ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE İYİ VEYA HASTA OLUŞA İHTİYAÇ TEMELLİ BİR YAKLAŞIM

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinde iyi oluşun ve hasta oluşun yordanmasında temel ihtiyaçlar doyumunun farklılaşan işlevlerini seçim kuramına dayalı bir yaklaşımla incelemektir. Araştırma örneklemini oluşturun 1150 öğrenci Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği, Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği, Beck Depresyon Envanteri ve Üniversite Öğrencileri Temel İhtiyaçlar Ölçeği’nden oluşan öz-bildirim ölçeklerini tamamlamıştır. Araştırma değişkenleri arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkileri analiz etmek için yol analizi yürütülmüştür. Bulgular seçim kuramının ana hipotezini desteklemiştir. Buna göre; üniversite öğrencilerinde temel ihtiyaçlar doyumu arttıkça öznel iyi oluş artmış ve depresif belirtiler azalmıştır. Bununla birlikte, temel ihtiyaçların iyi oluşu ve hasta oluşu yordamadaki işlevleri farklılaşmıştır. Esasen, temel ihtiyaçlar doyumu, depresif belirtilere kıyasla, öznel iyi oluşun yordanmasında daha etkili bulunmuştur. Özgürlük ihtiyacı, hem öznel iyi oluşun hem de depresyonun yordanmasında en güçlü değişken olmuştur. Ek olarak, eğlence ihtiyacı öznel iyi oluşun yordanmasına özgün bir katkı sunmuş olsa da, özellikle özgürlük ve sevgi-ait olma ihtiyaçları ile gösterdiği kısmi korelasyonların birleşik etkisiyle birlikte, eğlence ihtiyacının depresyonu yordamadaki ılımlı katkısı ortadan kalkmıştır.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Seçim kuramı,temel ihtiyaçlar,iyi oluş,hasta oluş,depresyon,öznel iyi oluş

A NEED-BASED APPROACH TO WELL-AND ILL-BEING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the varying functions of basic needs satisfaction in predicting well-and ill-being among college students using a choice theory based perspective. A sample of 1150 college students completed self-report measures of Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Beck Depression Inventory, and University Students’ Basic Needs Scale. Path analysis model was performed to analyze the predictive relationships between research variables. Findings provided supportive evidence for the major hypothesis of choice theory that as the basic needs satisfaction increases, the well-being increases, and the ill-being decreases as well. However, functions of the basic needs varied in predicting well-and ill-being. Actually, basic needs satisfaction was more effective in predicting subjective well-being in comparison to depressive symptoms. Freedom need emerged as the foremost variable in predicting subjective well-being, and in predicting depression. Additionally, although fun need had a unique contribution to subjective well-being in the path analysis model, its moderate contribution decreasingly disappeared in predicting depression with the combined effect of partial correlations specifically including freedom and love and belonging needs. 

Keywords

• Choice theory,basic needs,well-being,ill-being,depression,subjective well-being

References

1. Ahmed, S. M. (1990). Psychometric properties of the boredom proneness scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 963–966. doi: 10.2466/PMS.71.7.963-966
2. Altintas, E., Benedetto, G. D., & Gallouj, K. (2017). Adaptation to nursing home: The role of leisure activities in light of motivation and relatedness. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 70, 8–13. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.12.004
3. Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning: The role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1459-1503. doi: 10.1177/0146167211413125
4. Basabe, N., Paez, D., Valencia, J., Gonzalez, J. L., Rime, B., & Diener, E. (2002). Cultural dimensions, socioeconomic development, climate, and emotional hedonic level. Cognition and Emotion, 16(1), 103-125. doi: 10.1080/02699930143000158
5. Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
6. Brenneisen Mayer, F., Souza Santos, I., Silveira, P.S.P., Itaqui Lopes, M.H., de Souza, A.R.N.D., Campos, E.P., de Abreu, B.A.L., Hoffman II, I., Magalhães, C.R., Lima, M.C.P. et al. (2016). Factors associated to depression and anxiety in medical students: A multicenter study. BMC Medical Education, 16(1):282.
7. Britton, P. C., Van-Orden, K. A., Hirsch, J. K., & Williams, G. C. (2014). Basic psychological needs, suicidal ideation and risk for suicidal behavior in young adults. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 362-371. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12074
8. Butterworth P, Rodgers B, & Windsor T. D. (2009). Financial hardship, socioeconomic position and depression: Results from the PATH Through Life Survey. Social Science & Medicine, 69(2), 229-237. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.008

9. Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W. et al. (2015). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39, 216-236. doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1
10. Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Locke, K. D., Zhang, H., Shen, J., Vargas-Flores, J., . . . Ching, C. M. (2012). Need satisfaction and well-being: Testing self-determination theory in eight cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 507–534. doi: 10.1177/0022022112466590
11. Cordeiro, P., Paixao, P., Lens, W., Lacante, M., & Sheldon, K. (2016). Factor structure and dimensionality of the balanced measure of psychological needs among Portuguese high school students. Relations to well-being and ill-being. Learning and Individual Differences, 47, 51–60. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.010
12. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (7th ed.). Australia: Belmont CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole.
13. Costa, S., Cuzzocrea, F., Gugliandolo, M. C., & Larcan, R. (2016). Associations between parental psychological control and autonomy support, and psychological outcomes in adolescents: The mediating role of need satisfaction and need frustration. Child Indicators Research, 9, 1059-1076. doi: 10.1007/s12187-015-9353-z
14. Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Ali, S., Beer, C., Bond, L., Boumans, R. … Snapp, R. (2007) Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecological Economics, 61, 267-276. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.023
15. Cummins, R. A. (1998). The second approximation to an international standard for life satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 43, 307-334. doi: 10.1023/A: 1006831107052
16. Deci, L. E., & Ryan, M. R. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and wellbeing: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 1-11. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
17. Delhey, J., & Dragolov, G. (2016). Happier together: Social cohesion and subjective well-being in Europe. International Journal of Psychology, 51(3), 163-176. doi:10.1002/ijop.12149
18. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
19. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34-43. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
20. Diener, E. Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 253-260. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6
21. Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-666. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653
22. Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 926-935. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.926
23. Diener, E., Diener, M., & Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851-864. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.851
24. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
25. Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L. D., Oishi, S. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 58, 87-104.
26. Diener, E., Seligman, M. E. P., Choi, H., & Oishi, S. (2018). Happiest people revisited. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 176-184. doi: 10.1177/1745691617697077
27. Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
28. Frey, L. M., & Wilhite, K. (2005). Our five basic needs: Application for understanding the function of behavior. Intervention in School and Clinic, 40 (3), 156-160. doi: 10.1177/10534512050400030401
29. Gallagher, E. N., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2008). Social support and emotional intelligence as predictors of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1551-1561. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.011
30. Gencoz, T. (2000). Positive and negative affect schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 15(46), 19-26.
31. Glasser, W. (1975). Reality therapy: A new approach to psychiatry. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
32. Glasser, W. (1984). Control theory. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
33. Glasser, W. (1998). Choice theory in the classroom. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
34. Glasser, W. (2000). Counseling with choice theory: The new reality therapy. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
35. Glasser, W. (2003). For parents and teenagers: Dissolving the barrier between you and your teen. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
36. Glasser, W. (2010). Choice theory: A new psychology of personal freedom. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
37. Glasser, W., & Glasser, C. (2000). Getting together and staying together: Solving the mystery of marriage. New York: Quill.
38. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
39. Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (1998). Positive moods derived from leisure and their relationship to happiness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 523-535. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00082-8
40. Ibarra-Rovillard, M. S., & Kuiper, N. A. (2011). Social support and social negativity findings in depression: Perceived responsiveness to basic psychological needs. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 342–352. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.005
41. Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(3), 391–400.
42. Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Park, C. J. (1996). Leisure-related social support and self-determination as buffers of stress-illness relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 169-187.
43. January, J., Madhombiro, M., Chipamaunga, S., Ray, S., Chingono, A., & Abas, M. (2018). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among undergraduate university students in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 7-57.
44. Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1993), LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International Inc. King, L. A., & Napa, C. K. (1998). What makes a life good? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 156-165. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.156
45. Koker, S. (1991). Comparison of life satisfaction levels of normal and problematic adolescents. Unpublished master thesis, Ankara University Graduate School of Social Science, Ankara, Turkey.
46. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. doi:10.1177/001316447003000308
47. Kuykendall, L., Tay, L., & Ng, V. (2015). Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 364-403 doi:10.1037/a0038508
48. Leversen, I., Danielsen, A. G., Wold, B., & Samdal, O. (2012). What they want and what they get: Self-reported motives, perceived competence, and relatedness in adolescent leisure activities. Child Development Research, 1–11. doi: 10.1155/2012/684157
49. Litwack, L. (2007). Basic needs: A retrospective. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 26(2), 28-30.
50. Liu, H. (2014). Personality, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being of serious leisure participants. Social Behavior and Personality, 42, 7, 1117-1126. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2014.42.7.1117.
51. Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616-628. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.616
52. Marcus, M., Yasamy, M. T. , van Ommeren, M., Chisholm, D., & Saxena, S. (2012). Depression: A global public health concern. In World Federation for Mental Health (Ed.), Depression: A global crisis (pp. 6-8). Virginia: Occoquan.
53. Max-Neef, M., 1992. Development and human needs. In: P. Ekins, & M. Max-Neef (Eds.), Real life economics: Understanding wealth creation (pp. 97-213). London: Routledge.
54. Milyavskaya, M., & Koestner, R. (2011). Psychological needs, motivation, and well-being: A test of self-determination theory across multiple domains. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 387–391. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.029
55. Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
56. Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1996). The pursuit of happiness. Scientific American, 274, 54-56.
57. Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Duda, J. L., & Williams, G. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 325–340. doi: 10.1177/1745691612447309
58. Ng, W., & Diener, E. (2014). What matters to the rich and the poor?: Subjective wellbeing, financial satisfaction, and postmaterialist needs across the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(2), 326-338. doi:10.1037/a0036856
59. Nishimura, T., & Suzuki, T. (2016). Basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration in Japan: Controlling for the big five personality traits. Japanese Psychological Research, 58(4), 320–331. doi: 10.1111/jpr.12131
60. Nussbaum, M., & Glover, J. (1995). Women, culture, and development: A study of human capabilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/0198289642.001.0001
61. Oppong Asante, K., & Andoh-Arthur, J. (2015). Prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms among university students in Ghana. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 161–166.
62. Peterson, A.V. (2008). Pete’s pathogram: Pathway to success. US: Action Printing.
63. Philippe, F. L., Koestner, R., Beaulieu-Pelletier, G., & Lecours, S. (2011). The role of need satisfaction as a distinct and basic psychological component of autobiographical memories: A look at well-being. Journal of Personality, 79, 905-938. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00710.x
64. Rupp, D. E., & Vodanovich, S. J. (1997). The role of boredom proneness in self-reported anger and aggression. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12(4), 925-936.
65. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
66. Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99-104. 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395
67. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1-28.
68. Sheldon, K. M., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2002). Psychological need-satisfaction and subjective well-being within social groups. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 25-38.
69. Sheldon, K. M., & Niemiec, C. (2006). It’s not just the amount that counts: Balanced need satisfaction also affects well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 331-341. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.331
70. Smojver-Azic, S., Dorcic, T. M., & Zivcic-Becirevic, I. (2015). Attachment to parents and depressive symptoms in college students: The mediating role of initial emotional adjustment and psychological needs. Psychological Topics, 24(1), 135-153.
71. Sommers, J., & Vodanovich, S. J. (2000). Boredom proneness: Its relationship to psychological- and physical-health symptoms, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 149-155.
72. Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101(2), 354-365. doi:10.1037/a0023779
73. Tucker, R. P., & Wingate, L. R. (2014). Basic need satisfaction and suicidal ideation: A self-determination perspective on interpersonal suicide risk and suicidal thinking. Archives of Suicide Research, 18, 282-294. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2013.824839
74. Turkdogan, T. (2017). Exploring the antecedents of happiness: Reconceptualization of the human needs with Glasser's choice theory. In: Ana Alice Vilas Boas (Ed), Quality of life and quality of working life (pp. 3-17). Publisher: InTech. doi: 10.5772/68022
75. Turkdogan, T., & Duru, E. (2012a). Developing university students basic needs scale (USBNS): Validity and reliability study. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 31(1), 81-91.
76. Turkdogan, T., & Duru, E. (2012b). The role of basic needs fulfillment in prediction of subjective well-being among university students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(4), 2429-2446.
77. Uslu, R. I., Kapci, E. G., Oncu, B., Ugurlu, M., & Turkcapar, H. (2008). Psychometric properties and cut-off scores of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Turkish adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15(3), 225-233. doi: 10.1007/s10880-008-9122-y
78. Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23, 263–280. doi: 10.1037/a0032359
79. Waterman, A. S. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: A eudaimonist’s perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 234-252. doi:10.1080/17439760802303002
80. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
81. Watt, J. D., & Davis, F. E. (1991). The prevalence of boredom among profoundly deaf residential school adolescents. American Annals of the Deaf, 136, 409-413. doi: 10.1353/aad.2012.0470
82. Watt, J. D., & Vodanovich, S. J. (1999). Boredom proneness and psychosocial development. Journal of Psychology, 133, 303-314. doi: 10.1080/00223989909599743
83. Wei, M., Shaffer, P. A., Young, S. K., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 591-601. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.591
84. Wilson, W. R. (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin, 67, 294-306. doi:10.1037/h0024431
85. Wubbolding, R. E. (2007). Glasser quality school. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 11(4), 253-261. doi: 10.1037/1089-2699.11.4.253
86. Yoon, E., Lee, R. M., & Goh, M. (2008). Acculturation, social connectedness, and subjective well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 246-255. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.14.3.246