Kobalt, jet motorları, süper alaşımlar, şarj edilebilir piller gibi özellikle ileri teknoloji ürünlerinde
kullanılan bir metaldir. Yüksek ekonomik önemi ve temin riski göz önüne alınarak Avrupa Birliği (AB)
tarafından “kritik hammadde” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Birincil kaynaklardan üretilen kobaltın %84’ü
bakır ve nikel üretiminin yan ürünü olarak sağlanmaktadır. Özellikle lateritik nikel cevherlerinden kobalt
üretimi Dünya’da ve ülkemizde artmaktadır. Lateritlerden Ni/Co kazanımı için son yıllarda yüksek
basınçlı asit liçi (HPAL) içeren hidrometalurjik prosesler uygulanmaktadır. Artan kobalt talebine bağlı
olarak ikincil kaynaklardan (bakır ergitme cürufları, flotasyon atıkları (pirit konsantreleri), pirit külleri)
biyo/hidrometalurjik yöntemler ile kobalt kazanımına yönelik çalışmalar da artış görülmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, kobaltın kritik hammadde olarak önemi, Dünya ve ülkemizin kobalt potansiyeli ve
cevherlerden kobalt üretimi için uygulanan prosesler detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Literatürde birincil
ve ikincil kaynaklardan kobalt kazanımı üzerine yapılmış farklı araştırmaların bulguları tartışılmıştır.
Ayrıca, ülkemizde lateritik cevherlerden ve flotasyon atıklarından kobalt kazanımı amacıyla kurulan
tesislerin akım şemaları ile birlikte sunulmuştur.
Acarkan, A., Önal, G., Alpyıldız, S., Açma, E.,
2008. Recovery of Cobalt and Copper from Pyrite
Concentrate. XXIV. International Mineral Processing
Congress (IMPC), 24-28 Eylül, Beijing, China, 3069-
3074.
Ağaçayak, T., 2008. Karaçam (Eskişehir) Lateritik
Nikel Cevherinin Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Yöntemlerle
Zenginleştirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi,
s. 215.
Akdağ, M., 2008. Investigation of Cobalt Solubilities
from Pyrite Cinder in Sulphuric Acid Solution. IBSU
Scientific Journal, 2, 2137-142.
Alves Dias P., Blagoeva D., Pavel C., Arvanitidis N.,
2018. Cobalt: Demand-Supply Balances in the Transition
to Electric Mobility. JRC Science for Policy Report,
European Commission, EUR 29381 EN, Publications
Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-
92-79-94311-9, doi:10.2760/97710, JRC112285.
Anon, 2018. Eti Bakır Mazıdağı Metal Geri Kazanım
ve Entegre Gübre Tesisleri. Sektör Maden, Yurt
Madenciliğini Geliştirme Vakfı Yayını, 68 (7), 20-21.
Antonijević, M. M., Dimitrijević, M., Janković, Z., 1997.
Leaching of Pyrite with Hydrogen Peroxide in Sulphuric
Acid. Hydrometallurgy, 46 (1), 71-83.
Arslan, C., Arslan, F., 2002. Recovery of Copper,
Cobalt and Zinc from Copper Smelter and Converter
Slags. Hydrometallurgy, 67, 1-7.
Aydın, O., 2012. Maden Kaynakları ve Potansiyeli ile
Kastamonu. Madencilik Türkiye Dergisi, 25, 70-76.
Aydın, O., Kılıç, C., 2012. Antik Çağlardan Günümüzde
Kobalt. Madencilik Türkiye Dergisi, 20, 70-75.
Bamber, A., Barnes, A., 2019. Nickel and Cobalt,
Chapter 12.25, SME Mineral Processing & Extractive
Metallurgy Handbook (Ed.: Dunne, Robert C. Kawatra,
S. Komar Young, Courtney A.). Society for Mining,
Metallurgy and Exploration (SME), s. 2312.
Biswas, S., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A. F., 2016. Extraction
of Copper and Cobalt from Oxidized Ore using Organic
Acids. Hydrometallurgy Conference 2016, Cape Town,
1-3 Ağustos, 193-200.
Bulut, G., 2006. Recovery of Copper and Cobalt from
Ancient Slag. Waste Management and Research 24,
118-124.
Canbazoğlu, M., Uzun, M., Çelik, Ö., Köse, M., 1985.
Küre Piritli Bakır Cevherlerinden Kobalt Bakır, Altın
ve Gümüşün Hidrometalurjik Süreçlerle Kazanılma
Olanakları. 9. Türkiye Madencilik Bilimsel ve Teknik
Kongresi, 6-10 Mayıs, Ankara, 59-74.
Canterford, J. H., 1983. Pressure Leaching of
Thackaringa Cobalt-Bearing Pyrite. Proc. Australas.
Insl. Min. Metal, 287, 35-37.
Cheng, C., Urbani, M. D., 2005. The Recovery of
Nickel and Cobalt from Leach Solutions by Solvent
Extraction: Process Overview, Recent Research and
Development. Proceedings of ISEC, 503-526.
Çiftçi H., Atik, S., 2014. Lateritik Cevherlerden Nikel
Kazanımında Biyoliç Yöntemi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 30 (4), 275-284.
Çiftçi, H., Atik S., Gürbüz, F., 2015. Lateritik Nikel
Cevherinin Asidofilik Bakteriler ile Biyoliçi. Pamukkale
Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Bilimleri Dergisi, 22
(6), 546-552.
Çokgör, O., Topkaya, Y. A., 1988. Extraction of Cobalt
and Copper from Küre Pyrite Concentrate. Minerals
Engineering, 1 (3), 213-223.
Çolak, S., Demir, Ü., Saraç, H., Ceyhun, İ., 1993. Pirit
Kalsinelerinin Amonyak Altında Basınç Liçingi. Çevre
Dergisi, 8, 39-44.
Crundwell, F. K., Moats, M. S., Ramachandran, V.,
Robinson, T., Davenport, W. G., 2011. Extractive
Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum Group
Metals, 622.
Dannenberg, R. O., Gardner, P. C., Crane, S. R., 1987.
Recovery of Cobalt and Copper From Complex Sulfide
Concentrates. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
9138, s. 20.
Dinçer, H., Gock, E., Önal, G., Lips, R., 2002. The
Possibilities of Copper, Cobalt and Gold Production
from Old Copper Flotation Stailings in Lefke (Cyprus).
IX. International Mineral Processing Symposium
(IMPS), Kapadokya, Türkiye, 166-167.
Donaldson, J. D., 1986. Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds.
ln: Gerhartz, W., Yamamoto, Y.S., Campbell, EL,
pfefferkom, R. & Rounsavile, J.F., eds, Ullman’s
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, beşinci baskı,
Weinheim, VCH-Verlag, 281-313.
Donaldson, J. D., Gaedcke, H., 1998. Cobalt. In: F.
Habashi (Ed.), Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy.
Wiley-VCH, New York, 923-951.
Donald, A. B., Walden, P. P., 1973. United States
Mineral. Cobalt. John, S.V., Donald, A. Allen, V. 143-
156.
DPT, 2006. Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı (2007-2013).
Metal Madenler Alt Komisyon Raporu, Nikel-Kobalt.
Dry, M., 2015. Technical&Cost Comparison of Laterite
Treatment Processes – Part 3. Nickel-Cobalt-Copper
Proceedings, 23-30 Mayıs, ALTA, 23-47.
EC, 2014. Report on Critical Raw Materials for the
EU. Report of the Ad hoc Working Group on Defining
Critical Raw Materials, European Commission (EC),
Mayıs, s. 41.
EC, 2017. Study on the Review of The List of Critical
Raw Materials - Criticality Assessments, European
Commmision (EC), s. 92.
Erust, C., Akcil, A., 2016. Copper and Cobalt Recovery
from Pyrite Ashes of a Sulphuric Acid Plant. Waste
Management and Research. The Journal of The
International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing
Association, ISWA, 34 (6), 527-533.
Evangelou, V. P., 1995. Pyrite Oxidation and Its Control.
CRC Press, New York.
Fisher, K.G., 2011. Cobalt Processing Developments.
6th Southern African Base Metals Conference, South
Africa, 237-257.
Girgin, İ., Obut, A., Üçyıldız, A., 2010. Dissolution
Behaviour of a Turkish Lateritic Nickel Ore. Min. Eng.,
24 (7), 603-609.
Habashi, F., 1999. Textbook of Hydrometallurgy.
Metallurgie Extractive Quebec, s. 739.
Hawkins, M. J., 1998. Recovering Cobalt from Primary
and Secondary Sources. Journal of Minerals, Metals
and Materials Society, 50 (10), 46-50.
Hubli, R. C., Mittra, J., Suri, A. K., 1997. Reduction-
Dissolution of Cobalt Oxide in Acid Media: A Kinetic
Study. Hydrometallurgy, 44, 125-134.
Kadıoğlu, Y. Y., Karaca, S., Bayrakçeken, S., 1995.
Kinetics of Pyrite Oxidation in Aqueous Suspension by
Nitric Acid. Fuel Processing Technology, 41(3), 273-
287.
Kapusta, J. P. T., 2006. Cobalt Production and Markets:
A brief Overview. JOM, 58 (10), 33-36.
Kaya, Ş., 2011. Türk Lateritlerinin Yüksek Basınç
Altında Asit Liçi, Yüksek Lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik
Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kursunoglu, S., Kaya, M., 2019. Hydrometallurgical
Processing of Nickel Laterites - A Brief Overview on the
Use of Solvent Extraction and Nickel/Cobalt Project for
the Separation and Purification of Nickel and Cobalt,
Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi, 58 (2), 131-144.
MMO, 2012. Nikel Raporu, Maden Mühendisleri Odası,
Kasım, s. 52.
Morin, D., Spolaore, P., d’Hugues, P., Tezcan, A., Mafa,
Ö., 2010. Pyrite Bioleaching and Slag Neutralisationtwo
Treatments in a Single Process for Recovering
Valuable Metals from Both Materials, XXV International
Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC), 469-477.
Motteram, G., Ryan, M., Berezowsky, R., Raudsepp,
R., 1996. Murrin Murrin Nickel and Cobalt Project:
Project Development Overview. ALTA Nickel/Cobalt
Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum. ALTA
Metalurji Servisi, Perth, Western Australia.
Özdemir, V., 2006. Hydrometallurgical Extraction of
Nickel and Cobalt from Çaldağ Laterite Ore. Yüksek
Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden
Mühendisliği Bölümü, s. 80.
Panda, S., Akcil, A., Mishra, S., Erust, C., 2017.
Synergistic Effect of Biogenic Fe3+ Coupled to S°
Oxidation on Simultaneous Bioleaching of Cu, Co, Zn
and As from Hazardous Pyrite Ash Waste. Journal of
Hazardous Materials, 325, 59-70.
Planinsek, E., Newkirk, J. B., 1979. Cobalt and Cobalt
Alloys. ln: Mark, H.E, Othmer, D.E, Overberger, C.G.,
Seaborg, G:r. ve Grayson, M., eds, Kirk-Othmer
Encylopedia of Chemical technology. New York, John
Wiley & Sons, 6 (3), 481-494.
RIS, 1989. The Economies of Cobalt. 6th ed., London,
Roskil Information Services Ltd., 1-12.
Roberts, S., Gunn, G., 2014. Critical Metals Handbook,
Birinci Baskı, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Shedd, K. B., 1988. Cobalt. ln: Minerals Yearbook 1988,
Washington De, Bureau of Mines, US Department of
the Interior, 1-10.
Sole, K. C., Parker, J., Cole, P. M., Mooiman, M. B.,
2019. Flowsheet Options for Cobalt Recovery in
African Copper–cobalt Hydrometallurgy Circuits.
Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review,
40 (3), 194-206.
Stanley, R. W., Monette, S., Harris, B., 1984. Process
for the Selective Dissolution of Cobalt from Cobaltite-
Pyrite Concentrates. Google Patents.
Studentsov, V. V., Davydov, G. I., Abishev, D. N.,
Balakirev, V.F., 1996. Investigation of the Process of
Cobalt and Nickel Sulphation from Pyrite Concentrate
and Nickel Matte. Australasian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Kalgoorlie, Australia, 305-310.
Sukla, L. B., Panda, S. C., Jena, P. K., 1986. Recovery
of Cobalt, Nickel and Copper from Converter Slag
Through Roasting with Ammonium Sulphate and
Sulphuric Acid, Hydrometallurgy, 16 (2), 153-165.
Tugrul, N., Derun, E. M., Piskin, M., Piskin, S., 2003.
Evaluation of Pyrite Ash Wastes Acid Production
Industry. 8th International Conference on Environmental
Science and Technology, Greece, 918-925.
Tufan, E. A., 2014. Ni-Lateritlerin Oluşumu ve
Özellikleri. BAÜ Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi, 16 (2), 68-78.
USGS, 2007. Mineral Commodity Summaries – Cobalt,
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 48-49.
USGS, 2017. Mineral Commodity Summaries – Cobalt,
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 52-54.
USGS, 2018. Mineral Commodity Summaries – Cobalt,
U.S. Geologica Survey (USGS), 50-51.
USGS, 2019. Mineral Commodity Summaries – Cobalt,
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 50-51
Yaylalı, B., Yazici, E., Celep, O., Deveci, H., 2016.
Extraction of Cobalt from a Flotation Tailings in Different
Mineral Acids Under Oxidative Conditions. 15th
International Mineral Processing Symposium (IMPS),
726-736.
Yaylalı, B., 2017. Piritik Atıklardan Kobalt Kazanımı.
Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
Yesil, M. M., Iplikcioglu, A. S., Topkaya, Y., 2015.
Gördes Nickel Cobalt HPAL Project in Turkey. Perth,
Australia, 450-464.
Yiğit, Y., Kuzu, M., Yazici, E. Y., Celep, O., Deveci,
H., 2017. Leaching of Metals from Flotation Tailings
of a Copper Smelter Slag in Acidic Solutions. 25th
International Mining Congress (IMCET), 614-622.
Yücel, O., Addemir, O., Tekin, A., Nizamoglu, S.,
1992. Recovery of Cobalt from Copper Slags. Mineral
Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 10, 99-
107.
Yüksel, U., 2011. Kastamonu-Küre’den Temin Edilen
Bakır Cüruflarının Değerlendirilmesi. Doktora Tezi,
Dicle Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Diyarbakır.
Ziyadanogullari, B., 2000. Recovery of Copper
and Cobalt from Concentrate and Converter Slag.
Separation Science and Technology, 35 (12), 1963-
1971.
Wedderburn, B., 2009. A Nickel Laterite Processing a
Shift Towards Heap Leaching. ALTA Nickel-Cobalt, 25-
27 Mayıs, Perth, Avustralya.
Welham, N. J., Johnston, G. M., Sutcliffe, M. L., 2015.
AmmLeach – A New Paradigm in Copper-Cobalt
Processing. Copper Cobalt Africa, The 8th Southern
African Base Metals Conference. Livingstone, Zambia,
207-216.
Acarkan, A., Önal, G., Alpyıldız, S., Açma, E.,
2008. Recovery of Cobalt and Copper from Pyrite
Concentrate. XXIV. International Mineral Processing
Congress (IMPC), 24-28 Eylül, Beijing, China, 3069-
3074.
Ağaçayak, T., 2008. Karaçam (Eskişehir) Lateritik
Nikel Cevherinin Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Yöntemlerle
Zenginleştirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi,
s. 215.
Akdağ, M., 2008. Investigation of Cobalt Solubilities
from Pyrite Cinder in Sulphuric Acid Solution. IBSU
Scientific Journal, 2, 2137-142.
Alves Dias P., Blagoeva D., Pavel C., Arvanitidis N.,
2018. Cobalt: Demand-Supply Balances in the Transition
to Electric Mobility. JRC Science for Policy Report,
European Commission, EUR 29381 EN, Publications
Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-
92-79-94311-9, doi:10.2760/97710, JRC112285.
Anon, 2018. Eti Bakır Mazıdağı Metal Geri Kazanım
ve Entegre Gübre Tesisleri. Sektör Maden, Yurt
Madenciliğini Geliştirme Vakfı Yayını, 68 (7), 20-21.
Antonijević, M. M., Dimitrijević, M., Janković, Z., 1997.
Leaching of Pyrite with Hydrogen Peroxide in Sulphuric
Acid. Hydrometallurgy, 46 (1), 71-83.
Arslan, C., Arslan, F., 2002. Recovery of Copper,
Cobalt and Zinc from Copper Smelter and Converter
Slags. Hydrometallurgy, 67, 1-7.
Aydın, O., 2012. Maden Kaynakları ve Potansiyeli ile
Kastamonu. Madencilik Türkiye Dergisi, 25, 70-76.
Aydın, O., Kılıç, C., 2012. Antik Çağlardan Günümüzde
Kobalt. Madencilik Türkiye Dergisi, 20, 70-75.
Bamber, A., Barnes, A., 2019. Nickel and Cobalt,
Chapter 12.25, SME Mineral Processing & Extractive
Metallurgy Handbook (Ed.: Dunne, Robert C. Kawatra,
S. Komar Young, Courtney A.). Society for Mining,
Metallurgy and Exploration (SME), s. 2312.
Biswas, S., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A. F., 2016. Extraction
of Copper and Cobalt from Oxidized Ore using Organic
Acids. Hydrometallurgy Conference 2016, Cape Town,
1-3 Ağustos, 193-200.
Bulut, G., 2006. Recovery of Copper and Cobalt from
Ancient Slag. Waste Management and Research 24,
118-124.
Canbazoğlu, M., Uzun, M., Çelik, Ö., Köse, M., 1985.
Küre Piritli Bakır Cevherlerinden Kobalt Bakır, Altın
ve Gümüşün Hidrometalurjik Süreçlerle Kazanılma
Olanakları. 9. Türkiye Madencilik Bilimsel ve Teknik
Kongresi, 6-10 Mayıs, Ankara, 59-74.
Canterford, J. H., 1983. Pressure Leaching of
Thackaringa Cobalt-Bearing Pyrite. Proc. Australas.
Insl. Min. Metal, 287, 35-37.
Cheng, C., Urbani, M. D., 2005. The Recovery of
Nickel and Cobalt from Leach Solutions by Solvent
Extraction: Process Overview, Recent Research and
Development. Proceedings of ISEC, 503-526.
Çiftçi H., Atik, S., 2014. Lateritik Cevherlerden Nikel
Kazanımında Biyoliç Yöntemi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 30 (4), 275-284.
Çiftçi, H., Atik S., Gürbüz, F., 2015. Lateritik Nikel
Cevherinin Asidofilik Bakteriler ile Biyoliçi. Pamukkale
Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Bilimleri Dergisi, 22
(6), 546-552.
Çokgör, O., Topkaya, Y. A., 1988. Extraction of Cobalt
and Copper from Küre Pyrite Concentrate. Minerals
Engineering, 1 (3), 213-223.
Çolak, S., Demir, Ü., Saraç, H., Ceyhun, İ., 1993. Pirit
Kalsinelerinin Amonyak Altında Basınç Liçingi. Çevre
Dergisi, 8, 39-44.
Crundwell, F. K., Moats, M. S., Ramachandran, V.,
Robinson, T., Davenport, W. G., 2011. Extractive
Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum Group
Metals, 622.
Dannenberg, R. O., Gardner, P. C., Crane, S. R., 1987.
Recovery of Cobalt and Copper From Complex Sulfide
Concentrates. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
9138, s. 20.
Dinçer, H., Gock, E., Önal, G., Lips, R., 2002. The
Possibilities of Copper, Cobalt and Gold Production
from Old Copper Flotation Stailings in Lefke (Cyprus).
IX. International Mineral Processing Symposium
(IMPS), Kapadokya, Türkiye, 166-167.
Donaldson, J. D., 1986. Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds.
ln: Gerhartz, W., Yamamoto, Y.S., Campbell, EL,
pfefferkom, R. & Rounsavile, J.F., eds, Ullman’s
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, beşinci baskı,
Weinheim, VCH-Verlag, 281-313.
Donaldson, J. D., Gaedcke, H., 1998. Cobalt. In: F.
Habashi (Ed.), Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy.
Wiley-VCH, New York, 923-951.
Donald, A. B., Walden, P. P., 1973. United States
Mineral. Cobalt. John, S.V., Donald, A. Allen, V. 143-
156.
DPT, 2006. Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı (2007-2013).
Metal Madenler Alt Komisyon Raporu, Nikel-Kobalt.
Dry, M., 2015. Technical&Cost Comparison of Laterite
Treatment Processes – Part 3. Nickel-Cobalt-Copper
Proceedings, 23-30 Mayıs, ALTA, 23-47.
EC, 2014. Report on Critical Raw Materials for the
EU. Report of the Ad hoc Working Group on Defining
Critical Raw Materials, European Commission (EC),
Mayıs, s. 41.
EC, 2017. Study on the Review of The List of Critical
Raw Materials - Criticality Assessments, European
Commmision (EC), s. 92.
Erust, C., Akcil, A., 2016. Copper and Cobalt Recovery
from Pyrite Ashes of a Sulphuric Acid Plant. Waste
Management and Research. The Journal of The
International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing
Association, ISWA, 34 (6), 527-533.
Evangelou, V. P., 1995. Pyrite Oxidation and Its Control.
CRC Press, New York.
Fisher, K.G., 2011. Cobalt Processing Developments.
6th Southern African Base Metals Conference, South
Africa, 237-257.
Girgin, İ., Obut, A., Üçyıldız, A., 2010. Dissolution
Behaviour of a Turkish Lateritic Nickel Ore. Min. Eng.,
24 (7), 603-609.
Habashi, F., 1999. Textbook of Hydrometallurgy.
Metallurgie Extractive Quebec, s. 739.
Hawkins, M. J., 1998. Recovering Cobalt from Primary
and Secondary Sources. Journal of Minerals, Metals
and Materials Society, 50 (10), 46-50.
Hubli, R. C., Mittra, J., Suri, A. K., 1997. Reduction-
Dissolution of Cobalt Oxide in Acid Media: A Kinetic
Study. Hydrometallurgy, 44, 125-134.
Kadıoğlu, Y. Y., Karaca, S., Bayrakçeken, S., 1995.
Kinetics of Pyrite Oxidation in Aqueous Suspension by
Nitric Acid. Fuel Processing Technology, 41(3), 273-
287.
Kapusta, J. P. T., 2006. Cobalt Production and Markets:
A brief Overview. JOM, 58 (10), 33-36.
Kaya, Ş., 2011. Türk Lateritlerinin Yüksek Basınç
Altında Asit Liçi, Yüksek Lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik
Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kursunoglu, S., Kaya, M., 2019. Hydrometallurgical
Processing of Nickel Laterites - A Brief Overview on the
Use of Solvent Extraction and Nickel/Cobalt Project for
the Separation and Purification of Nickel and Cobalt,
Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi, 58 (2), 131-144.
MMO, 2012. Nikel Raporu, Maden Mühendisleri Odası,
Kasım, s. 52.
Morin, D., Spolaore, P., d’Hugues, P., Tezcan, A., Mafa,
Ö., 2010. Pyrite Bioleaching and Slag Neutralisationtwo
Treatments in a Single Process for Recovering
Valuable Metals from Both Materials, XXV International
Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC), 469-477.
Motteram, G., Ryan, M., Berezowsky, R., Raudsepp,
R., 1996. Murrin Murrin Nickel and Cobalt Project:
Project Development Overview. ALTA Nickel/Cobalt
Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum. ALTA
Metalurji Servisi, Perth, Western Australia.
Özdemir, V., 2006. Hydrometallurgical Extraction of
Nickel and Cobalt from Çaldağ Laterite Ore. Yüksek
Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden
Mühendisliği Bölümü, s. 80.
Panda, S., Akcil, A., Mishra, S., Erust, C., 2017.
Synergistic Effect of Biogenic Fe3+ Coupled to S°
Oxidation on Simultaneous Bioleaching of Cu, Co, Zn
and As from Hazardous Pyrite Ash Waste. Journal of
Hazardous Materials, 325, 59-70.
Planinsek, E., Newkirk, J. B., 1979. Cobalt and Cobalt
Alloys. ln: Mark, H.E, Othmer, D.E, Overberger, C.G.,
Seaborg, G:r. ve Grayson, M., eds, Kirk-Othmer
Encylopedia of Chemical technology. New York, John
Wiley & Sons, 6 (3), 481-494.
RIS, 1989. The Economies of Cobalt. 6th ed., London,
Roskil Information Services Ltd., 1-12.
Roberts, S., Gunn, G., 2014. Critical Metals Handbook,
Birinci Baskı, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Shedd, K. B., 1988. Cobalt. ln: Minerals Yearbook 1988,
Washington De, Bureau of Mines, US Department of
the Interior, 1-10.
Sole, K. C., Parker, J., Cole, P. M., Mooiman, M. B.,
2019. Flowsheet Options for Cobalt Recovery in
African Copper–cobalt Hydrometallurgy Circuits.
Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review,
40 (3), 194-206.
Stanley, R. W., Monette, S., Harris, B., 1984. Process
for the Selective Dissolution of Cobalt from Cobaltite-
Pyrite Concentrates. Google Patents.
Studentsov, V. V., Davydov, G. I., Abishev, D. N.,
Balakirev, V.F., 1996. Investigation of the Process of
Cobalt and Nickel Sulphation from Pyrite Concentrate
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Yaylalı, B., Yazıcı, E. Y., Celep, O., Deveci, H. (2020). KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ. Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi, 59(1), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.706490
AMA
Yaylalı B, Yazıcı EY, Celep O, Deveci H. KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ. Madencilik. March 2020;59(1):35-50. doi:10.30797/madencilik.706490
Chicago
Yaylalı, Banu, Ersin Y. Yazıcı, Oktay Celep, and Hacı Deveci. “KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ”. Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi 59, no. 1 (March 2020): 35-50. https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.706490.
EndNote
Yaylalı B, Yazıcı EY, Celep O, Deveci H (March 1, 2020) KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ. Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi 59 1 35–50.
IEEE
B. Yaylalı, E. Y. Yazıcı, O. Celep, and H. Deveci, “KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ”, Madencilik, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 35–50, 2020, doi: 10.30797/madencilik.706490.
ISNAD
Yaylalı, Banu et al. “KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ”. Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi 59/1 (March 2020), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.30797/madencilik.706490.
JAMA
Yaylalı B, Yazıcı EY, Celep O, Deveci H. KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ. Madencilik. 2020;59:35–50.
MLA
Yaylalı, Banu et al. “KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ”. Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi, vol. 59, no. 1, 2020, pp. 35-50, doi:10.30797/madencilik.706490.
Vancouver
Yaylalı B, Yazıcı EY, Celep O, Deveci H. KRİTİK METAL KONUMUNDAKİ KOBALTIN BİRİNCİL VE İKİNCİL KAYNAKLARDAN ÜRETİMİ. Madencilik. 2020;59(1):35-50.