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LETONYA’NIN UYANIŞI: JĀZEPS VĪTOLS’UN LETONYA HALK ŞARKILARI FANTEZİSİ ESERİNİN ULUSAL MÜZİK BAĞLAMINDA TEMSİLİ

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 43, 1285 - 1306, 19.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1308374

Abstract

Letonya, tarihi süreç içinde farklı etnik grupların bir arada yaşadığı bir bölge olmuştur. Bu etnik çok çeşitlilik, kültürel anlamda büyük bir zenginlik sunsa da, bölge üzerindeki yönetimsel hâkimiyet mekanizmalarının isteği doğrultusunda, yıllar içinde Alman kültürü egemen olmuştur. Letonya’nın kültürel anlamda özgün karakteri ise ulusal akımların bir sonucu olarak yirminci yüzyılda araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Almanya’da ortaya çıkan ve “Genç Almanyalılar” hareketinin uzantısı olarak yapılan bu çalışmalar, Sovyetler Birliği döneminde yürütülen Ruslaştırma politikaları doğrultusunda sekteye uğramıştır. Ulusal kültürün ortaya çıkarılması amacını taşıyan çalışmalarda ön plana çıkan alanlardan biri de halk müziği olmuştur. Letonya’nın kültürel farklılığını yansıtan ve pagan inancı üzerinden yaşam biçimini aktaran “Daina” isimli şarkıların, hem metin hem de ezgi bakımından içinde oldukça zengin bir malzeme barındırdığı görülmüştür. Letonya’nın en önemli bestecilerinden biri olan Jāzeps Vītols da bu ezgilerin derlenmesinde görev almıştır. Vītols’un, ulusal bestecilik okulunun ilk temsilcilerinden biri olarak Letonya müziğini yansıttığı eserlerinden biri de keman ve orkestra için bestelemiş olduğu Letonya Halk Şarkıları Fantezisi isimli eseridir. Bu çalışmada Letonya’nın tarihsel süreç içindeki konumu ile birlikte ulusal uyanış sonucunda kültürel bir özne olarak halk müziğinin ortaya çıkışı ve dönemin yaygın bir uygulaması olarak Orta Avrupa müziği gelenekleri dâhilinde bir yapıta aktarılması durumu incelenmiştir. Bölgenin tarihi ve ulusal kültürle ilgili yapılan araştırmaların müziğe yansıması durumu ile birlikte Letonya halk müziğinin karakteristik özellikleri belirlenerek Vītols’un ilgili eserinin incelenmesi ve bahsedilen bakış açısı çerçevesinde eserdeki folklorik öğelerin varlığını ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada betimsel araştırma modeli temelinde ilişkisel etnografi deseni kullanılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak ilgili bilgiler derlenmiş ve elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz tekniği ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucu itibariyle elde edilen veriler incelendiğinde, Vītols’un Letonya Halk Şarkıları Fantezisi eserinde, halk müziğindeki belirli ezgileri ve bu ezgilerin çeşitli varyantlarını kullanması sonucunda Letonya halk müziği karakterini aktardığı saptanmıştır.

References

  • Boiko, M. (1994). Latvian ethnomusicology: past and present. Yearbook for Traditional Music. s. 26: 47-65.
  • Bunkśe, E. V. (1979). Latvian folkloristics. The Journal of American Folklore, 92(364), 196-214. https://doi.org/10.2307/539388
  • Dunn, S. R. (2020). Battle in the Baltic: The Royal Navy and the fight to save Estonia and Latvia, 1918-1920. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing.
  • Gottlieb, W. (1939). Music and musical life in Latvia. The Musical Times, 80 (1158). 629-630.
  • Iwaskiw, W. R. (1996). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Country studies. Washington: Library of Congress. Jaremko-Porter, C. (2001). Latvian folk music collection. British Journal of Ethnomusicology, 10 (1), 139-143.
  • Jonāne, J. (2018). The Foundation of sacred music within the framework of Jāzeps Vītols’ musical creativity. Lietuvos muzikologija, 19, 76-85.
  • Kalnins, M. (2015). Latvia: a short history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lippus, U. (1999). Baltic music history writing: problems and perspectives. Acta Musicologica, 71(1), 50-60. McCormick, T. C. - White, K. K. (2011). Folklore: an encyclopedia of beliefs, customs, tales, music and art. Kaliforniya: ABC-CLIO.
  • Naithani, S. (2019). Folklore in baltic history: resistance and resurgence. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
  • Olson, L. J. (2004). Performing Russia: Folk revival and Russian identity. UK: Routledge Curzon.
  • Osmond, J. ve Cimdin̦a, A. (2007). Power and culture: identity, ideology, representation. Pisa: PLUS-Pisa University Press.
  • Plakans, A. (2008). Historical dictionary of Latvia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
  • Pūtelis, A. (2004). Big or small? Archives of latvian folklore as a public source of information. Fontes artis musicae, 51(3/4), 339-343.
  • Say, A. (2005). Müzik sözlüğü. Ankara: Müzik Ansiklopedisi Yayınları.
  • Sneibe, Z. (2002). The collection of folk music in the archives of Latvian folklore. The World of Music, 44(3), 159-162.
  • Staliunas, D. (2007). Making Russians: Meaning and practice of russification in Lithuania and Belarus after 1863. NetLibrary.
  • Strmiska, M. (2005). The music of the past in modern Baltic paganism. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 8(3), 39-58.
  • Trencsenyi, B. (2018). A history of modern political thought in East Central Europe. Volume II: Negotiating modernity in the ‘short twentieth century’ (1968 and beyond). Part II: 1968-2018. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wolverton, V. (2003). Baltic portraits: Jāzeps Vītols, patriarch of latvia’s art music tradition. The Choral Journal, 44(1), 9-17.
  • Zake, I. (2007). Inventing culture and nation: ıntellectuals and early latvian nationalism. National Identities, 9(4), 307-329.

Latvia’s Awakening: The Representation of Jāzeps Vītols’ Fantasy of Latvian Folk Songs in the Context of National Music

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 43, 1285 - 1306, 19.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1308374

Abstract

Latvia has historically been a region where different ethnic groups have lived together. Although this ethnic diversity offers a great cultural richness, German culture has dominated over the years, in line with the wishes of the administrative dominance mechanisms over the region. Latvia’s unique cultural character began to be explored in the twentieth century as a result of national movements. These studies, which emerged in Germany as an extension of the “Young Germans” movement, were interrupted by the Russification policies carried out during the Soviet Union. One of the areas that came to the forefront in the studies aimed at revealing the national culture was folk music. It has been observed that the songs named “Daina”, which reflect Latvia’s cultural diversity and convey the way of life through pagan beliefs, contain a very rich material in terms of both text and melody. Jāzeps Vītols, one of Latvia’s most important composers, took part in the compilation of these melodies. As one of the first representatives of the national school of composition, one of Vītols’ works reflecting Latvian music is his Latvian Folk Song Fantasy for violin and orchestra. In this study, Latvia’s position in the historical process and the emergence of folk music as a cultural subject as a result of national awakening and its transfer to a work within the traditions of Central European music as a common practice of the period are examined. It is aimed to analyze the relevant work of Vītols by determining the characteristic features of Latvian folk music together with the reflection of the researches on the history of the region and national culture on music and to reveal the presence of folkloric elements in the work within the framework of the mentioned perspective. Descriptive research techniques were used in the study. Relevant information was compiled using the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, and the data obtained were evaluated with the descriptive analysis technique. When the data obtained as a result of the study were analyzed, it was determined that Vītols conveyed the character of Latvian folk music as a result of using certain melodies in folk music and various variants of these melodies in his Latvian Folk Song Fantasy.

References

  • Boiko, M. (1994). Latvian ethnomusicology: past and present. Yearbook for Traditional Music. s. 26: 47-65.
  • Bunkśe, E. V. (1979). Latvian folkloristics. The Journal of American Folklore, 92(364), 196-214. https://doi.org/10.2307/539388
  • Dunn, S. R. (2020). Battle in the Baltic: The Royal Navy and the fight to save Estonia and Latvia, 1918-1920. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing.
  • Gottlieb, W. (1939). Music and musical life in Latvia. The Musical Times, 80 (1158). 629-630.
  • Iwaskiw, W. R. (1996). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Country studies. Washington: Library of Congress. Jaremko-Porter, C. (2001). Latvian folk music collection. British Journal of Ethnomusicology, 10 (1), 139-143.
  • Jonāne, J. (2018). The Foundation of sacred music within the framework of Jāzeps Vītols’ musical creativity. Lietuvos muzikologija, 19, 76-85.
  • Kalnins, M. (2015). Latvia: a short history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lippus, U. (1999). Baltic music history writing: problems and perspectives. Acta Musicologica, 71(1), 50-60. McCormick, T. C. - White, K. K. (2011). Folklore: an encyclopedia of beliefs, customs, tales, music and art. Kaliforniya: ABC-CLIO.
  • Naithani, S. (2019). Folklore in baltic history: resistance and resurgence. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
  • Olson, L. J. (2004). Performing Russia: Folk revival and Russian identity. UK: Routledge Curzon.
  • Osmond, J. ve Cimdin̦a, A. (2007). Power and culture: identity, ideology, representation. Pisa: PLUS-Pisa University Press.
  • Plakans, A. (2008). Historical dictionary of Latvia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
  • Pūtelis, A. (2004). Big or small? Archives of latvian folklore as a public source of information. Fontes artis musicae, 51(3/4), 339-343.
  • Say, A. (2005). Müzik sözlüğü. Ankara: Müzik Ansiklopedisi Yayınları.
  • Sneibe, Z. (2002). The collection of folk music in the archives of Latvian folklore. The World of Music, 44(3), 159-162.
  • Staliunas, D. (2007). Making Russians: Meaning and practice of russification in Lithuania and Belarus after 1863. NetLibrary.
  • Strmiska, M. (2005). The music of the past in modern Baltic paganism. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 8(3), 39-58.
  • Trencsenyi, B. (2018). A history of modern political thought in East Central Europe. Volume II: Negotiating modernity in the ‘short twentieth century’ (1968 and beyond). Part II: 1968-2018. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wolverton, V. (2003). Baltic portraits: Jāzeps Vītols, patriarch of latvia’s art music tradition. The Choral Journal, 44(1), 9-17.
  • Zake, I. (2007). Inventing culture and nation: ıntellectuals and early latvian nationalism. National Identities, 9(4), 307-329.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Music
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burak Eker 0000-0001-5337-2404

Hakkı Alper Maral 0000-0001-6200-3424

Early Pub Date September 19, 2023
Publication Date September 19, 2023
Submission Date June 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 43

Cite

APA Eker, B., & Maral, H. A. (2023). LETONYA’NIN UYANIŞI: JĀZEPS VĪTOLS’UN LETONYA HALK ŞARKILARI FANTEZİSİ ESERİNİN ULUSAL MÜZİK BAĞLAMINDA TEMSİLİ. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 16(43), 1285-1306. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.1308374