study of Tajik Women”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013 http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0213/ijsrp-p1443.pdf(erişim: 19.9.2017).
  • REMASKAVSK, Natalia, “Perestroika, and the Status of Women in the Soviet Union” Women in the Face of Change: Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China, Der. A.Phizacklea, H.Pil- kington ve S. Rai, Routledge, London 1992.
  • SAEKS, Paul M., “Women, Work and Family in the Soviet Union”, Understanding Soviet Society,Der. M.P.Sacks ve J.G. Pankhurs, Allen and Unwin Ine., London1988.
  • SHKANIAN, Armine, Gendered Transitions Transitions: The Impact of the Post-Soviet Tran- sition on Women in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, Volume 2, issue ss:475-496, 2003 http:// citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ view- doc/ download? doi=10.1.1.576.7881&rep=rep1&type=pdf(erişim: 11.8.2017).
  • SIEGELBAUM, Lewis H., Soviet State and Society between Revolutions, 1918-1929, Cambrid- ge University Press, Cambridge 1992.
  • THIBAULT, Helene, “The Soviet Secularization Project in Central Asia: Accommodation and Institutional Legacies” Eurostudia 101 (2015): 11–31. DOI: 10.7202/1032440ar htt- ps:// www. erudit.org/ en/journals/ euro/2015-v10-n1-euro 02010/1032440ar.pdf(e- rişim: 19.9.2017).
  • TOHIDI, N. “Guardians of the Nation: Women, Islam, and the Soviet Legacy of Modernizati- on in Azerbaijan.” Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity, Der. H.L. Bodman ve N. Tohidi, N, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1998
  • WOOD, Elizabeth, A., The Bolsheviksin Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, Yale University Press, New Haven 1997.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Havva Çaha Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 88

Kaynak Göster

APA Çaha, H. (2017). Bolşevik Devrimi ve Orta Asyalı Müslüman Kadın: 1917-1950. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi(88), 5-29.