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Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Solid Wood Experiments: Example of Oriental Plane (Platanus orientalis L.)

Year 2022, , 354 - 360, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.1171648

Abstract

All physical, mechanical and aesthetic properties of wood are formed by its heterogeneous biological cell structure. Interest has developed in the nature of wood fracture at the microscopic and even at the ultrastructural level. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) seems to be one of the most powerful techniques that enable wood structure research. In the study, Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis L.) wood was used. Tensile and compressive strength tests were applied to the prepared samples. Sections were taken from the deformed parts of the mechanically tested samples. Scanning Electron Microscopy examinations were performed on these sections and cell images were analyzed using micrographs. In the micrographs, ruptures and fragmentation of the cells occurring in the cell structures as a result of the tensile strength tests, cracks, separations and fractures in the cell walls as a result of the pressure resistance tests were clearly visible.

References

  • As, N., Koç, H., Doğu, D., Atik, C., Aksu, B., Erdinler, S. (2001). Türkiye’de yetişen endüstriyel öneme sahip ağaçların anatomik, fiziksel, mekanik ve kimyasal özellikleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(1): 71-88.
  • Bektaş, İ., Alma, M. H., Fidan, M. S. (2005). Doğu çınarı (Platanus orientalis)’nın lambri yapımına uygunluğunum araştırılması. T.C. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi. Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimi Başkanlığı. Proje No:2003/1-5.
  • Bektaş, İ., Göker,Y., Alma, M.H., Baştürk, A. (2002). Odunun tornalama özellikleri üzerine yoğunluk ve rutubet miktarının etkisi. 2nd National Black Sea Forestry Congress, May 15- 18, 2002, Artvin/Turkey, 3: 884-891.
  • Bozkurt, Y., Erdin, N. (1997). Ağaç teknolojisi ders kitabı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi. Yayın no:3998/445, İstanbul.
  • Bozkurt, Y., Erdin, N. (2000). Odun anatomisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Cote, W. A., Hanna, R. B. (1983). Ultrastructural characteristics of wood fracture surfaces. Wood and Fiber Science, 15(2): 135-163.
  • Da Silva, A., Kyriakides, S. (2007). Compressive response and failure of balsa wood. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44(25-26): 8685-8717.
  • DIN 52185 (1976). Testing of wood; compression test parallel to grain standard by Deutsches Institut Für Normung E.V. German National Standard, Germany.
  • DIN 52188 (1979). Testing of wood; tensile stress parallel to grain standard by Deutsches Institut Für Normung E.V. German National Standard, Germany.
  • DIN 52192 (1979). Testing of wood; compression test perpendicular to grain standard by Deutsches Institut Für Normung E.V. German National Standard, Germany.
  • Doğu, A. D. (2002). Odun yapısı üzerinde etkili faktörler. Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü, DOA Dergisi, 1: 81-102.
  • Erdin, N. (1987). Taramalı elektron mikroskobunun temel prensipleri ve numune hazırlama. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri B, 36(2): 102-124.
  • Exley, R. R., Butterfield, B. G., Meylan, B. A. (1974). Preparation of wood specimens for the scanning electron microscope. Journal of Microscopy, 101(1): 21-30.
  • Fellak, S., Rafik, M., Haidara, H., Taybi, H., Boukir, A., Lhassani, A. (2022). Scanning electron microscopy examination of the surface of softwood attacked by fungus. MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236000007 (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022)
  • Goldstein, J., Newbury, D. E., Michael, J. R., Ritchie, N. W., Scott, J. H. J., Joy, D. C. (2018). Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. Springer, New York.
  • Golinejad, S., Mirjalili, M. H. (2020). Fast and cost-effective preparation of plant cells for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Analytical Biochemistry, 609; DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113920
  • Hamed, S. A., Ali, M. F., El Hadidi, N. M. (2012). Using SEM in monitoring changes in archaeological wood: A review. In: Current microscopy contributions to advances in science and technology. Badajoz: Formatex Research Center, Spain, 1077-1084.
  • Hatano, T., Nakaba, S., Horikawa, Y., Funada, R. (2022). A combination of scanning electron microscopy and broad argon ion beam milling provides intact structure of secondary tissues in woody plants. Scientific Reports,12:9152; DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13122-3
  • Ishida, S., Ohtani, J. (1970). Study on the pit of wood cells using scanning electron microscopy: Report 1. An observation of the vestured pit in black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia LINN. Research bulletins of the college. Hokkaido University, 27(2), 347-354.
  • Jansen, S., Kitin, P., De Pauw, H., Idris, M, Beeckman, H., Smets, E. (1998). Preparation of wood specimens for transmitted light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Belgian Journal of Botany,131(1): 41-49.
  • Keunecke, D. (2008). Eloasto-mechanical characterization of yew and spruce wood with regard to structure property relationships. Ph.D. Thesis, Univercity of Hamburg, Germany.
  • Lehringer, C., Daniel, G., Schmitt, U. (2009). TEM/FE-SEM studies on tension wood fibres of Acer spp., Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L. Wood Science and Technology, 43(7): 691-702. Merela, M., Thaler, N., Balzano, A., Plavčak, D. (2020). Optimal surface preparation for wood anatomy research of invasive species by scanning electron microscopy. Drvna Industrija, 71(2):117-127.
  • Merev, N. (2003). Odun anatomisi ve odun tanıtımı. KTÜ Basımevi, Genel Yayın No: 209, Trabzon.
  • Nasir, M. G., Fatima, N., Suleman, K. M. (2006). Technological properties and suitability determination of some non-commercial timbers on the basis of anatomical properties. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 56(1): 5-16.
  • Pang, S., Liang, Y., Tao, W., Liu, Y., Huan, S., Qin, H. (2019). Effect of the strain rate and fiber direction on the dynamic mechanical properties of beech wood. Forests, 10(10): 881.
  • Rajab, B. A. (2014). Thermal treatment of several wood species grown in Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, T.R. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey.
  • Rauf, S., Raza, S. J. (2012). Properties and utilization of locally grown Chinar (Platanus orientalis L.) wood. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 62(2): 40-45.
  • Rubleva, O. (2019). Structural changes of Scots pine wood caused by local pressing in the longitudinal direction. Drewno, 62: 23-39.
  • Tabet, T. A., Fauziah, A. A. (2013). Cellulose microfibril angle in wood and its dynamic mechanical significance. In: Cellulose fundamental aspects. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech., 113-142.
  • Takahashi, A., Yamamoto, N., Ooka, Y., Toyohiro, T. (2022). Tensile Examination and Strength Evaluation of Latewood in Japanese Cedar. Materials, 15(7): 2347.
  • Thornhill, J. W., Matta, R. K., Wood, W. H. (1965). Examining three-dimensional microstructures with the scanning electron microscope. Grana, 6(1): 3-6.
  • Zhou, W., Apkarian, R., Wang, Z. L., Joy, D. (2006). Fundamentals of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In: Scanning microscopy for nanotechnology. Springer, New York, 1-40.

Masif Ahşap Deneylerinde Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu Kullanımı: Doğu Çınarı (Platanus orientalis L.) Örneği

Year 2022, , 354 - 360, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.1171648

Abstract

Ahşabın tüm fiziksel, mekanik ve estetik özellikleri, heterojen biyolojik hücre yapısıyla oluşur. Ahşap incelemelerinde, mikroskobik ve hatta ultrastrüktürel düzeyde ahşap kırılmasının doğasına ilgi artmıştır. Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM), ahşap yapı araştırmalarını mümkün kılan en güçlü tekniklerden biri gibi görünmektedir. Çalışmada Doğu çınarı (Platanus orientalis L.) odunu kullanılmıştır. Hazırlanan numunelere çekme ve basınç direnci testleri uygulanmıştır. Mekanik testleri yapılan örneklerin deforme olan bölümlerinden kesitler alınmıştır. Bu kesitlerde Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu incelemeleri yapılmış ve hücre görüntüleri mikrograflar kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Mikrograflarda, çekme direnci testleri sonucu hücre yapılarında meydana gelen parçalanarak kopma ve hücrelerin parçalanma şekilleri, basınç direnci testleri sonucu hücre duvarlarındaki çatlaklar, ayrılmalar ve kırıklar açıkça görülebilmiştir.

References

  • As, N., Koç, H., Doğu, D., Atik, C., Aksu, B., Erdinler, S. (2001). Türkiye’de yetişen endüstriyel öneme sahip ağaçların anatomik, fiziksel, mekanik ve kimyasal özellikleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 51(1): 71-88.
  • Bektaş, İ., Alma, M. H., Fidan, M. S. (2005). Doğu çınarı (Platanus orientalis)’nın lambri yapımına uygunluğunum araştırılması. T.C. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi. Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimi Başkanlığı. Proje No:2003/1-5.
  • Bektaş, İ., Göker,Y., Alma, M.H., Baştürk, A. (2002). Odunun tornalama özellikleri üzerine yoğunluk ve rutubet miktarının etkisi. 2nd National Black Sea Forestry Congress, May 15- 18, 2002, Artvin/Turkey, 3: 884-891.
  • Bozkurt, Y., Erdin, N. (1997). Ağaç teknolojisi ders kitabı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi. Yayın no:3998/445, İstanbul.
  • Bozkurt, Y., Erdin, N. (2000). Odun anatomisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Cote, W. A., Hanna, R. B. (1983). Ultrastructural characteristics of wood fracture surfaces. Wood and Fiber Science, 15(2): 135-163.
  • Da Silva, A., Kyriakides, S. (2007). Compressive response and failure of balsa wood. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44(25-26): 8685-8717.
  • DIN 52185 (1976). Testing of wood; compression test parallel to grain standard by Deutsches Institut Für Normung E.V. German National Standard, Germany.
  • DIN 52188 (1979). Testing of wood; tensile stress parallel to grain standard by Deutsches Institut Für Normung E.V. German National Standard, Germany.
  • DIN 52192 (1979). Testing of wood; compression test perpendicular to grain standard by Deutsches Institut Für Normung E.V. German National Standard, Germany.
  • Doğu, A. D. (2002). Odun yapısı üzerinde etkili faktörler. Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü, DOA Dergisi, 1: 81-102.
  • Erdin, N. (1987). Taramalı elektron mikroskobunun temel prensipleri ve numune hazırlama. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri B, 36(2): 102-124.
  • Exley, R. R., Butterfield, B. G., Meylan, B. A. (1974). Preparation of wood specimens for the scanning electron microscope. Journal of Microscopy, 101(1): 21-30.
  • Fellak, S., Rafik, M., Haidara, H., Taybi, H., Boukir, A., Lhassani, A. (2022). Scanning electron microscopy examination of the surface of softwood attacked by fungus. MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236000007 (Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2022)
  • Goldstein, J., Newbury, D. E., Michael, J. R., Ritchie, N. W., Scott, J. H. J., Joy, D. C. (2018). Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. Springer, New York.
  • Golinejad, S., Mirjalili, M. H. (2020). Fast and cost-effective preparation of plant cells for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Analytical Biochemistry, 609; DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113920
  • Hamed, S. A., Ali, M. F., El Hadidi, N. M. (2012). Using SEM in monitoring changes in archaeological wood: A review. In: Current microscopy contributions to advances in science and technology. Badajoz: Formatex Research Center, Spain, 1077-1084.
  • Hatano, T., Nakaba, S., Horikawa, Y., Funada, R. (2022). A combination of scanning electron microscopy and broad argon ion beam milling provides intact structure of secondary tissues in woody plants. Scientific Reports,12:9152; DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13122-3
  • Ishida, S., Ohtani, J. (1970). Study on the pit of wood cells using scanning electron microscopy: Report 1. An observation of the vestured pit in black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia LINN. Research bulletins of the college. Hokkaido University, 27(2), 347-354.
  • Jansen, S., Kitin, P., De Pauw, H., Idris, M, Beeckman, H., Smets, E. (1998). Preparation of wood specimens for transmitted light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Belgian Journal of Botany,131(1): 41-49.
  • Keunecke, D. (2008). Eloasto-mechanical characterization of yew and spruce wood with regard to structure property relationships. Ph.D. Thesis, Univercity of Hamburg, Germany.
  • Lehringer, C., Daniel, G., Schmitt, U. (2009). TEM/FE-SEM studies on tension wood fibres of Acer spp., Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L. Wood Science and Technology, 43(7): 691-702. Merela, M., Thaler, N., Balzano, A., Plavčak, D. (2020). Optimal surface preparation for wood anatomy research of invasive species by scanning electron microscopy. Drvna Industrija, 71(2):117-127.
  • Merev, N. (2003). Odun anatomisi ve odun tanıtımı. KTÜ Basımevi, Genel Yayın No: 209, Trabzon.
  • Nasir, M. G., Fatima, N., Suleman, K. M. (2006). Technological properties and suitability determination of some non-commercial timbers on the basis of anatomical properties. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 56(1): 5-16.
  • Pang, S., Liang, Y., Tao, W., Liu, Y., Huan, S., Qin, H. (2019). Effect of the strain rate and fiber direction on the dynamic mechanical properties of beech wood. Forests, 10(10): 881.
  • Rajab, B. A. (2014). Thermal treatment of several wood species grown in Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, T.R. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey.
  • Rauf, S., Raza, S. J. (2012). Properties and utilization of locally grown Chinar (Platanus orientalis L.) wood. The Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 62(2): 40-45.
  • Rubleva, O. (2019). Structural changes of Scots pine wood caused by local pressing in the longitudinal direction. Drewno, 62: 23-39.
  • Tabet, T. A., Fauziah, A. A. (2013). Cellulose microfibril angle in wood and its dynamic mechanical significance. In: Cellulose fundamental aspects. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech., 113-142.
  • Takahashi, A., Yamamoto, N., Ooka, Y., Toyohiro, T. (2022). Tensile Examination and Strength Evaluation of Latewood in Japanese Cedar. Materials, 15(7): 2347.
  • Thornhill, J. W., Matta, R. K., Wood, W. H. (1965). Examining three-dimensional microstructures with the scanning electron microscope. Grana, 6(1): 3-6.
  • Zhou, W., Apkarian, R., Wang, Z. L., Joy, D. (2006). Fundamentals of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In: Scanning microscopy for nanotechnology. Springer, New York, 1-40.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Paper
Authors

Göksu Şirin 0000-0003-1394-1697

Deniz Aydemir 0000-0002-7484-2126

Gökhan Gündüz 0000-0002-2602-2211

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Acceptance Date November 7, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Şirin, G., Aydemir, D., & Gündüz, G. (2022). Masif Ahşap Deneylerinde Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu Kullanımı: Doğu Çınarı (Platanus orientalis L.) Örneği. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(Ek (Suppl.) 1), 354-360. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.1171648