Investigation of Possible Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Residues in Commercial Collagen

Öz

The current study investigated whether commercial collagens were within physiologically acceptable limits to ensure their safer use. For this purpose, 10 of the 25 most popular collagen from fish and farm animals (FA) sold on the internet were randomly selected and purchased from a pharmacy. The zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic levels in these commercial products were then analyzed by ICP-OES. Streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol levels in the samples were determined by HPLC. No lead, mercury or arsenic residues were found in any of the tested samples. The mean cadmium levels in fish and FA collagen samples were not significant between the groups (P=0.2548). The lowest cadmium level in fish collagen samples was 0.152 mg/kg and the highest cadmium level was 0.288 mg/kg. Cadmium levels detected in FA collagen samples ranged from 0.183 mg/kg to 2.78 mg/kg. The mean zinc levels in fish and FA collagen were not significant (P=0.2644). The lowest zinc level in fish collagen was 1.368 mg/kg and the highest was 2673 mg/kg. The lowest and highest zinc levels in FA collagen were 1,750 mg/kg and 1528 mg/kg, respectively. According to the current results, no streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline residues were found in any of the collagen samples evaluated. Chloramphenicol was only in two fish collagen samples, but these values were below the lower detection limits. The results indicated that the risk of heavy metal and antibiotic residues in commercial collagen sold in our country is low.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Heavy metals
• Antibiotics
• Fish Collagen
• Collagen from livestock

Kaynakça

1. 1. Bouchard, M. F., Bellinger, D. C., Weuve, J., Matthews-Bellinger, J., Gilman S. E., Wright, R. O., Schwartz, J., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2009). Blood Led Levels and Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in US Young Adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66 (12), 1313–1319.https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.164
2. 2. Clean Label Project. (2021, February 21). The True Content and Faces BehindAmerica’s Best-Selling Collagen.www.organicconsumers.org/sites/ default/files/collagen_white_paper.pdf
3. 3. Consumer Reports, 2010 (2021, November 30). Health risks of protein drinks - consumer reports. https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/ 2012/04/protein-drinks/index.ht
4. 4. Darwish, W. S., Eldaly, E. A., El-Abbasy, M. T., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S., & Ishizuka, M. (2013). Antibiotic residues in food: the African scenario. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, S13-S20.https://doi.org/10.14943/jjvr.61.suppl.s13
5. 5. EFSA. (2012). Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA Journal, 10 (1), 2551-37.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2551
6. 6. Foster, W., &Raoult, A. (1974). Early descriptions of antibiosis. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 24 (149), 889–894.
7. 7. Graham, J.P., Boland, J. J., &Silbergeld, E. (2007). Growth promoting antibiotics in food animal production: an economic analysis. Public Health Report, 122, 79-87.https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200111
8. 8. Gworek, B., Dmuchowski, W., & Baczewska-Dąbrowska, A. H. (2020). Mercury in the terrestrial environment: a review. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, 128.https://doi.org/10.1186 /s12302-020-00401-x

9. 9. Gualerzi, C. O., Brandi, L., Fabbretti, A., & Pon, C. L. (2013). Antibiotics: Targets, Mechanisms and Resistance. John Wiley & Sons.
10. 10. Grund, S. C., Hanusch, K., & Wolf, H. U. (2008). Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
11. 11. Keyes, K., Lee, M. D., & Maurer, J. J. (2003). Antibiotics: mode of action, mechanisms of resistance and transfer. In: Torrance ME, Isaacson RE, (Ed.). Microbial Food Safety in Animal Agriculture Current Topics (pp.45-56). Iowa State Press.
12. 12. King, J. C., & Cousins, R. J. (2014). Zinc. In: Ross A. C., Caballero B, Cousins R. J., Tucker K. L., Ziegler T. R., (Ed.). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (11th ed., pp. 189-205). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13. 13. Kızılırmak, F. E, Aslan, R., Cetingul, I. S., Gulay, O. Y., & Gulay, M. S. (2021). Risk of Heavy Metal Contamination in Krill Oils. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 14 (4), 408-414.https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.960071
14. 14. Lafarga, T., & Hayes, M. (2014). Bioactive peptides from meat muscle and by-products: Generation, functionality and application as functional ingredients. Meat Science, 98, 227–239. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.036.
15. 15. Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., Zaidi, A. K., Wertheim, H. F., Sumpradit, N., Vlieghe, E., Hara, G. L., Gould, I. M., Goossens, H., Greko, C., So, A. D., Bigdeli, M., Tomson, G., Woodhouse, W., Ombaka, E., Peralta, A. Q., Qamar, F. N., Mir, F., Kariuki, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Coates, A., Bergstrom, R., Wright, G. D., Brown, E. D., & Cars, O. (2013). Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases,13 (12), 1057–1098.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70318-9
16. 16. Meena, C., Mengi, S. A., & Deshpande S. G. (1999). Biomedical and industrial applications of collagen. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Chemical Sciences), 111, 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02871912
17. 17. Murray, C. J. L., Ikuta, K. S., Sharara, F., Swetschinski, L., Aguilar, G. R., Gray, A., Han, C., Bisignano, C., Rao, P., Wool, E., & Johnson, S. C. (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. The Lancet, 399 (10325), 629–655.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
18. 18. Nimni, M. (1980). The molecular organization of collagen and its role in determining the biophysical properties of the connective tissues. Biorheology, 17, 51–82.https://doi.org/10.3233/BIR-1980-171-210
19. 19. Organic Consumer Reports, 2020. (2021, November 20). https://www.organicconsumers.org /sites/ default/files /collagen_white_paper.pdf
20. 20. Pavlov, A. l.., Lashev, L., Vachin, I., & Rusev, V. (2008). Residues of antimicrobial drugs in chicken meat and offals. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 6 (1), 23-25.
21. 21. Phillips, I., Casewell, M., Cox, T., De Groot, B., Friis, C., Jones, R., Nightingale, C., Preston, R., &Waddell, J. (2004). Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. Journal ofAntimicrobChemother, 53,28-52.
22. 22. Plum, L. M., Rink, L., &Haase, H. (2010). The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health. InternationalJournal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7, 1342-1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7041342
23. 23. Pourret, O., Bollinger, J. C., & Hursthouse, A. (2021). Heavy metal: a misused term? Acta Geochemica, 40 (3), 466–471.
24. 24. Ryu, M. S., & Aydemir, T. B. (2020). Zinc. In: B. P. Marriott, D.F. Birt, V.A. Stallings, &A.A. Yates (Ed.). Present Knowledge in Nutrition (11th ed., pp. 393-408). Wiley-Blackwell.
25. 25. Saxena, S. (2015). Microbes in Production of Fine Chemicals (Antibiotics, Drugs, Vitamins, and Amino Acids). In:S. Saxena (Ed.). Applied Microbiology (pp. 83–120). Springer India.
26. 26. Schmidt, M. M., Dornelles, R. C. P., Mello, R. O., Kubota, E. H., Mazutti, M. A., Kempka, A. P., & Demiate, I. M. (2016). Collagen extraction process. International Food Research Journal, 23, 913–922.
27. 27. Sionkowska, A., Adamiak, K., Musiał, K., & Gadomska, M. (2020). Collagen Based Materials in Cosmetic Applications: A Review. Materials, 13, 2417. doi: 10.3390/ma13194217. PMID: 32977407
28. 28. Spencer, H., Norris, C., & Williams, D. (1994). Inhibitory effects of zinc on magnesium balance and magnesium absorption in man. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 13, 479-84.https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1994.10718438
29. 29. Watrous, M. 2020 (2021, September 10). Collagen rising in functional Food formulations,https://www.foodbusinessnews.net/articles/13466-collagen-rising-in-functional-food-formulations
30. 30. Van Boeckel, T. P., Brower, C., Gilbert, M., Grenfell, B. T., Levin, S. A., Robinson, T. P., Teillant, A., & Laxminarayan, R. (2015). Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 5649-5654.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503141112