Ebeveynler İçin Yeni Bir Baş Etme Modeli: Yeni Otorite, Şiddetsiz Karşı Koyma1

Öz

Şiddet ve saldırganlık içeren davranışlar, Türkiye ve dünyadaki en önemli toplumsal problemlerdendir. Bu problemin erken ve etkili biçimde çözülebilmesi için gerekli önleme ve müdahale çalışmalarının yapılması gerekmektedir. Saldırgan davranışlara sahip çocukları olan anne-babaların ebeveynlik becerilerinin artırılması ve ebeveyn çocuk ilişkilerinin onarılmasına yönelik sistemik yaklaşıma dayalı olarak geliştirilmiş olan “Şiddetsiz Karşı Koyma: Yeni Otorite Modeli” nispeten yeni ve özellikle Avrupa’da aile ve okul ortamlarında uygulanması hızla yayılmaktadır. Türkiye’de çocuk ve ergenlerde görülen şiddet ve saldırganlık içeren davranışları önleme ve bu türden davranışlara müdahaleye yönelik ebeveyn programları sayıca azdır. Anne-babalar ve aile üyeleriyle birlikte çalışmakta olan “Şiddetsiz Karşı Koyma” programının etkililiğinin ele alındığı araştırmaların ise çok sınırlı sayıda olduğu ve bu konuda yapılacak yeni uygulama ve araştırmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, araştırmanın amacı, çocuk ve ergenlerde görülen saldırgan davranışların azaltılması amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan “Şiddetsiz Karşı Koyma Modeli” ve ebeveyn programını tanıtmak, şiddet gibi köklü problemlerle baş etmede bu yeni yaklaşımın Türkiye’de uygulanabilirliğini artırarak alanda çalışan uygulayıcılar ve araştırmacılar için yeni bir perspektif oluşturmaktır. Bununla birlikte, dünyada yaygınlaşmakta olan “Yeni Otorite Modeli” nin temel ilkelerinin ve amaçlarının, kullanılan teknik ve uygulamalarının gözden geçirilmesi ve Türk kültürü açısından uygulanabilirliğinin tartışılması amaçlanmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yeni Otorite,Şiddetsiz Karşı Koyma,Şiddet,Saldırganlık,Aile ilişkileri

A New Coping Model for Parents: New Authority, Non-Violent Resistance

Abstract

Violent and aggressive behaviours are one of the most important social problems in Turkey and in the world. Necessary prevention and intervention activities should be carried out in order to solve this problem timely and effectively. Non-Violent Resistance: A New Authority Model, a relatively new approach, was developed based on the systemic approach in order to increase skills of parents who have children with violent behaviours and recover parent-children relationships; and its implementation has been increasing in school environments especially in Europe. There are quite limited number of parenting programs about the prevention of and intervention for violent behaviours in children and adolescents. Studies on the efficiency of “Non-violent Resistance” programs involving parents and family members are quite limited in number, and there is a need for new practices and research on this issue. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to introduce “Non-violent Resistance Model” and parent program that aims to decrease violent behaviours in children and adolescents, increase practicality of this new approach in Turkey for coping with rooted problems, and create a new perspective for practitioners and researchers. On the other hand, main principles and purposes of the “New Authority Model” that is becoming more common in the world, are to review the techniques and practices used and to discuss their practicality in terms of Turkish culture. 

Keywords

• New authority,Non-violent resistance,violence,aggressiveness,family reletionship

References

1. Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., & Cruzcosa, M. (1989). Perceived control over caregiving outcomes: Implications for child abuse. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 532–539. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.532.
2. Day, E.M. & Heismann, E. (2010). Non-violent resistance programme: Guidelines for parents, care staff and volunteers working with adolescents with violent behaviours. Publisher: Pavilion Publishing (Brighton) Ltd.
3. Goddard, N., Van Gink, K., Van der Stegen, B., Van Driel, J., & Cohen, A. P. (2009). “Hit the iron when it is cold”: Non-violent resistance in an acute psychiatric ward for adolescents. Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid, 64, 531–539.
4. Golan, O., Shilo, H., & Omer, H. (2016). Non-violent resistance parent training for the parents of young adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Therapy. doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.12106.
5. Kılıçarslan, S. (2016). Ergenlerde Görülen Saldırgan Davranışlarda Ebeveyn ve Ergenlere Uygulanan Psikoeğitim Programının Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
6. Lavi-Levavi, I., Shachar, I., & Omer, H. (2013). Training in nonviolent resistance for parents of violent children: Differences between fathers and mothers. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 32(4), 79–93. doi:10.1521/jsyt.2013.32.4.79.
7. Lebowitz, E. R. (2013). Parent-based treatment for childhood and adolescent OCD. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(4), 425–431. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.08.004.
8. Lebowitz, E. R., Dolberger, D., Nortov, E., & Omer, H. (2012). Parent training in non violent resistance for adult entitled dependence. Family Process, 51(1), 1–17.

9. Lebowitz, E. R., Omer, H., Hermes, H., & Scahill, L. (2014). Parent training for childhood anxiety disorders: The SPACE program. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 21(4), 456–469. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.10.004.
10. Lebowitz, E. R., Omer, H., & Leckman, J. F. (2011). Coercive and disruptive behaviors in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28(10), 899–905. doi:10.1002/da.20858.
11. McCart, M.R., Priester, P. Davies, W.H., & Azen, R. (2006) Differential effectiveness of behavioral parent-training and cognitive-behavioral therapy for antisocial youth: A meta-analysis.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,34(4), 525-541.
12. Newman, M., Fagan, C., & Webb, R. (2014). Innovations in practice: The efficacy of nonviolent resistance groups in treating aggressive and controlling children and young people: A preliminary analysis of pilot NVR groups in Kent. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(2), 138–141. doi:10.1111/camh.12049.
13. Oleffs, B., von Schlippe, A., Omer, H., & Kritz, J. (2009). Youngsters with externalizing behavior problems: Effects of parent-training. Familiendynamik, 34, 256–265.
14. Omer, H. (2004). Nonviolent resistance: A new approach to violent and self-destructive children. New York: Cambridge University Press.
15. Omer, H. (2011). The new authority: Family, school, community. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Omer, H. (2015). Vigilant care. Goettingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
17. Omer, H., & Dolberger, D.I. (2015). Helping parents cope with suicide threats: An approach based on nonviolent resistance. Family Process. doi: 10.1111/famp.12129.
18. Omer, H., Irbauch, R., Berger, H., & Katz-Tissona, R. (2006). Non-violent resistance and school violence. Paper presented at the Mifgash Leavodah Hinukhit Sotzialit, Israel.
19. Omer, H., Steinmetz, S. G., Carthy, T., & von Schlippe, A. (2013). The anchoring function: Parental authority and the parent-child bond. Family Process, 52(2), 193–206.
20. Sharp, G. (1973). The politics of nonviolent action. Boston, MA: P. Sargent Publisher.
21. Shimshoni, Y., Farah, H., Lotan, T., Grimberg, E., Dritter, O., Musicant, O., et al. (2015). Effects of parental vigilant care and feedback on novice driver risk. Journal of Adolescence, 69–80. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.11.002 25480357.
22. Steinkellner, H., & Ofner, S. (2011). The seven pillars of the new authority. In U. E. Gamauf-Eberhardt & C. Reumann (Eds.), Meine Schule gegen Gewalt. Friendsburg, Austria: Friedensinstitut Burg Schlaining.
23. van Holen, F., Vanderfaeillie, J., & Omer, H. (2015). Adaptation and evaluation of a nonviolent resistance intervention for foster parents: A progress report. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. doi: 10.1111/jmft.12125.
24. Weinblatt, U., & Omer, H. (2008). Non-violent resistance: A treatment for parents of children with acute behavior parents. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34, 75–92.
25. Wilson, S. J.,& Mark, W. L. (2007). Update of a meta-analysis of school-based intervention programs. American Journalof Preventive Medicine, 33(2),130-143.
26. Wilson, D., & Smith, M. (2014). The unmet needs of the child in non-violent resistance: Integrating developmentaldyadic-psychotherapy approaches – lessons from working with adoptive families. Context, 132, 22–26.