Research Article
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The effect of the combination of various training methodologies in horse training on the learning performances of Arabian horses

Year 2021, Volume: 61 Issue: 2, 66 - 76, 23.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610204

Abstract

This research aims at examining the learning performance of Arabian horses with the use of Join-up, Parelli’s Seven Games, and Clicker methods in combination and separately. In the research, thirty-six Arabian mares were examined and combinations of training methods were applied. Before and after the application of each training method, horses were directed to pass through a narrow-spaces and to walk on a tarp. While applying training methods, stress parameters, behavioral responses, and learning responses of horses were evaluated. The highest heart rates of the training groups were being during the application of the Join-up method. When the Parelli method was performed last, the training duration was 13.3% shorter. In walk on tarp task, the highest success score was in Clicker Method (75%). In the triple combination of training, when the Join-up method was performed last, task success rates decreased (33.3%). However, when the Join-up method was performed first, the success rate was 100%. When Parelli's methods were applied last, conflict behaviors were prevented, all horses learned vocal cues, and trusted their trainers. During the application of the Clicker method, all horses learned vocal cues and trusted their trainers. It was concluded that the order of methods is so crucial.

References

  • Beaver, B.V. (2019). Equine behavioral medicine. 65, Academic Press.
  • Blanchard, S. (2005). The Power of Positive Horse Training. Wiley Publishing.
  • Boivin, X., Lensink, J., Tallet, C., & Veissier, I. (2003). Stockmanship and farm animal welfare. Animal Welfare, 12: 479–492.
  • Christensen, J.W., Ahrendt, L.P., Lintrup, R., Gaillard, C., Palmed, R., & Malmkvist, J. (2012). Does learning performance in horses relate to fearfulness, baseline stress hormone, and social rank? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 140: 44– 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.05.003
  • Czycholl, I., Büttner, K., Klingbell, P., & Krieter, J. (2018). An indication of reliability of the two level approach of the welfare assessment protocol for horses. Animals, 8: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8010007
  • Dai, F., Costa, A.D., Bonfanti, L., Caucci, C., Martino, G.D., Lucarelli, R., Padalino, B., & Minero, M. (2019). Positive reinforcement-based training for self-loading of meat horses reduces loading time and stress-related behavior. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00350
  • Dalla Costa, E., Dai, F., Lebelt, D., Scholz, P., Barbien, S., Canali, E., Zanella, A.J., & Minero, M. (2016). Welfare assessment of horses: The AWIN approach. Animal Welfare, 25: 481–488. https://doi.org/10.7120/ 09627286.25.4.481
  • Dougherty, D.M., & Lewis, P. (1992). Matching by horses on several concurrent variable- interval schedules. Behavioral Processes, 26: 69–76. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0376-6357(92)90003-V
  • Feng, C.F., Howell, T.J., & Bennett, P.C. (2016). How clicker training works: Comparing reinforcing, marking and bridging hypotheses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 181: 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim. 2016.05.012
  • Fenner, K., McLean, A., & McGreevy, P. (2019). Cutting to the chase: How round-pen, lunging and high-speed liberty work may compromise horse welfare. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 29: 88–94, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.05.003
  • Flannery, B. (1997). Relational discrimination learning in horses. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 54: 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00006-3
  • Fureix, C., Pagès, M., Bon, R., Lassalle, J.M., Kuntz, P., & Gonzalez, G. A. (2009). Preliminary study of the effects of handling type on horses’ emotional reactivity and the human-horse relationship. Behavioral Processes, 82: 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2009.06.012
  • Hall, C., & Heleski, C. (2017). The role of the ethogram in equitation science. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190: 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim. 2017.02.013
  • Hartmann, E., Christensen, J.W., & McGreevy, P.D. (2017). Dominance and leadership: useful concepts in human–horse interactions? Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 52:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.015
  • Heird, J.C., Whitaker, D.D., Bell, R.W., Ramsey, C.B., & Lokey, C.E. (1986). The effects of handling at different ages on the subsequent learning ability of 2-year-old horses. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 15: 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(86)90018-3
  • ISES (International Society of Equitational Science). (2017). Position statement on the use/misuse of leadership and dominance concepts in horse training. Retrieved May, 10, 2021, from http:// equitationscience.com/equitation /position-statement-on-the-use-misuse-of-leadership-and-dominance-concepts-in-horse-training. 2017.
  • Janczarek, I., Stachurska, A., Kedzierski, W., & Wilk, I. (2013). Response of horse of various breeds to a sympathetic training method. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 33: 794-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.12.014
  • Kydd, E., Padalino, B., Henshall, C., & McGreevy, P. (2017). An analysis of equine round pen training videos posted online: Differences between amateur and professional trainers. PLoS ONE, 12(9): e0184851. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0184851
  • Lansade, L., Bertrand, M.C., Boivin, X., & Bouissou, M.F. (2004). Effects of handling at weaning on manageability and reactivity of foals. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 87: 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.12.011
  • Lansade, L., & Bouissou, M.F. (2008). Reactivity to humans: A temperament trait of horses which is stable across time and situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 114: 492–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.012
  • Lansade, L., & Simon, F. (2010). Horse learning performances are under the influence of several temperemental dimensions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 125: 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.02.010
  • Lansade, L., Bonneau, C., Parias, C., & Biau, S. (2019). Horse’s emotional state and rider safety during grooming practices, a field study. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 217: 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.04.017
  • Lesimple, C. (2020). Indicators of horse welfare: State-of-the-art. Animals, 10:294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020294
  • Lethbridge, E. (2009). Knowing your horse: A Guide to Equine Learning, Training and Behavior. Blackwell. London.
  • Loftus, L., Marks, K., Jones-McVey, R., Gonzales, J.L., & Fowler, V.L. (2016). Monty Roberts’ public demonstrations: Preliminary report on the heart rate and heart rate variability of horses undergoing training during live audience events. Animals, 6 (9):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6090055
  • McEwen, B.S. (2019). The good side of “stress”. The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 22: 524–525. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2019.1631794.
  • McGreevy, P.D. (2007). The advent of equitation science. Veterinary Journal, 174:492–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.09.008
  • McGreevy, P.D., & McLean, A.N. (2007). The roles of learning theory and ethology inequitation. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 2: 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2007.05.003
  • McGreevy, P.D., & McLean, A.N. (2010). Equitation Science. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK.
  • McGreevy, P.D., McLean, A.N., Warren-Smith, A.K., Waran, N., & Goodwin, D. (2005). Defining the terms and processes associated with equitation. Proceedings of the First International Equitation Science Symposium, pp. 10–43, Melbourne, Australia.
  • McGreevy, P.D., Oddie, C., Burton, F.L., & McLean, A.N. (2009). The horse–human dyad: Can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram? Veterinary Journal, 181. pp. 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.005
  • McLean, A.N. (2003). The Truth About Horses. David & Charles, Devon, UK.
  • McLean, A.N, & Christensen, J.W. (2017). The application of learning theory in horse training. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.020
  • Mills, D.S., & McDonnell, S. (2005). The Domestic Horse. Cambridge University Press.
  • Parelli, P. (1993). Natural Horsemanship. Western Horseman Colorado Springs. Globe Pequot Press.
  • Parkin, T., Brown, J., & Macdonald, E. (2018). Occupational risks of working with horses: A questionnaire survey of equine veterinary surgeons. Equine Veterinary Education, 30, 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12891
  • Physick-Sheard, P.W., Marlin, D.J., Thornhill, R., & Schroter, R.C. (2000). Frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability in horses at rest and during exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal, 32, 253–262. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516400776563572
  • Pryor, K. (2002). Don’t Shoot The Dog The New Art of Teaching and Training, Bentam Books, New York.
  • Roberts, M. (1997). The Man Who Listens to Horses. Arrow Books. London.
  • Roberts, M. (2000). Join-Up: Horse Sense for People. Harper Collins. London.
  • Sappington, B.F., & Goldman, L. (1994). Discrimination learning and concept formation in the Arabian horse. Journal of Animal Science, 12: 3080–3087. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.72123080x SPSS 14. (2005). Statistical package for the social sciences. (Licence number: 9869264).
  • Turner, O. (2013). Exploring clicker training: A method of positive reinforcement to improve the welfare of horse training. Conference Proceedings of the 9th International Equitation Science Conference, pp. 56, USA.
  • Visser, E.K., Van Reenen, C.G., Van, Der Werf, J.T.N., Schilder, M.B.H., Knaap, J.H., Barneveld, A., & Blokhuis, H.J. (2002). Heart rate and heart rate variability during a novel object test and a handling test in young horses. Physiology and Behavior, 76: 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00698-4
  • Visser, E.K., Van Reenen, C.G., Schilder, M.B.H., Barneveld, A., & Blokhuis, H.J. (2003). Learning performance in young horses using two different learning tests. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 80:311–326. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00235-6
  • Waran, N., McGreevy, P.D., & Casey, R.A. (2007). Training methods and horse welfare. Animal Welfare, 1: 151-180.
  • Waran, N., &Randle, H. (2017). What we can measure, we can manage: The importance of using robust welfare indicators in Equitation Science, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190: 74–81. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.016
  • Waring, G., 2003. Horse behavior, 2nd ed. Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY.
  • Williams, J.L., Friend, T.H., Nevill, C.H., & Archer, G. (2004). The efficacy of a secondary reinforcer (clicker) during acquisition and extinction of an operant task in horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 88:331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.03.008
  • Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, O., Grzędzicka, J., Sen, J., Czopowicz, M., Zmigrodzka, M., Winnicka, A., Cywinska, A., & Carter, C. (2021). Stress response after race and endurance training sessions and competitions in Arabian horses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105265
Year 2021, Volume: 61 Issue: 2, 66 - 76, 23.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610204

Abstract

References

  • Beaver, B.V. (2019). Equine behavioral medicine. 65, Academic Press.
  • Blanchard, S. (2005). The Power of Positive Horse Training. Wiley Publishing.
  • Boivin, X., Lensink, J., Tallet, C., & Veissier, I. (2003). Stockmanship and farm animal welfare. Animal Welfare, 12: 479–492.
  • Christensen, J.W., Ahrendt, L.P., Lintrup, R., Gaillard, C., Palmed, R., & Malmkvist, J. (2012). Does learning performance in horses relate to fearfulness, baseline stress hormone, and social rank? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 140: 44– 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.05.003
  • Czycholl, I., Büttner, K., Klingbell, P., & Krieter, J. (2018). An indication of reliability of the two level approach of the welfare assessment protocol for horses. Animals, 8: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8010007
  • Dai, F., Costa, A.D., Bonfanti, L., Caucci, C., Martino, G.D., Lucarelli, R., Padalino, B., & Minero, M. (2019). Positive reinforcement-based training for self-loading of meat horses reduces loading time and stress-related behavior. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00350
  • Dalla Costa, E., Dai, F., Lebelt, D., Scholz, P., Barbien, S., Canali, E., Zanella, A.J., & Minero, M. (2016). Welfare assessment of horses: The AWIN approach. Animal Welfare, 25: 481–488. https://doi.org/10.7120/ 09627286.25.4.481
  • Dougherty, D.M., & Lewis, P. (1992). Matching by horses on several concurrent variable- interval schedules. Behavioral Processes, 26: 69–76. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0376-6357(92)90003-V
  • Feng, C.F., Howell, T.J., & Bennett, P.C. (2016). How clicker training works: Comparing reinforcing, marking and bridging hypotheses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 181: 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim. 2016.05.012
  • Fenner, K., McLean, A., & McGreevy, P. (2019). Cutting to the chase: How round-pen, lunging and high-speed liberty work may compromise horse welfare. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res, 29: 88–94, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.05.003
  • Flannery, B. (1997). Relational discrimination learning in horses. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 54: 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00006-3
  • Fureix, C., Pagès, M., Bon, R., Lassalle, J.M., Kuntz, P., & Gonzalez, G. A. (2009). Preliminary study of the effects of handling type on horses’ emotional reactivity and the human-horse relationship. Behavioral Processes, 82: 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2009.06.012
  • Hall, C., & Heleski, C. (2017). The role of the ethogram in equitation science. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190: 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim. 2017.02.013
  • Hartmann, E., Christensen, J.W., & McGreevy, P.D. (2017). Dominance and leadership: useful concepts in human–horse interactions? Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 52:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.015
  • Heird, J.C., Whitaker, D.D., Bell, R.W., Ramsey, C.B., & Lokey, C.E. (1986). The effects of handling at different ages on the subsequent learning ability of 2-year-old horses. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 15: 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(86)90018-3
  • ISES (International Society of Equitational Science). (2017). Position statement on the use/misuse of leadership and dominance concepts in horse training. Retrieved May, 10, 2021, from http:// equitationscience.com/equitation /position-statement-on-the-use-misuse-of-leadership-and-dominance-concepts-in-horse-training. 2017.
  • Janczarek, I., Stachurska, A., Kedzierski, W., & Wilk, I. (2013). Response of horse of various breeds to a sympathetic training method. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 33: 794-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.12.014
  • Kydd, E., Padalino, B., Henshall, C., & McGreevy, P. (2017). An analysis of equine round pen training videos posted online: Differences between amateur and professional trainers. PLoS ONE, 12(9): e0184851. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0184851
  • Lansade, L., Bertrand, M.C., Boivin, X., & Bouissou, M.F. (2004). Effects of handling at weaning on manageability and reactivity of foals. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 87: 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.12.011
  • Lansade, L., & Bouissou, M.F. (2008). Reactivity to humans: A temperament trait of horses which is stable across time and situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 114: 492–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.012
  • Lansade, L., & Simon, F. (2010). Horse learning performances are under the influence of several temperemental dimensions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 125: 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.02.010
  • Lansade, L., Bonneau, C., Parias, C., & Biau, S. (2019). Horse’s emotional state and rider safety during grooming practices, a field study. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 217: 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.04.017
  • Lesimple, C. (2020). Indicators of horse welfare: State-of-the-art. Animals, 10:294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020294
  • Lethbridge, E. (2009). Knowing your horse: A Guide to Equine Learning, Training and Behavior. Blackwell. London.
  • Loftus, L., Marks, K., Jones-McVey, R., Gonzales, J.L., & Fowler, V.L. (2016). Monty Roberts’ public demonstrations: Preliminary report on the heart rate and heart rate variability of horses undergoing training during live audience events. Animals, 6 (9):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6090055
  • McEwen, B.S. (2019). The good side of “stress”. The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 22: 524–525. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2019.1631794.
  • McGreevy, P.D. (2007). The advent of equitation science. Veterinary Journal, 174:492–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.09.008
  • McGreevy, P.D., & McLean, A.N. (2007). The roles of learning theory and ethology inequitation. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 2: 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2007.05.003
  • McGreevy, P.D., & McLean, A.N. (2010). Equitation Science. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK.
  • McGreevy, P.D., McLean, A.N., Warren-Smith, A.K., Waran, N., & Goodwin, D. (2005). Defining the terms and processes associated with equitation. Proceedings of the First International Equitation Science Symposium, pp. 10–43, Melbourne, Australia.
  • McGreevy, P.D., Oddie, C., Burton, F.L., & McLean, A.N. (2009). The horse–human dyad: Can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram? Veterinary Journal, 181. pp. 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.005
  • McLean, A.N. (2003). The Truth About Horses. David & Charles, Devon, UK.
  • McLean, A.N, & Christensen, J.W. (2017). The application of learning theory in horse training. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.020
  • Mills, D.S., & McDonnell, S. (2005). The Domestic Horse. Cambridge University Press.
  • Parelli, P. (1993). Natural Horsemanship. Western Horseman Colorado Springs. Globe Pequot Press.
  • Parkin, T., Brown, J., & Macdonald, E. (2018). Occupational risks of working with horses: A questionnaire survey of equine veterinary surgeons. Equine Veterinary Education, 30, 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12891
  • Physick-Sheard, P.W., Marlin, D.J., Thornhill, R., & Schroter, R.C. (2000). Frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability in horses at rest and during exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal, 32, 253–262. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516400776563572
  • Pryor, K. (2002). Don’t Shoot The Dog The New Art of Teaching and Training, Bentam Books, New York.
  • Roberts, M. (1997). The Man Who Listens to Horses. Arrow Books. London.
  • Roberts, M. (2000). Join-Up: Horse Sense for People. Harper Collins. London.
  • Sappington, B.F., & Goldman, L. (1994). Discrimination learning and concept formation in the Arabian horse. Journal of Animal Science, 12: 3080–3087. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.72123080x SPSS 14. (2005). Statistical package for the social sciences. (Licence number: 9869264).
  • Turner, O. (2013). Exploring clicker training: A method of positive reinforcement to improve the welfare of horse training. Conference Proceedings of the 9th International Equitation Science Conference, pp. 56, USA.
  • Visser, E.K., Van Reenen, C.G., Van, Der Werf, J.T.N., Schilder, M.B.H., Knaap, J.H., Barneveld, A., & Blokhuis, H.J. (2002). Heart rate and heart rate variability during a novel object test and a handling test in young horses. Physiology and Behavior, 76: 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00698-4
  • Visser, E.K., Van Reenen, C.G., Schilder, M.B.H., Barneveld, A., & Blokhuis, H.J. (2003). Learning performance in young horses using two different learning tests. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 80:311–326. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00235-6
  • Waran, N., McGreevy, P.D., & Casey, R.A. (2007). Training methods and horse welfare. Animal Welfare, 1: 151-180.
  • Waran, N., &Randle, H. (2017). What we can measure, we can manage: The importance of using robust welfare indicators in Equitation Science, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 190: 74–81. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.016
  • Waring, G., 2003. Horse behavior, 2nd ed. Noyes Publications/William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY.
  • Williams, J.L., Friend, T.H., Nevill, C.H., & Archer, G. (2004). The efficacy of a secondary reinforcer (clicker) during acquisition and extinction of an operant task in horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 88:331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.03.008
  • Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, O., Grzędzicka, J., Sen, J., Czopowicz, M., Zmigrodzka, M., Winnicka, A., Cywinska, A., & Carter, C. (2021). Stress response after race and endurance training sessions and competitions in Arabian horses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105265
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Zootechny (Other)
Journal Section 61-2
Authors

Sibel Danışan This is me

Ceyhan Özbeyaz This is me

Publication Date December 23, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 61 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Danışan, S., & Özbeyaz, C. (2021). The effect of the combination of various training methodologies in horse training on the learning performances of Arabian horses. Livestock Studies, 61(2), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610204
AMA Danışan S, Özbeyaz C. The effect of the combination of various training methodologies in horse training on the learning performances of Arabian horses. Livestock Studies. December 2021;61(2):66-76. doi:10.46897/livestockstudies.610204
Chicago Danışan, Sibel, and Ceyhan Özbeyaz. “The Effect of the Combination of Various Training Methodologies in Horse Training on the Learning Performances of Arabian Horses”. Livestock Studies 61, no. 2 (December 2021): 66-76. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610204.
EndNote Danışan S, Özbeyaz C (December 1, 2021) The effect of the combination of various training methodologies in horse training on the learning performances of Arabian horses. Livestock Studies 61 2 66–76.
IEEE S. Danışan and C. Özbeyaz, “The effect of the combination of various training methodologies in horse training on the learning performances of Arabian horses”, Livestock Studies, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 66–76, 2021, doi: 10.46897/livestockstudies.610204.
ISNAD Danışan, Sibel - Özbeyaz, Ceyhan. “The Effect of the Combination of Various Training Methodologies in Horse Training on the Learning Performances of Arabian Horses”. Livestock Studies 61/2 (December 2021), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.610204.
JAMA Danışan S, Özbeyaz C. The effect of the combination of various training methodologies in horse training on the learning performances of Arabian horses. Livestock Studies. 2021;61:66–76.
MLA Danışan, Sibel and Ceyhan Özbeyaz. “The Effect of the Combination of Various Training Methodologies in Horse Training on the Learning Performances of Arabian Horses”. Livestock Studies, vol. 61, no. 2, 2021, pp. 66-76, doi:10.46897/livestockstudies.610204.
Vancouver Danışan S, Özbeyaz C. The effect of the combination of various training methodologies in horse training on the learning performances of Arabian horses. Livestock Studies. 2021;61(2):66-7.