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İklim Değişikliğinin Adalar Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Ekolojik Kırılganlık Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 11, 9 - 21, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışma, iklim değişikliğinin ada ekosistemleri üzerindeki etkilerini ve bu sistemlerin ekolojik kırılganlıklarını çok boyutlu bir şekilde değerlendirmektedir. Adalar; sınırlı alanları, izolasyonları ve özgün doğal koşulları nedeniyle iklim değişikliğine karşı son derece savunmasızdır. Yükselen deniz seviyeleri, sıcaklık artışları ve artan aşırı hava olayları, ada biyoçeşitliliğini, su kaynaklarını, tarımsal üretimi, kültürel mirası ve turizmi tehdit etmektedir. Çalışmada, ada ekosistemlerinin fiziksel ve sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri açıklanmış; biyolojik çeşitlilik, kültürel peyzajlar ve tarım-turizm sektörleri bağlamında iklim değişikliğinin etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde gerçekleştirilen vaka çalışmaları (ör. Pico Adası, Sagar Adası, Pingtan, Chongming, vb.) ile farklı kırılganlık değerlendirme yaklaşımları (SRP, PSR, CVI, TEV) örneklendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ada ekosistemlerinin korunması ve uyum sürecinin güçlendirilmesi için yerel toplulukların katılımı, disiplinler arası iş birliği ve bilimsel temelli planlamaların önemi vurgulanmaktadır.

References

  • Anonim, 2023a. Çanakkale Belediyesi. Çanakkale iklim değişikliği eylem planı. https://www.canakkale.bel.tr/file/706/K2oscqVGV6swlIMqB_l6kISJ_F6S4pnv.pdf Erişim Tarihi 03.02.2025
  • Anonim, 2023b. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı (2024-2030). https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/Iklim%20Degisikligine%20Uyum%20Stratejisi%20ve%20Eylem%20Plan%C4%B1.pdf Erişim Tarihi 22.04.2025
  • Anonymous, 2009. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Invasive alien species: A threat to biodiversity. ISBN: 92-9225-119-8. Retrieved from: https://www.cbd.int/doc/bioday/2009/idb-2009-booklet-en.pdf Erişim Tarihi 01.05.2025
  • Anonymous, 2014. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Island Biodiversity – Island Bright Spots in Conservation & Sustainability, 92 pp .https://www.cbd.int/idb/image/2014/idb-2014-booklet.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2025
  • Anonymous, 2021. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp.doi:10.1017/9781009157896 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf Erişim tarihi: 15.03.2025
  • Anonymous, 2024, https://www.activesustainability.com/climate-change/countries-risk-disappearing-climate-change/ Erişim tarihi: 17.06.2025
  • Barnett, J., 2020. Climate change and food security in the Pacific Islands. Food Security in Small Island States, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8256-7_2
  • Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., & Courchamp, F., 2012. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 15(4), 365-377.
  • Borges, P. Phillips, M.R. Ng, K. Medeiros, A. ve Calado, H., 2014. "Preliminary Coastal Vulnerability Assessment for Pico Island (Azores)", Journal of Coastal Research: 385-388
  • Cartwright J., 2019. Ecological islands: conserving biodiversity hotspots in a changing climate. Front Ecol Environ 17(6):331–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2058
  • Cassar, M., C. Young, T. Weighell, D. Sheppard, B. Bomhard, and P. Rosabal., 2006. Predicting and Managing the Effects of Climate Change on World Heritage. A joint report from the World Heritage Centre, its Advisory Bodies, and a broad group of experts to the 30th session of the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO World Heritage Center, Paris, France.
  • Chen, X., Li, X., Eladawy, A., Yu, T., & Sha, J., 2021. A multi-dimensional vulnerability assessment of Pingtan Island (China) and Nile Delta (Egypt) using ecological Sensitivity-Resilience-Pressure (SRP) model. Human Ecology Risk Assessment: Theory and Practice, 27(7), 1860–1882. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2021.1912585
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç., 2022, İklim ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Krizi. İklim Değişikliği Bağlamında Küresel ve Yerel Yansımalar, Tuğaç, Çiğdem, Editör, Nobel, Ankara, ss.63-89.
  • Courchamp, F., Hoffmann, B. D., Russell, J. C., Leclerc, C. & Bellard, C., 2014. Climate change, sea-level rise, and conservation: keeping island biodiversity afloat. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29, 127–130
  • Del Río-Rama, M.d.l.C.; Maldonado-Erazo, C.P.; Álvarez-García, J.; Durán-Sánchez,. 2020. A. Cultural and Natural Resources in Tourism Island: Bibliometric Mapping. Sustainability, 12, 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020724
  • Demir, A., 2009. Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Ekosistem Kaynakları Üzerine Etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 1(2):37-54. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000013
  • Díaz, S., Settele, J., Brondizio, E. S., Ngo, H. T., Agard, J., Arneth, A., ... & Zayas, C. N., 2019. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084150. PMID: 33919950; PMCID: PMC8070947.
  • Duvat, V. K. E., Magnan, A. K., Wise, R. M., Hay, J. E., Fazey, I., Hinkel, J., Stojanovic, T., Yamano, H., & Ballu, V., 2017. Trajectories of exposure and vulnerability of small islands to climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(5), e478. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.478
  • Ercek, M. S., & Batan, M., 2024. Gelecek iklim projeksiyonlarına göre Türkiye’nin sektörel bazda iklim değişikliğinden etkilenebilirliği ve çözüm önerileri. Innovative Studies in Engineering Sciences Design: All Sciences Academy Design. ISBN 978-625-6314-15-3.
  • Graci, S. and Dodds, R., 2010. Sustainable Tourism in Island Destinations. Earthscan, London.
  • Harter, D. E. V., Irl, S. D. H., Seo, B., Steinbauer, M. J., Gillespie, R., Triantis, K. A., Fernández-Palacios, J. M., & Beierkuhnlein, C., 2015. Impacts of global climate change on the floras of oceanic islands – Projections, implications, and current knowledge. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 17(2), 1https://doi.org/10/j.ppees.2015.01.003
  • Howland M. D, Thompson V. D., 2024.Modeling the potential impact of storm surge and sea level rise on coastal archaeological heritage: A case study from Georgia. PLoS ONE 19(2): e0297178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297178
  • Huswald, T., Pașcalău, R., Șmuleac, L., Stanciu, S. M., & Imbrea, F., 2022. Biodiversity and climate changes in the Caribbean area. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(2), 78. ISSN: 2668-926X.
  • Kahraman, E. D., & Sılaydın Aydın, M. B., 2016. Deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi tehdidine karşı kıyı kentlerinin morfolojik açıdan kırılganlık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. TÜCAUM Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 13-14 Ekim 2016, Ankara. Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (TÜCAUM).
  • Kueffer, C. and Kinney, K., 2017. What is the importance of islands to environmental conservation?, Environmental Conservation 44 (4): 311–322
  • Kurnaz, M. L., 2023. İklim Değişikliği ve Uyum Süreçlerinde Türkiye. Resilience ,7 (1),199–208. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1312684
  • Lazrus, H., 2012. Sea Change: Island Communities and Climate Change, September 2012, Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1):285-301
  • MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O., 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton university press. Mandal, S., Satpati, L. N., Choudhury, B. U., & others., 2018. Climate change vulnerability of agricultural ecosystems in a small island: Evidence from Sagar Island, India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 132, 451–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2098-5
  • Reeder-Myers, L.A., 2015. Cultural Heritage at Risk in the Twenty-First Century: A Vulnerability Assessment of Coastal Archaeological Sites in the United States, Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology, 10:436–445, DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2015.1008074
  • Russell J, Kueffer C., 2019. Island Biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44(1): 31–60. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033245
  • Türkseven, Ö. Y., Gunduz, O., & Baba, A., 2024. Innovative Solutions on Water Management for Islands Under Climate Change. In Climate Change and Water Resources in Mediterranean Countries. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65960-7_3
  • Velmurugan, A., 2008. Biodiversity and climate change adaptation in tropical islands. In Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Islands (pp. 3-30). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813064-3.00001-6
  • Veron, S., Mouchet, M., Govaerts, R., 2019. Vulnerability to climate change of islands worldwide and its impact on the tree of life. Sci Rep 9, 14471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51107-x
  • Yang, Z., Li, J., & Wang, S., 2021. Assessing Ecological Vulnerability under Climate Change and Anthropogenic Influence in the Yangtze River Estuarine Island-Chongming Island, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
  • Zhang, H., & Walsh, S. J., 2018. The Zhoushan Islands, China, and Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: Island sustainability and forces of change. Comprehensive Remote Sensing, 9, 306-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10624-2

Evaluating the Ecological Vulnerability of Islands under the Impacts of Climate Change

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 11, 9 - 21, 30.06.2025

Abstract

This study offers a multidimensional evaluation of the impacts of climate change on island ecosystems and their ecological vulnerability. Due to their limited land area, isolation, and unique environmental conditions, islands are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Sea-level rise, increasing temperatures, and the frequency of extreme weather events threaten island biodiversity, freshwater resources, agricultural production, cultural heritage, and tourism. The study explores the physical and socio-economic characteristics of island ecosystems and analyzes climate-induced risks in relation to biodiversity, cultural landscapes, and the agriculture-tourism nexus. Moreover, a range of national and international case studies (e.g., Pico Island, Sagar Island, Pingtan, Chongming, etc.) are reviewed, demonstrating different vulnerability assessment models such as SRP, PSR, CVI, and TEV. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, community participation, and evidence-based planning for enhancing resilience and ensuring the sustainable management of island ecosystems under climate change.

References

  • Anonim, 2023a. Çanakkale Belediyesi. Çanakkale iklim değişikliği eylem planı. https://www.canakkale.bel.tr/file/706/K2oscqVGV6swlIMqB_l6kISJ_F6S4pnv.pdf Erişim Tarihi 03.02.2025
  • Anonim, 2023b. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı (2024-2030). https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/Iklim%20Degisikligine%20Uyum%20Stratejisi%20ve%20Eylem%20Plan%C4%B1.pdf Erişim Tarihi 22.04.2025
  • Anonymous, 2009. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Invasive alien species: A threat to biodiversity. ISBN: 92-9225-119-8. Retrieved from: https://www.cbd.int/doc/bioday/2009/idb-2009-booklet-en.pdf Erişim Tarihi 01.05.2025
  • Anonymous, 2014. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Island Biodiversity – Island Bright Spots in Conservation & Sustainability, 92 pp .https://www.cbd.int/idb/image/2014/idb-2014-booklet.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2025
  • Anonymous, 2021. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp.doi:10.1017/9781009157896 https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf Erişim tarihi: 15.03.2025
  • Anonymous, 2024, https://www.activesustainability.com/climate-change/countries-risk-disappearing-climate-change/ Erişim tarihi: 17.06.2025
  • Barnett, J., 2020. Climate change and food security in the Pacific Islands. Food Security in Small Island States, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8256-7_2
  • Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., & Courchamp, F., 2012. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 15(4), 365-377.
  • Borges, P. Phillips, M.R. Ng, K. Medeiros, A. ve Calado, H., 2014. "Preliminary Coastal Vulnerability Assessment for Pico Island (Azores)", Journal of Coastal Research: 385-388
  • Cartwright J., 2019. Ecological islands: conserving biodiversity hotspots in a changing climate. Front Ecol Environ 17(6):331–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2058
  • Cassar, M., C. Young, T. Weighell, D. Sheppard, B. Bomhard, and P. Rosabal., 2006. Predicting and Managing the Effects of Climate Change on World Heritage. A joint report from the World Heritage Centre, its Advisory Bodies, and a broad group of experts to the 30th session of the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO World Heritage Center, Paris, France.
  • Chen, X., Li, X., Eladawy, A., Yu, T., & Sha, J., 2021. A multi-dimensional vulnerability assessment of Pingtan Island (China) and Nile Delta (Egypt) using ecological Sensitivity-Resilience-Pressure (SRP) model. Human Ecology Risk Assessment: Theory and Practice, 27(7), 1860–1882. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2021.1912585
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç., 2022, İklim ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Krizi. İklim Değişikliği Bağlamında Küresel ve Yerel Yansımalar, Tuğaç, Çiğdem, Editör, Nobel, Ankara, ss.63-89.
  • Courchamp, F., Hoffmann, B. D., Russell, J. C., Leclerc, C. & Bellard, C., 2014. Climate change, sea-level rise, and conservation: keeping island biodiversity afloat. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29, 127–130
  • Del Río-Rama, M.d.l.C.; Maldonado-Erazo, C.P.; Álvarez-García, J.; Durán-Sánchez,. 2020. A. Cultural and Natural Resources in Tourism Island: Bibliometric Mapping. Sustainability, 12, 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020724
  • Demir, A., 2009. Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Ekosistem Kaynakları Üzerine Etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 1(2):37-54. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000013
  • Díaz, S., Settele, J., Brondizio, E. S., Ngo, H. T., Agard, J., Arneth, A., ... & Zayas, C. N., 2019. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084150. PMID: 33919950; PMCID: PMC8070947.
  • Duvat, V. K. E., Magnan, A. K., Wise, R. M., Hay, J. E., Fazey, I., Hinkel, J., Stojanovic, T., Yamano, H., & Ballu, V., 2017. Trajectories of exposure and vulnerability of small islands to climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(5), e478. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.478
  • Ercek, M. S., & Batan, M., 2024. Gelecek iklim projeksiyonlarına göre Türkiye’nin sektörel bazda iklim değişikliğinden etkilenebilirliği ve çözüm önerileri. Innovative Studies in Engineering Sciences Design: All Sciences Academy Design. ISBN 978-625-6314-15-3.
  • Graci, S. and Dodds, R., 2010. Sustainable Tourism in Island Destinations. Earthscan, London.
  • Harter, D. E. V., Irl, S. D. H., Seo, B., Steinbauer, M. J., Gillespie, R., Triantis, K. A., Fernández-Palacios, J. M., & Beierkuhnlein, C., 2015. Impacts of global climate change on the floras of oceanic islands – Projections, implications, and current knowledge. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 17(2), 1https://doi.org/10/j.ppees.2015.01.003
  • Howland M. D, Thompson V. D., 2024.Modeling the potential impact of storm surge and sea level rise on coastal archaeological heritage: A case study from Georgia. PLoS ONE 19(2): e0297178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297178
  • Huswald, T., Pașcalău, R., Șmuleac, L., Stanciu, S. M., & Imbrea, F., 2022. Biodiversity and climate changes in the Caribbean area. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(2), 78. ISSN: 2668-926X.
  • Kahraman, E. D., & Sılaydın Aydın, M. B., 2016. Deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi tehdidine karşı kıyı kentlerinin morfolojik açıdan kırılganlık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. TÜCAUM Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 13-14 Ekim 2016, Ankara. Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (TÜCAUM).
  • Kueffer, C. and Kinney, K., 2017. What is the importance of islands to environmental conservation?, Environmental Conservation 44 (4): 311–322
  • Kurnaz, M. L., 2023. İklim Değişikliği ve Uyum Süreçlerinde Türkiye. Resilience ,7 (1),199–208. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1312684
  • Lazrus, H., 2012. Sea Change: Island Communities and Climate Change, September 2012, Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1):285-301
  • MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O., 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton university press. Mandal, S., Satpati, L. N., Choudhury, B. U., & others., 2018. Climate change vulnerability of agricultural ecosystems in a small island: Evidence from Sagar Island, India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 132, 451–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2098-5
  • Reeder-Myers, L.A., 2015. Cultural Heritage at Risk in the Twenty-First Century: A Vulnerability Assessment of Coastal Archaeological Sites in the United States, Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology, 10:436–445, DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2015.1008074
  • Russell J, Kueffer C., 2019. Island Biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44(1): 31–60. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033245
  • Türkseven, Ö. Y., Gunduz, O., & Baba, A., 2024. Innovative Solutions on Water Management for Islands Under Climate Change. In Climate Change and Water Resources in Mediterranean Countries. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-65960-7_3
  • Velmurugan, A., 2008. Biodiversity and climate change adaptation in tropical islands. In Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Islands (pp. 3-30). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813064-3.00001-6
  • Veron, S., Mouchet, M., Govaerts, R., 2019. Vulnerability to climate change of islands worldwide and its impact on the tree of life. Sci Rep 9, 14471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51107-x
  • Yang, Z., Li, J., & Wang, S., 2021. Assessing Ecological Vulnerability under Climate Change and Anthropogenic Influence in the Yangtze River Estuarine Island-Chongming Island, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
  • Zhang, H., & Walsh, S. J., 2018. The Zhoushan Islands, China, and Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: Island sustainability and forces of change. Comprehensive Remote Sensing, 9, 306-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10624-2
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Land and Water Resources in Landscape Architecture, Landscape Planning
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Ümmühangül Karaca 0000-0003-3982-6654

Çiğdem Kaptan Ayhan 0000-0001-5148-4162

Early Pub Date June 30, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date June 8, 2025
Acceptance Date June 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 11

Cite

APA Karaca, Ü., & Kaptan Ayhan, Ç. (2025). İklim Değişikliğinin Adalar Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Ekolojik Kırılganlık Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Lapseki Meslek Yüksekokulu Uygulamalı Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(11), 9-21.

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