Antalya İli ve Çevresinde Sığırcılık İşletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) Enfeksiyonunun Serolojik Olarak Araştırılması
Year 2020,
, 128 - 137, 31.12.2020
Ayşen Demirsoy
Nuri Mamak
Abstract
Bu çalışma Antalya İli ve çevresindeki büyükbaş hayvan işletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) enfeksiyonunun seroprevalansının araştırılması amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmada 94 işletmede bulunan 6 ay -15 yaşlı 470 adet sığırdan alınan kan örnekleri kullanıldı. Hayvanlara ait kan örnekleri V. Jugularis’ten 10 ml’lik steril vakumlu tüplere alındı. Tüpler 2000 devirde 10 dk. santrifüj edildi. Elde edilen serumlar test yapılıncaya kadar -25 ̊C’de derin dondurucuda saklandı. Serumlarda BVDV’una karşı antikor (Ab) varlığını belirlemek için BVDV (Ab)-ELISA, BVDV antijen (Ag) varlığını belirlemek amacıyla BVDV (Ag)-ELISA test kitleri kullanıldı. İncelenen kan örneklerinden 322’si (%68, 51) seropozitif, 148’i (%31, 48) seronegatif, 13’ü (%2, 76) persiste enfekte olarak tespit edildi. Seropozitiflik oranının yaş grupları arasında istatistiksel açıdan önemli olduğu belirlendi (p<0.05). Ayrıca yaş arttıkça seronegatifliğin azaldığı tespit edildi. Bu çalışma Antalya İli ve çevresinde BVD enfeksiyonunun seroprevalansını tespiti amacıyla gerçekleştirilen ilk çalışma özelliği taşımaktadır. Sonuç olarak; BVDV enfeksiyonu seropozitiflik ve PI oranı göz önüne alındığında, enfeksiyonun Antalya İli ve çevresinde yaygın olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sebepten dolayı hastalığa karşı gerekli kontrol ve koruma önlemlerinin alınması bölge ve ülke ekonomisi için önem arz etmektedir.
Supporting Institution
Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu
Project Number
0410-YL-17
Thanks
Bu çalışma, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu tarafından Yüksek Lisans Tez Projesi olarak desteklenmiştir.
References
- Ak S., Fırat İ., Bozkurt H.H., Gülyaz V., Ak K., 2002.The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle and existence of persistently infected cattle in the Trakya Region. Turkish J. Vet. and Anim. Sci., 26, 245-248
- Akar Hoşcan Ö., 2017. Diyarbakır ilinde özel aile işletmelerinde sığırlarda BHV-1 ve BVDV enfeksiyonları üzerine serolojik araştırmalar. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Samsun/Türkiye.
- Barbosa J.Q., Figueroa A.P.C., Salas S.S., Camargo H. et al. 2018. High prevalence of persistently infected animals from bovine viral diarrhea in Colombian cattle. BMC Vet. Res.12917-018-1769-5
- Beaudeau F., Belloc C., Seegers H., Assie S., Sellal E., Joly A., 2001. Evaluation of a blocking ELISA for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antibodies in serum and milk. Vet. Microbiol., 329-337.
- Bilgili İ., Mamak N., 2019. Isparta İli ve Çevresinde Sığırcılık İşletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) Enfeksiyonunun Serolojik Olarak Araştırılması. MAKU J. Health Sci. Inst., 7(2), 105-113.
- Björkman C.,Alenius S., Emanuelsson U., Uggla A., 2000. Neospora caninum and Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus Infections in Swedish Dairy Cows in Relation to Abortion. The Vet. J. 159, 201–206
- Brodersen B., 2014. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections: manifestations ofinfection and recent advances in understanding pathogenesis and control. Vet Pathol., 51, 453-464. DOI:10.1177/0300985813520250.
- Canal C.W., Strasser M., Hertig C., Masuda A., Peterhans E., 1998. Detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and characterization of genomes of BVDV from Brazil. Prev. Vet. Med.,63,85-97.
- Cho Y., Yoon K., 2014. An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, andintervention. J. Vet. Sci.,15(1), 1-17.
- Çabalar M., Karaoğlu T., 1999. Sığırlarda bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus enfeksiyonuna karşı antikor varlığının araştırılmasında nötralizasyon peroksidaz (NPLA) ve serum nötralizasyon (SN) testlerinin karşılaştırılması. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg.,46, 249-255.
- Erol N., Gür S., Acar A., 2014. A Serological investigation for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection in and around Afyonkarahisar province, West Anatolia. Kocatepe Vet J.,7(1), 17-21.
- Evermann J.F., Barrington G.M., 2005. Clinical features. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: diagnosis, management, and control, Goyal S.M. and Ridpath J. (eds.), Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA. 105-119.
- Fray M.D., Prentice H., Clarke M.C., Charleston B., 1998. Immunohistochemical evidence for the localization of Bovine Viral diarrhea virus, a single-stranded RNA virus, in ovarian oocytes in the cow. Vet. Pathol.,35, 253-259.
- Frederick A., Murphy E., Paul J.G., Marian C.H., Michael J.S., 1999. Veterinary Virology, Third Ed., Academic Press An Imprint of Elsevier, 563-566 San Diego, California USA.
- Fredriksen B., Sandvik T., Loken T., Odegaard S.A., 1999. Level and duration of serum antibodies in cattle infected experimentally and naturally with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Vet. Rec., 144, 111-114.
- Greiser-Wilke I., Grummer B., Moennig V., 2003. Bovine viral diarrhoea eradication and control programmesin Europe. Biologicals.,31, 113–118.
- Guarino H., Nunez A., Repiso M.V., Gil A., Dargatz D.A., 2008. Prevalence of serum antibodies toBovine Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 34–40.
- Hashemi Tabar G.R., Haghparast A., Naseri Z., 2010. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies and antigen among the aborted dairy cows in industrial dairy cattle herds in Mashhad Area-Iran. World Applied Sci. J., 8(5), 635-640
- Houe H., Meyling A., 1991. Prevalence of Bovine Virus Diarrhoea (BVD) in 19 Danish Dairy Herds and Estimation of Incidence of Infection in Early Pregnancy. Prev. Vet Med.,11, 9-16
- Houe H., 1999.Epidemiological features and economical importence of bovine virüs diarrhoea virüs (BVDV) infections. Vet. Microbiol.,64(2-3), 89-107.
- Joly A., Fourichon C., Beaudeau F., 2005. Description and first results of a BVDV control scheme in Brittany (Western France). Prev. Vet Med.,72, 209-213.
- Kameyama K., Konishi M., Tsutsui T., Yamamoto T., 2016. Survey for detectingpersistently infected cattle with bovine viral diarrhea in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 78, 1329–31.
- Karaoğlu T., 1998. Sahadan izole edilen bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) izolatlarının immunplak test ile biyotipik tayini. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg.,45, 323- 332.
- Kotan G.C., 2018. Erzurum Yöresi sığırlarında Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)'un varlığının immunohistokimyasal yöntemle araştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum/Türkiye.
- Lee D.H., Park S.W., Choi E.W., Lee C.W., 2008. Investigation of the prevalance of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cows in South Korea. Vet. Rec.,162, 211-213.
- Lindberg A.L., Alenius S., 1999. Principles for eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations, Vet. Microbiol., 64, 197-222.
- Mainar-Jaime R.C., Berzal-Hernandez B., Arias P., Rojo-Vazquez F.A., 2001. Epidemiological pattern and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in a non-vaccinated dairy-cattle population from the Asturias region of Spain. Prev. Vet. Med.,52, 63-73.
- Maya L., Puentes R., Reolon E., Acuna P., Riet F., Rivero R., et al. 2016. Molecular diversityof bovine viral diarrhea virus in Uruguay. Arch Virol. 161, 529–35.
- Mamak N., Hasircioglu S., Gokce H.I., Yavru S., Kale M., Yildiz R., Avci O., Bulut O., Yapici O., Şimşek A., 2013.The effect of vaccination on the immun response of dairy cattle seropozitif to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). Journal of Animal and Veterinary advanced.,12(13), 1151-1155.
- Milli Ü.H., Hazıroğlu R., 2000. Veteriner Patoloji, Cilt 1, İkinci Baskı, Özkan Matbaacılık, Ankara, 15-18.
- Mockeliuniene V., Salomskas A., Mockeliunas R., Petkevicius S., 2004. Prevalence and Epidemiological Features Of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Infection in Lithuania, Vet Microbiol.,99, 51–57.
- Okur-Gümüşova S., Yazıcı Z., Albayrak H., Cakiroglu D., 2007. Seroprevalence of bovine respiratory diseases, Acta Veterinaria (Beograd), 57, 11-16.
- Otachel-Hawranek J., 2004. Reproductive losses in dairy cattle infected with BVD-MD virus-a field study. Bull. Vet. Pulawy., 48, 355-359.
- Özer E., Duman R., 2011. Konya ve çevresinde Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) enfeksiyonunun araştırılması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya/Türkiye.
- Öztürk D., Kale M., Pehlivanoğlu F., Hasırcıoğlu S., Türütoğlu H., 2012. Evaluation for Some Bacterial and Viral Abortions of Dairy Cattle Farms in Burdur District of Turkey. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg.,18(2), 255-258.
- Passler T., Walz P., Ditchkoff S., Givens M., Maxwell H., Brock K., 2007. Experimental persistent infection withbovine viral diarrhea virus in White tailed deer. Vet. Microbiol.,122, 350-356.
- Polak M.P., Zmudsinki J.F., 1999. Prevalance of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in bulls in artificialinsemination centers in Poland. Vet. Microbiol.,64(2), 253-257.
- Radostits O.M., Blood D.C., 1989. Veterinary Medicine. Seventh ed. Bailliere and Tindall., 845-857.
- Radositist O.M., Gay C.C., Hinchcliff K.W., Constable P.D., 2006. Veterinary Medicine, A Textbook of the diseases of cattle, horse, sheep, pigs and goats. Saunders ltg., Philadelphia, 1248-1277.
- Ribeiro-Niza J., Pereira A., Souza J., Maderia H., Barbosa A., Afonso C., 2005.Estimated BVDV prevalence, -contact and- vaccine use in dairy herds in Northern Portugal. Prev. Vet. Med.,72,81-85.
- Ridpath J.F., 2005. Practical significance of heterogeneity among BVDV strains: Impact of biotype and genotype on U.S.control programs. Prev. Vet. Med.,72, 17-30.
- Ridpath J.F., Fulton R.W., Kirkland P.D., Neill J.D., 2010. Prevalence and antigenic differences observed between Bovine Viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes isolated from cattle in Australia and feedlots in the southwestern United States.,J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 22, 184–191
- Rodning S.P., Marley M.S., Zhang Y., Eason A.B., Nunley C.L., Walz P.H., Riddell K.P., Galik P.K., Brodersen B.W., Givens M.D., 2010. Comparison of three commercial vaccines for preventingpersistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Theriogenology.,73(8), 1154–11636.
- Sausker E.A., Dyer N.W., 2002. Seroprevalence of OHV-2, BVDV, BHV-1 and BRSV in ranch-raised bison (Bison bison). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.,14, 68-70.
- Siegwart N., Hilbe M., Hassig M., Braun U., 2006. Increased risk of BVDV infection of calves from pregnant dams on communal Alpine pastures in Switzerland. The Vet. J., 172, 386–388.
Şişman H., Akkan H.A., 2008. Muğla İli ve çevresinde sığırcılık işletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare (BVDV) enfeksiyonunun serolojik olarak araştırılması.Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van/Türkiye
- Tan M.T., Karaoğlu T., Erol N., Yıldırım Y., 2006. Serological and virological investigations of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle herds in Aydın province. Turk J. Vet. Anim. Sc.,30, 299-304.
- Tütüncü H., Yazıcı Z., 2016.Screenıng For Persıstently Infected Cattle Wıth Bovıne VıralDıarrhea Vırus In Small-Holder Cattle Farms Located In SamsunProvınce, Northern Turkey. The J. of Anim. & Plant Sci., 26(1): 2016, Page: 291-293ISSN: 1018-7081
- Van Regenmortel M.H.V., Fauquet C.M., Bishop D.H.L., Carstens E.B., Estes M.K., Lemon S.M., Maniloff J., Mayo M.A., McGeoch D.J., Pringle C.R., Wickner R.B., 2000. Virus Taxonomy: Classification Nomenclature of Viruses. San Diago, Calif, Academic Press.
Walz P.H., Grooms D.L., Passler T., Ridpath J.F., Tremblay R., Step D.L., Callan R.J., Givens M.D., 2010. Control of Bovine Viral
Diarrhea Virus in Ruminants. J. Vet. Intern Med.,24, 476–486.
- Witthum T.E., Grotelueschen D.M., Brock K.V., Kvasnicka W.G., Floyd J.G., Kelling C.L., Odde K.G., 2001. Persistent bovine viral diarrhoea virüs infection in US beef herds. Prev. Vet. Med.,49,83-94.
- Xue W., Mattick D., Smith L., Maxwell J., 2009. Fetal protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 afterthe use of a modified-live virus vaccine. Can. J. Vet. Res.,73, 292–297.
- Xuhua R., Xiaohong C., Lili M., Xiaobo W., Junjun Z., Miaomiao W., Xiaodan T., Guangyu H., Hongbo N., 2018.A systematic review and meta-analysis of theepidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infectionin dairy cattle in China.S0001-706X(18)30908-2https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.031
- Yazıcı Z., Serdar M.S., Gümüşova S., Albayrak H., 2012. Molecular diagnosis andseroepidemiology of pestivirus in sheep. Vet.Arhiv. 82:35-45.
- Yazıcı Z., Gumusova S., Tamer C., Cagırgan A.A., Akman A., Ozan E., Kadı H., Palancı H.S., Albayrak H., 2017. Deparment of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, TurkeyVirology Laboratory, Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, Samsun, Turkey.
- Yıldırım Y., Burgu İ., 2005. Kuzeydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki sığırlarda mavi dil (BT), IBR, PI-3, EBL ve BVD enfeksiyonlarının seroprevalansı. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg.,52, 113-117.
- Yılmaz V., 2016. Prevalence of antibodies to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in bloodand milk serum in dairy cattle in Kars district of Turkey. Indian J. Anim. Res., 50 (5) 2016 : 811-815.
Serological Research of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infectionin Cattle Farms in Antalya Province
Year 2020,
, 128 - 137, 31.12.2020
Ayşen Demirsoy
Nuri Mamak
Abstract
The aim of the study was to research seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection in cattle farms in Antalya province. In the study, blood samples taken among 470 cattle aged between 6 months and 15 years from 94 farms were used. Blood samples of the animals were collected from V. Jugularis in 10 ml sterile vacuum tubes. Tubes were centrifuged 10 min. at 2000 rpm. The serums were stored in a deep freezer at -25 °C until testing. BVDV (Ab)-ELISA and BVDV (Ag)- ELISA test kits were used to determine the presence of antibody (Ab) and antigen (Ag) respectively in the serums. Of these samples, 322 (68.51%) were seropositive, 148 (31.48%) were seronegative and 13 (2.76%) were persistent infected. Seropositivity rate was found to be statistically significant among age groups (p <0.05). Also it is found that seronegatifity decreased as age increased. The study has the feature of being the first study to determine the seroprevalence of BVDV infection in Antalya province. As a result; When seropositivity and PI ratio of BVDV infection are considered, it is seen that the infection is widespread in Antalya province. For this reason, taking necessary control and protection measures against disease is important for the economy of the region and the country.
Project Number
0410-YL-17
References
- Ak S., Fırat İ., Bozkurt H.H., Gülyaz V., Ak K., 2002.The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle and existence of persistently infected cattle in the Trakya Region. Turkish J. Vet. and Anim. Sci., 26, 245-248
- Akar Hoşcan Ö., 2017. Diyarbakır ilinde özel aile işletmelerinde sığırlarda BHV-1 ve BVDV enfeksiyonları üzerine serolojik araştırmalar. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Samsun/Türkiye.
- Barbosa J.Q., Figueroa A.P.C., Salas S.S., Camargo H. et al. 2018. High prevalence of persistently infected animals from bovine viral diarrhea in Colombian cattle. BMC Vet. Res.12917-018-1769-5
- Beaudeau F., Belloc C., Seegers H., Assie S., Sellal E., Joly A., 2001. Evaluation of a blocking ELISA for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antibodies in serum and milk. Vet. Microbiol., 329-337.
- Bilgili İ., Mamak N., 2019. Isparta İli ve Çevresinde Sığırcılık İşletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) Enfeksiyonunun Serolojik Olarak Araştırılması. MAKU J. Health Sci. Inst., 7(2), 105-113.
- Björkman C.,Alenius S., Emanuelsson U., Uggla A., 2000. Neospora caninum and Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus Infections in Swedish Dairy Cows in Relation to Abortion. The Vet. J. 159, 201–206
- Brodersen B., 2014. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections: manifestations ofinfection and recent advances in understanding pathogenesis and control. Vet Pathol., 51, 453-464. DOI:10.1177/0300985813520250.
- Canal C.W., Strasser M., Hertig C., Masuda A., Peterhans E., 1998. Detection of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and characterization of genomes of BVDV from Brazil. Prev. Vet. Med.,63,85-97.
- Cho Y., Yoon K., 2014. An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, andintervention. J. Vet. Sci.,15(1), 1-17.
- Çabalar M., Karaoğlu T., 1999. Sığırlarda bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus enfeksiyonuna karşı antikor varlığının araştırılmasında nötralizasyon peroksidaz (NPLA) ve serum nötralizasyon (SN) testlerinin karşılaştırılması. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg.,46, 249-255.
- Erol N., Gür S., Acar A., 2014. A Serological investigation for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection in and around Afyonkarahisar province, West Anatolia. Kocatepe Vet J.,7(1), 17-21.
- Evermann J.F., Barrington G.M., 2005. Clinical features. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: diagnosis, management, and control, Goyal S.M. and Ridpath J. (eds.), Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA. 105-119.
- Fray M.D., Prentice H., Clarke M.C., Charleston B., 1998. Immunohistochemical evidence for the localization of Bovine Viral diarrhea virus, a single-stranded RNA virus, in ovarian oocytes in the cow. Vet. Pathol.,35, 253-259.
- Frederick A., Murphy E., Paul J.G., Marian C.H., Michael J.S., 1999. Veterinary Virology, Third Ed., Academic Press An Imprint of Elsevier, 563-566 San Diego, California USA.
- Fredriksen B., Sandvik T., Loken T., Odegaard S.A., 1999. Level and duration of serum antibodies in cattle infected experimentally and naturally with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Vet. Rec., 144, 111-114.
- Greiser-Wilke I., Grummer B., Moennig V., 2003. Bovine viral diarrhoea eradication and control programmesin Europe. Biologicals.,31, 113–118.
- Guarino H., Nunez A., Repiso M.V., Gil A., Dargatz D.A., 2008. Prevalence of serum antibodies toBovine Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 34–40.
- Hashemi Tabar G.R., Haghparast A., Naseri Z., 2010. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies and antigen among the aborted dairy cows in industrial dairy cattle herds in Mashhad Area-Iran. World Applied Sci. J., 8(5), 635-640
- Houe H., Meyling A., 1991. Prevalence of Bovine Virus Diarrhoea (BVD) in 19 Danish Dairy Herds and Estimation of Incidence of Infection in Early Pregnancy. Prev. Vet Med.,11, 9-16
- Houe H., 1999.Epidemiological features and economical importence of bovine virüs diarrhoea virüs (BVDV) infections. Vet. Microbiol.,64(2-3), 89-107.
- Joly A., Fourichon C., Beaudeau F., 2005. Description and first results of a BVDV control scheme in Brittany (Western France). Prev. Vet Med.,72, 209-213.
- Kameyama K., Konishi M., Tsutsui T., Yamamoto T., 2016. Survey for detectingpersistently infected cattle with bovine viral diarrhea in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 78, 1329–31.
- Karaoğlu T., 1998. Sahadan izole edilen bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) izolatlarının immunplak test ile biyotipik tayini. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg.,45, 323- 332.
- Kotan G.C., 2018. Erzurum Yöresi sığırlarında Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)'un varlığının immunohistokimyasal yöntemle araştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum/Türkiye.
- Lee D.H., Park S.W., Choi E.W., Lee C.W., 2008. Investigation of the prevalance of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cows in South Korea. Vet. Rec.,162, 211-213.
- Lindberg A.L., Alenius S., 1999. Principles for eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations, Vet. Microbiol., 64, 197-222.
- Mainar-Jaime R.C., Berzal-Hernandez B., Arias P., Rojo-Vazquez F.A., 2001. Epidemiological pattern and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in a non-vaccinated dairy-cattle population from the Asturias region of Spain. Prev. Vet. Med.,52, 63-73.
- Maya L., Puentes R., Reolon E., Acuna P., Riet F., Rivero R., et al. 2016. Molecular diversityof bovine viral diarrhea virus in Uruguay. Arch Virol. 161, 529–35.
- Mamak N., Hasircioglu S., Gokce H.I., Yavru S., Kale M., Yildiz R., Avci O., Bulut O., Yapici O., Şimşek A., 2013.The effect of vaccination on the immun response of dairy cattle seropozitif to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). Journal of Animal and Veterinary advanced.,12(13), 1151-1155.
- Milli Ü.H., Hazıroğlu R., 2000. Veteriner Patoloji, Cilt 1, İkinci Baskı, Özkan Matbaacılık, Ankara, 15-18.
- Mockeliuniene V., Salomskas A., Mockeliunas R., Petkevicius S., 2004. Prevalence and Epidemiological Features Of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Infection in Lithuania, Vet Microbiol.,99, 51–57.
- Okur-Gümüşova S., Yazıcı Z., Albayrak H., Cakiroglu D., 2007. Seroprevalence of bovine respiratory diseases, Acta Veterinaria (Beograd), 57, 11-16.
- Otachel-Hawranek J., 2004. Reproductive losses in dairy cattle infected with BVD-MD virus-a field study. Bull. Vet. Pulawy., 48, 355-359.
- Özer E., Duman R., 2011. Konya ve çevresinde Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) enfeksiyonunun araştırılması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya/Türkiye.
- Öztürk D., Kale M., Pehlivanoğlu F., Hasırcıoğlu S., Türütoğlu H., 2012. Evaluation for Some Bacterial and Viral Abortions of Dairy Cattle Farms in Burdur District of Turkey. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg.,18(2), 255-258.
- Passler T., Walz P., Ditchkoff S., Givens M., Maxwell H., Brock K., 2007. Experimental persistent infection withbovine viral diarrhea virus in White tailed deer. Vet. Microbiol.,122, 350-356.
- Polak M.P., Zmudsinki J.F., 1999. Prevalance of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in bulls in artificialinsemination centers in Poland. Vet. Microbiol.,64(2), 253-257.
- Radostits O.M., Blood D.C., 1989. Veterinary Medicine. Seventh ed. Bailliere and Tindall., 845-857.
- Radositist O.M., Gay C.C., Hinchcliff K.W., Constable P.D., 2006. Veterinary Medicine, A Textbook of the diseases of cattle, horse, sheep, pigs and goats. Saunders ltg., Philadelphia, 1248-1277.
- Ribeiro-Niza J., Pereira A., Souza J., Maderia H., Barbosa A., Afonso C., 2005.Estimated BVDV prevalence, -contact and- vaccine use in dairy herds in Northern Portugal. Prev. Vet. Med.,72,81-85.
- Ridpath J.F., 2005. Practical significance of heterogeneity among BVDV strains: Impact of biotype and genotype on U.S.control programs. Prev. Vet. Med.,72, 17-30.
- Ridpath J.F., Fulton R.W., Kirkland P.D., Neill J.D., 2010. Prevalence and antigenic differences observed between Bovine Viral diarrhea virus subgenotypes isolated from cattle in Australia and feedlots in the southwestern United States.,J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 22, 184–191
- Rodning S.P., Marley M.S., Zhang Y., Eason A.B., Nunley C.L., Walz P.H., Riddell K.P., Galik P.K., Brodersen B.W., Givens M.D., 2010. Comparison of three commercial vaccines for preventingpersistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Theriogenology.,73(8), 1154–11636.
- Sausker E.A., Dyer N.W., 2002. Seroprevalence of OHV-2, BVDV, BHV-1 and BRSV in ranch-raised bison (Bison bison). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest.,14, 68-70.
- Siegwart N., Hilbe M., Hassig M., Braun U., 2006. Increased risk of BVDV infection of calves from pregnant dams on communal Alpine pastures in Switzerland. The Vet. J., 172, 386–388.
Şişman H., Akkan H.A., 2008. Muğla İli ve çevresinde sığırcılık işletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare (BVDV) enfeksiyonunun serolojik olarak araştırılması.Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van/Türkiye
- Tan M.T., Karaoğlu T., Erol N., Yıldırım Y., 2006. Serological and virological investigations of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle herds in Aydın province. Turk J. Vet. Anim. Sc.,30, 299-304.
- Tütüncü H., Yazıcı Z., 2016.Screenıng For Persıstently Infected Cattle Wıth Bovıne VıralDıarrhea Vırus In Small-Holder Cattle Farms Located In SamsunProvınce, Northern Turkey. The J. of Anim. & Plant Sci., 26(1): 2016, Page: 291-293ISSN: 1018-7081
- Van Regenmortel M.H.V., Fauquet C.M., Bishop D.H.L., Carstens E.B., Estes M.K., Lemon S.M., Maniloff J., Mayo M.A., McGeoch D.J., Pringle C.R., Wickner R.B., 2000. Virus Taxonomy: Classification Nomenclature of Viruses. San Diago, Calif, Academic Press.
Walz P.H., Grooms D.L., Passler T., Ridpath J.F., Tremblay R., Step D.L., Callan R.J., Givens M.D., 2010. Control of Bovine Viral
Diarrhea Virus in Ruminants. J. Vet. Intern Med.,24, 476–486.
- Witthum T.E., Grotelueschen D.M., Brock K.V., Kvasnicka W.G., Floyd J.G., Kelling C.L., Odde K.G., 2001. Persistent bovine viral diarrhoea virüs infection in US beef herds. Prev. Vet. Med.,49,83-94.
- Xue W., Mattick D., Smith L., Maxwell J., 2009. Fetal protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 afterthe use of a modified-live virus vaccine. Can. J. Vet. Res.,73, 292–297.
- Xuhua R., Xiaohong C., Lili M., Xiaobo W., Junjun Z., Miaomiao W., Xiaodan T., Guangyu H., Hongbo N., 2018.A systematic review and meta-analysis of theepidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infectionin dairy cattle in China.S0001-706X(18)30908-2https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.031
- Yazıcı Z., Serdar M.S., Gümüşova S., Albayrak H., 2012. Molecular diagnosis andseroepidemiology of pestivirus in sheep. Vet.Arhiv. 82:35-45.
- Yazıcı Z., Gumusova S., Tamer C., Cagırgan A.A., Akman A., Ozan E., Kadı H., Palancı H.S., Albayrak H., 2017. Deparment of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, TurkeyVirology Laboratory, Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, Samsun, Turkey.
- Yıldırım Y., Burgu İ., 2005. Kuzeydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki sığırlarda mavi dil (BT), IBR, PI-3, EBL ve BVD enfeksiyonlarının seroprevalansı. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg.,52, 113-117.
- Yılmaz V., 2016. Prevalence of antibodies to Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in bloodand milk serum in dairy cattle in Kars district of Turkey. Indian J. Anim. Res., 50 (5) 2016 : 811-815.