Effects of Supplementation Of L-alliin and Oleuropein into Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Feeds on Growth Performance, Some Immune Parameters and Disease Resistance (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida)

Abstract

The effects of L-alliin and oleuropein on growth performance, serum biochemical and innate immune parameters and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated in the present study. In the experiment, 270 rainbow trout with an average weight of 12.6 ± 0.91 were used. L-alliin and oleuropein were added to fish feeds at a rate of 10 mg / kg. Fish were fed with experimental diets for 60 days. The addition of L-alliin to the feed increased the performance of growth parameters. The results showed that L-alliin and oleuropein have no negative effect on immune parameters. Cholesterol level was found higher in Oleuropein added group rather than control group.

Keywords

• Rainbow trout
• L-alliin
• Oleuropein
• growth performance
• immune parameters

Gökkuşağı Alabalığı Yemlerine L-alliin ve Oleuropein İlavesinin Büyüme Performansı, Bazı Bağışıklık Parametreleri ve Hastalık Direnci (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida) Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yemlerine L-alliin ve oleuropein takviyesinin balıkların büyüme performansı, serum biyokimyasal, immünolojik parametreleri ve hastalık direnci üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Denemede, ortalama ağırlığı 12,6 ± 0,91 olan 270 gökkuşağı alabalığı kullanılmıştır. Balık yemlerine L-alliin ve oleuropein 10 mg/kg oranında ilave edilmiştir. Balıklar deneme yemleri ile 60 gün beslenmişlerdir. Alabalık yemlerine L-alliin ilavesinin balıkların büyüme performansını arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. L- alliin ve oleuropeinin immunolojik parametreler üzerinde olumsuz bir etki göstermemiştir. Oleuropein ilaveli grupta, kolestrol seviyesinin, kontrol grubuna oranla yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• gökkuşağı alabalığı
• L-Alliin
• Oleuropein
• büyüme performansı
• immunolojik parametreler

References

1. Abdel-Hakim NF, Lashin MME, Al-Azab AAM, Ashry AM. 2010. Effect of fresh or dried garlic as a natural feed supplement on growth performance and nutrients utilization of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticas). Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 14(2):19–38.doi: 10.21608/EJABF.2010.2058
2. Abou-Zeid SM. 2002. The Effect of Some Medical Plant on Reproductive and Productive Performance of Nile tilapia Fish [Ph.D. Thesis]. Cairo University. 212 s.
3. AOAC 1998. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International (16th ed., 4th Rev.). AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, Method 985.18.
4. Arora A, Tripathi C, Shukla Y. 2005. Garlic and its organosulfides as potential chemopreventive agents: A review. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews. 1(2):199– 205. doi: 10.2174/1573394054021772
5. Augusti K.T. 1977. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of garlic, Allium sativum, Linn. IJEB. 15:489–490.
6. Bongiorno PB, Fratellone PM, LoGiudice P. 2008. Potential health benefits of garlic (Allium sativum): A narrative review. J Complement Integr Med. 5(1):1-24. doi: 10.2202/1553-3840.1084
7. Bordia A, Bansal HC, Arora SK, Singh SV. 1975. Effect of essential oils of garlic and onion onalimentary hyperlipemia. Atherosclerosis. 21(1):15–19. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(75)90091-x
8. Carrijo AS, Madeira LA, Sartori JR, Pezzato AC, Goncalves JC, Cruz VC, Kuibida KV, Pinheiro DF. 2005. Powdered garlic in the alternative feeding of broiler chickens. Pesqui Agropecu Bras. 40(7):673-679. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2005000700008

9. Citarasu T, Immanuel G, Marian MP. 1998. Effects of feeding Artemia enriched with stresstol and cod liver oil on growth and stress resistance in the Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus post larvae. Asian Fish Sci. 12:65–75.
10. Citarasu T, Jayarani TV, Babu MM, Marian MP. 1999. Use of herbal bio-medicinal products in aquaculture of shrimp. Paper presented at: Aqua-Terr Annual Symposium; School of Biological Sciences, MK University, Madurai.
11. Citarasu T. Sekar R.R. Babu M.M. Marian M.P. 2002. Developing Artemia enriched herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus monodon. Asian Fish Sci. 15(1):21–32.
12. Citarasu T. 2010. Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquacult. Int. 18: 403–414.
13. Diab AS, El-Nagar GO, Abd-El-Hady YM. 2002. Evaluation of Nigella sativa L (black seeds; baraka), Allium sativum (garlic) and BIOGEN as feed additives on growth performance and immunostimulants of O. niloticus fingerlings. Suez Canal Vet Med J. 5(2):745-753.
14. Durak I, Aytaç B, Atmaca Y, Devrim E, Avci A, Erol C, Oral D. 2004. Effects of garlic extract consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in atherosclerotic patients. Life Sci. 75(16):1959-1966.doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.015
15. FAO. 2013. FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013: World food and agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 289 s.
16. FAO. 2016. Aquaculture Department, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 204. ISBN 978-92-5-109185-2.
17. Fauci AS. 1993. Multifactorial nature of human immunodeficiency virus: implications for therapy. Science, 262(5136):1011–1018.doi: 10.1126/science.8235617
18. Fleming HP, Walter WM, Jr. Etchells JL. 1973. Antimicrobial properties of oleuropein and products of its hydrolysis from green olives. Appl Microbiol. 26(5):777–782.
19. Folch J, Lees M, Sloane-Stanley GH. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 226(1):497-509.
20. Goncagul G, Ayaz E. 2010. Antimicrobial effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and traditional medicine. J Anim Vet Adv. 9(1):1-4.doi: 10.3923/javaa.2010.1.4
21. Hadrich F, Mahmoudi A, Bouallagui Z, Feki I, Isoda H, Feve B, Sayadi S. 2016. Evaluation of hypocholesterolemic effect of oleuropein in cholesterol-fed rats. Chem-Biol Interact. 252: 54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.026
22. Heydari H, Firouzbakhsh F, Paknejad H. 2020. Effects of Mentha longifolia extract on some blood and immune parameters, and disease resistance against yersiniosis in rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 515, 734586.doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734586
23. Iversen M, Finstad B, McKinley RS, Eliassen RA. 2003. The efficacy of metomidate clove oil aqui-s™ and benzoak® as anaesthetics in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts and their potential stress-reducing capacity. Aquaculture. 221(1-4):549-566.doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00111-X
24. Jayaprakas V, Sambhu C. 1996. Growth response of white prawn, Penaeus indicus to dietary L-carnitine. Asian Fish Sci. 9(3):209–219.
25. Kanani H.G, Nobahar Z, Kakoolaki S, Jafarian H. 2014. Effect of ginger- and garlic-supplemented diet on growth performance, some hematological parameters and immune responses in juvenile Huso huso. Fish Physiol Biochem. 40(2):481-490.doi: 10.1007/s10695-013-9859-6
26. Koshinski R, Velichkova K, Sirakov I, Stoyanova S. 2020. Effect of Angelica archangelica L. extract on growth performance, meat quality and biochemical blood parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.), cultivated in a recirculating system. Bulg J Agric Sci. 26 (1) 232–237.
27. Kumari J, Sahoo PK. 2006. Dietary levamisole modulates the ımmune response and disease resistance of Asian catfish Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus). Aquac Res. 37(5):500-509.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01456.x
28. Lawson LD. 1998. Garlic: a review of its medicinal effects and indicated active compounds. In: Lawson LD, Bauer R, eds. Phytomedicines of Europe: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society. 691(14):177-209. doi: 10.1021/bk-1998-0691.ch014
29. Maggon K. 2005. Best selling human medicine 2002–2004. Drug Discov Today. 10(11):739-742. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03468-9
30. Metwally MAA. 2009. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on some antioxidant activities in tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus). World J Fish Mar Sci. 1(1): 56-64.
31. Mithen R. 2006. Sulphur‑containing compounds. In: Crozier A, Clifford N and Ashida H editors. Plant secondary metabolites: occurrence, structure and role in the human diet Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing. s. 25‑46.
32. Ndong D, Fall J. 2011. The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and immune responses of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus). Journal of Clinical Immnunology and Immunopathology. 3(1):1-9.
33. Nudo LP, Catap ES. 2011. Immunostimulatory effects of Uncaria perrottetii (A. Rich.) Merr. (Rubiaceae) vinebark aqueous extract in Balb/C mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 133(2):613-620. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.044
34. Nwabueze AA. 2012. The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Sustainable Agric Res. 1(2):222–228. doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.231382
35. Nya EJ, Austin B. 2009. Use of garlic, Allium sativum, to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J Fish Dis. 32(11):963–970. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01100.x
36. Padiya R, Chowdhury D, Borkar R, Srinivas R, Pal Bhadra M, Banerjee SK. 2014. Garlic attenuates cardiac oxidative stress via activation of PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in fructose-fed diabetic rat. PLos One. 9(5):e94228. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094228
37. Pereira A.P, Ferreira ICFR, Marcelino F, Valentão P, Andrade F, Seabra R, Estevinho L, Bento A, Pereira JA. 2007. Phenolic compounds andantimicrobial activity of olive (Olea europaeaL.Cv.Cobrancßosa) leaves. Molecules. 12(5):1153-62. doi: 10.3390/12051153
38. Prasad S, Variyur PKB. 1993. Chemical investigation of some commonly used spices. Aryavaidyan. 6(4):262–267.
39. Quade M.J,. Roth J.A. 1997. A rapid direct assay to measure degranulation of bovine neutrophil primary granules. Vet Immunol Immunop. 58(3-4):239-248. doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00048-2
40. Qureshi AA, Din ZZ, Abuirmeileh N, Burger WC, Ahmad Y, Elson CE. 1983. Suppression of avian hepatic lipid metabolism by solvent extracts of garlic: impact on serum lipids. J. Nutr. 113(9):1746-1755. doi: 10.1093/jn/113.9.1746
41. Ramezanzadeh S, Abedian K, Esmaeili M. 2019. Immunohematological parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed supplemented diet with different forms of barberry root (Berberis vulgaris). Comparative Clinical Pathology. 29,177–187. doi: 10.1007/s00580-019-03032-8
42. Rashidian G, Bahrami S, Farsani MN, Prokić MD, Faggio C. 2018. The oak (Quercus brantii) acorn as a growth promotor for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): growth performance, body composition, liver enzymes activity and blood biochemical parameters. Nat Prod Res. 34(17):2413-2423. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1538994
43. Rashidian G, Kajbaf K, Prokić MD, Faggio C. 2020. Extract of common mallow (Malvae sylvestris) enhances growth, immunity, and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings against Yersinia ruckeri infection. Fish Shellfish Immun. 96:254-261. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.018
44. Rehulka J. 2003. Hematological analysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) affected by viral haemrrhagic septicaemia (VHS). Dis Aquat Organ. 56(3):185–193. doi: 10.3354/dao056185
45. Rose P, Whiteman M, Moore PK, Zhu YZ. 2005. Bioactive S‑alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: The chemistry of potential therapeutic agents. Nat Prod Rep. 22(3):351‑368. doi: 10.1039/b417639c
46. Rufchaei R, Mirvaghefi A, Hoseinifar SH, Valipour A, Nedaei S. 2020. Effects of dietary administration of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaves extracts on innate immune parameters, antioxidant defence and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 515: 734533. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734533
47. Sahu S, Das BK, Mishra BK, Pradhan J, Sarangi N. 2007. Effects of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. J Appl Ichthyol. 23(1):80-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00785.x
48. Sambhu C. 1996. Effect of hormones and growth promoters on growth and body composition of pearlsport, Etroplus suratensis and white prawn Penaeus indicus [Ph.D. Thesis]. University of Kerala. 215 p.
49. Sanandakumar S. 2002. MPEDA asks aquafarms not to use banned antibiotics, Times News Network, 9 April 2002.
50. Shalaby A. 2005. The opposing effect of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) on Ochratoxin toxicity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Paper presented at: 6th International. Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture; Philipin.
51. Shalaby AM, Shalaby YA, Khattab AM, Abdel R. 2006. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Venom Anim Toxins. 12(2):172-201. doi: 10.1590/S1678-91992006000200003
52. Sivaram V, Babu MM, Citarasu T, Immanuel G, Murugadass S, Marian MP. 2004. Growth and immune response of juvenile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) fed with herbal antibacterial active principle supplemented diets against Vibrio harveyi infections. Aquaculture. 237(1-4):9–20. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.03.014
53. Siwicki AK, Anderson DP. 1993. Nonspecific defense mechanisms assay in fish II; Potential killing activity of neutrophils and macrophages lysozyme activity in serum and organs and total immunoglobulin (lg) level in serum. In: Siwicki AK, Anderson DP, Waluga J, editors. Disease diagnosis and prevention methods. FAO-project GCP/INT/JPA IFI Olsztyn, Poland: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Rybactwa Strodladowego. s. 105–112.
54. Stasiak SA, Baumann PC. 1996. Neutrophil activity as a potential bioindicator for contaminant analysis. Fish Shellfish Immun. 6(7):537-539. doi: 10.1006/fsim.1996.0050
55. Sun W, Frost B, Liu J. 2017. Oleuropein, unexpected benefits. Oncotarget. 8: 17409. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15538
56. Touloupakis E, Ghanotakis DF. 2010. Nutraceutical use of garlic sulfur-containing compounds. Adv Exp Med Biol. 698: 110-121. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_9
57. Xie J, Liu B, Zhou Q, Su Y, He Y, Pan L, Ge X, Xu P. 2008. Effects of anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale Bail on crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio var. Jian. Aquaculture. 281(1-4):5-11. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.038
58. Yıldız G, Uylaşer V. 2011. Doğal bir antimikrobiyel: oleuropein. Uludağ Üniv Ziraat Fak Derg. 25(1):131-142.
59. Yılmaz S, Ergün, S. 2012. Effects of garlic and ginger oils on hematological and biochemical variables of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. J Aquat Anim Health. 24(4):219-224. doi: 10.1080/08997659.2012.711266
60. Yılmaz S, Ergün S, Çelik EŞ. 2016. Effect of dietary spice supplementations on welfare status of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B: Biol Sci. 86(1):229-237. doi: 10.1007/s40011-014-0444-2
61. Yilmaz S, Ergün S, Yıgıt M. 2018. Effects of dietary FARMARIN® XP supplement on immunological responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 496:211-220. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.024
62. Yilmaz S. 2018. Balık immunolojisi analiz yöntemleri/Methods of fish immunology analysis. İstanbul: Paradigma Akademi Yayınları 105 s.
63. Yılmaz S. Ergün S. 2018. Trans-cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): I. Effects on haematological, serum biochemical, non-specific immune and head kidney gene expression responses. Fish Shellfish Immun. 78:140-157. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.034
64. Zawistowski J, Kopec A, Jedrszczyk E, Francik R, Bystrowska B. 2018. Garlic grown from air bulbils and its potential health benefits. ACS Symp Ser. 1286: 315‑328. doi: 10.1021/bk-2018-1286.ch017
65. Zemheri-Navruz F, Acar Ü, Yılmaz S. 2019. Dietary supplementation of olive leaf extract increases haematological, serum biochemical parameters and immune related genes expression level in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles. Fish Shellfish Immun. 89:672-676. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.037