Developments in the Reduction Methods of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions

Year 2017, Volume: 8 Issue: Özel (Special) 1, 15 - 24, 02.07.2017

Ahmet Uyumaz , Fahrettin Boz Emre Yılmaz , Hamit Solmaz , Seyfi Polat

Abstract

Exhaust emissions produced from internal
combustion engines are one of the most damage to environmental and human
health. Exhaust emissions generated from motored vehicles with the rapid
increase in the number of vehicles in the world causes to serious problems.
Inability to control the exhaust emissions to the atmosphere will cause the
world to become uninhabitable. At this point, researchers and engine
manufacturers tend to develop the systems to reduce exhaust emissions because
of increasingly limiting the exhaust emission standards. In this study exhaust
emissions arose from motor vehicle were described and methods of reducing these
gases were investigated making detailed literature review. The latest and
technological systems used for reducing exhaust emissions produced from motored
vehicle were investigated.

Keywords

Internal combustion engines, emission, catalytic converter, EGR

Taşıt Egzoz Emisyonlarını Azaltma Yöntemlerindeki Gelişmeler

Abstract

İçten
yanmalı motorlardan kaynaklanan egzoz emisyonları çevreye ve insan sağlığına en
fazla zarar veren faktörlerden birisidir. Dünyada hızlı bir şekilde artan araç
sayısı ile taşıt kaynaklı egzoz emisyonları çok ciddi problemlere yol
açmaktadır. Atmosfere salınan egzoz emisyonlarının kontrol edilememesi dünyanın
yaşanmaz bir hale gelmesine neden olacaktır. Bu noktada, egzoz emisyon
standartlarının gittikçe sınırlandırılması, araştırmacıları ve motor
üreticilerini taşıt kaynaklı egzoz emisyonların azaltılmasında kullanılabilecek
sistemleri geliştirmeye yöneltmektedir. Bu çalışmada taşıtlardan kaynaklanan
egzoz emisyonları tarif edilerek, bu gazların azaltılma yöntemleri detaylı bir
literatür taraması yapılarak incelenmiştir. Taşıt kaynaklı açığa çıkan egzoz
emisyonlarını azaltmak için kullanılan en güncel ve teknolojik sistemler
araştırılmıştır. 

Keywords

İçten yanmalı motorlar, emisyon, katalitik konvertör, EGR

References

• Kaynaklar
• Agarwal, D., Sinha, S., and Agarwal, A.K.,(2006). Experimental Investigation of Control of NOx Emissions in Biodiesel-fueled Compression Ignition Engine. Renewable Energy, 31: 2356-2369
• Agarwal, D., Kumar, S., Avinash, S., Agarwal, K. (2011). Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) On Performance, Emissions, Deposits and Durability Of a Constant Speed Compression Ignition Engine. Applied energy, 88(8): 2900-290.
• Akihama, K. Takatori, Y. Inagaki, K. Sasaki, S. Dean, AM.(2001). Mechanism Of The Smokeless Rich Diesel Combustion By Reducing Temperature’. SAE paper no. 2001-01-0655, Society of automotive Engineers Inc., Warrendale, PA.
• Alkaya, B., Yıldırım, M.A. (2000). Taşıt Kaynaklı Kirleticilerin Azaltılma Yöntemleri. Ekoloji, 34: 16-20.
• Amin, N., (2009). Reducing Emissions From Private Cars: Incentive Measures For Behavioural Changes. United Nations Environment Programme, 7-9.
• Bilim Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı, (2012). Hafif yolcu ve ticari araçlardan çıkan emisyonlar (euro 5 Ve euro 6) bakımından ve araç tamir ve bakım bilgilerine Erişim konusunda motorlu araçların tip onayına İlişkin yönetmelik (715/2007/at)’te değişiklik yapılmasına dair yönetmelik.
• Bradley, K.S., Stedman, D.H. and Bishop, G.A. (1999). A Global Inventory of Carbon Monoxide Emissions From Motor Vehicles.Chemosphere - Global Change Science, 1: 65-72.
• Brown, K.E., Henze, D.K., Milford, J.B., (2017). How accounting for climate and health impacts of emissions could change the US energy system. Energy Policy, 102: 396–405.
• Challen, B., Baranescu, R., (1999). Diesel Engine Reference Book 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 479-480.
• Christine, B.K.,(2006). Shaping The Terms of Competition: Environmental Regulation and Corporate Strategies to Reduce Diesel Vehicle Emissions. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244-256. Der Wiesche, S.A. der Wiesche, (2007). Numerical Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering Of Adblue (SCR) Tanks For Combustion Engine Emission Reduction. Applied Thermal Engineering, 27, 11–12, 1790–1798.
• EGR Removal/Delete, EGR Delete / EGR Bypass. https://www.celtictuning.co.uk/services/egr-removal-delete. Erişim tarihi: 08.01.2017.
• Fornasiero, P., Hickey, N., Kašpar, J., Dossi, C., Gava, D. and Graziani, M., (2000). Redox and Chemisorptive Properties of Ex-chloride and Ex-nitrate Rh/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 Catalysts: 1. Effect of Low-Temperature Redox Cycling. J. Catal., 189, 326–338.
• Forzatti, P. (2001). Present Status and Perspectives in de-NOx SCR Catalysis. Appl. Catal. A, 222, 221.
• Gürü, M., Koca, A., Can, Ö., Çınar, C., and F. Şahin, (2010). Biodiesel Production From Waste Chicken Fat Based Sources and Evaluation With Mg Based Additive in a Diesel Engine. Renewable Energy, 35: 637-643.
• Harrison, B., Diwell, A.F. and Hallet, C., (1988). Promoting Platinum Metals by Ceria. Platinum Metals Rev., 32: 2, 73-83.
• Heywood, J.B.,(1998). Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 504-541.
• Holman,C.,Kessell, M., (2002). Emission Control Technology For Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Final Report, 1, United Kingdom.
• Hountalas, D.T., Mavrapoulos, G.C. and Binder, K.B., (2006). Effect Of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Temperature For Various EGR Rates On Heavy Duty DI Diesel Engine Performance and Emission. Energy, 33, 272-283.
• Hug, H.T., Mayer, A., Hartenstein, A., (1993).Off-highway Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment: Combining Urea-SCR, Oxidation Catalysis and Traps. SAE Technical Paper Series 930363, Detroit, March, 1–5.
• Jacob, E., Emmerling, G., D6ring, A., et al. (1998). NO-Verminderung Ffir Nutzfahrzeugmotorenmit Harnstoff-SCR-Kompaktsystemen (GDKAT). 19. Int. Wiener Motorensymp. (H.P.Lenz, ed.), Fortschritt-Berichte VDI Reihe 12, 348: 2, 366.
• Jung, S. M., Demoulin, O., Grange, P., (2005). The Study Of a Synergetic effect Over a H-Zsm-5/V2o5 Hybrid Catalyst On SCR Reaction. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 94-98.
• Kara, H. (2014). Euro Emisyon Standartları Nedir?. Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2017 http://www.tasitteknolojileri.com/euro-emisyon-standartlari-nedir/.
• Kašpar, J., Fornasiero, P. and Graziani, M., (1999). Use of CeO2-based Oxides in The Three-Way Catalysis. Catal Today, 50: 285-298.
• Kimura, S., Aoki, O., Kitahara,Y., Aiyoshizawa, E. (2001).Ultra-clean Combustion Technology Combining a Low-Temperature and Premixed Combustion Concept For Meeting Future Emission Standards, SAE paper no. 2001-01-0200, Society of automotive Engineers Inc., Warrendale, PA.
• Koebel, M., Elsener, M., Marti,T.(1996). NOx-reduction in diesel exhaust gas with urea and selective catalytic reduction. Combust. Sci. Tech. 121: 85–102.
• Koebel, M., Elsener, M. and Kleemann, M.,(2000). Urea-SCR: a Promising Technique To Reduce NOx Emissions From Automotive Diesel Engines. Cataliysis Today, 59: 335-345.
• Kouremenos, D.A., Hountalas, D.T., Binder, K.B., Raab, A., Schnabel, M.H.(2001). Using Advanced Injection Timing and EGR to Improve DI Diesel Engine Efficiency at Acceptable No and Soot Level. Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., Warrendale, PA, SAE paper no. 2001-01-0199. Kröcher, O. (2007). Aspects of Catalyst Development For Mobile Urea-SCR Systems-From Vanadia-Titania Catalysts To Metal-Exchanged Zeolites, In: P. Granger and V.I. Parvulescu, Editors,Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Past and Present in De NOx Catalysis, From Molecular Modelling to Chemical Engineering, Elsevier, 171: 261–289.
• Kwon, S., Park, Y., Park, J., Kima, J., Choi, K-H., Cha, J-S., (2017). Characteristics of on-road NOx emissions from Euro 6 light-duty diesel vehicles using a portable emissions measurement system. Science of the Total Environment, 576:70–77.
• Larese, C., Granados, M., Mariscal, R., Fierro, J.L.G., Lambrou, P.S. and Efstathiou, A.M., (2005). The Effect of Calcination Temperature On The Oxygen Storage and Release Properties of CeO2 and Ce–Zr–O Metal Oxides Modified By Phosphorus Incorporation. Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 59: 13–25.
• Lazaro, J.L., Garcia-Bernad, J.L., Perez,C., Galindo, J., Climent,H., Arnau, F.J., (2002).Cooled EGR Modulation: a Strategy to Meet EURO IV Emission Standards in Automotive DI Diesel Engines. Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., Warrendale, PA SAE paper no. 2002-01-1154.
• Majewski, W. A., Khair, M.K. (2006). Diesel Emissions and Their Control. Green Press, 416-418.
• Man B&W Diesel A/S, (2004). Soot Deposits and Fires in Exhaust Gas Boilers paper published by MAN B&W Diesel A/S, Copenhagen, March.
• Man Diesel and Turbo, (2004). Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow. http://www.marine.man.eu/ Erişim tarihi:07.01.2017.
• Matín, L., Arranz,J.L., Prieto, O., Trujillano, R., Holgado, M.J., Galán, M.A., (2003). Simulation Three-Way Catalysts Ageing: Analysis Of Two Conventional Catalyst. Appl Catal B: Environ., 44: 41–52.
• Mazzoleni, C., Moosmuller, H., Kuhns, D.H., Keislar, E.R., Barber, P.W., Nikolic, D., Nussbaum, N.J. and Watson, J.G. (2004). Correlation Between Automotive CO, HC, NO and PM Emission Factors From on-road Remote Sensing: Implications for Inspection and Maintenance Programs. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 9: 6, 477-496.
• Meng,M., Jing, K., Mander, S., (2017). Scenario analysis of CO2 emissions from China's electric power industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142: 3101-3108.
• Monte, R.D., Fornasiero, P., Kašpar, J., Rumori, P., Gubitosa, G., Graziani, M., (2000). Pd/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2/Al2O3 as Advanced Materials For Three-Way Catalysts Part 1. Catalyst Characterization Thermal Stability And Catalytic Activity in The Reduction of NO by CO. Appl Catal B: Environ., 24: 157–167.
• Mukadi, L.S., Hayes, R.E., (2002).Modelling The Three Way Catalytic Converter With Mechanistic Kinetics Using The Newton-Krylow Method On a Parallel Computer. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 26: 439-455.
• Muraki, H., Zhang, G.,(2000).Design of Advanced Automotive Exhaust Catalysts. Catal Today, 63: 337–345.
• N. ve Yüce., (2006).Shell-Modern Otomobil Teknolojisi, Ankara.
• Nam, E., Fulper, C., Warila, J., Somers, J., Michaels, H., Baldauf, R., Rykowski, R., Scarbro, C.,(2008). Analysis of Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas City. USA Environmental Protection Agency, 6-7.
• Olympiou, G. Efstathiou, A.M., (2011). Industrial NOx Control Via H2-SCR On a Novel Supported-Pt Nanocatalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 170: 2, 424-432.
• Pulkrabek, W.W. (2010). Engineering Fundamentals of The Internal Combustion Engine. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Renault Teknik Eğitim, (2006). Renault Trucks Euro 4 Teknik Eğitim Kasım 2006.
• SGT Otomotiv.http://sgtotomotiv.com/duyurular/bassagligi.html. Erişim tarihi: 08.01.2017.
• Sher, E., (1998). Handbook Of Air Pollution From Internal Combustion Engines: Pollutant Formation and Control. Academic Press, Boston, 312-315.
• Sakamoto, Y., Kizaki, K., Motohiro, T., Yokota, Y., Sovukawa, H. and Uenishi M.,(2002). New Method Of Measuring The Amount of Oxygen Storage/Release On Millisecond Time Scale On Planar Catalyst. J. Catal., 211: 157–164.
• Sinzenich, H., Wehler, K., Müller, R.,(2014). Engine Technology-Selective Catalytic Reduction: Exhaust aftertreatment for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. www.mtu-online.com. Erişim tarihi:07.01.2017.
• Talbi, B., (2017). CO2 emissions reduction in road transport sector in Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (baskıda).
• Taylor, K.A., Paskewitz, S.M., Copeland, R.S., Koros, J., Beach, R.F., Githure J.I. and F.H. Collins, (1993). Comparison of Two Ribosomal DNA-based Methods For Differentiating Members of the Anopheles Gambiae Complex. (Diptera: Culicidae) J. Med. Entomol., 3: 457–461.
• Trautwein, W.P. (2003). AdBlue as a Reducing Agent For The Decrease Of NOX Emissions From Diesel Engines Of Commercial Vehicles. DGMK Research Report, 616-1, Hamburg.
• Twigg, M.V. (2007). Progress and Future Challenges In Controlling Automotive Exhaust Gas Emissions. Appl Catal B: Environ., 70: 2–15.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Tuik, (2014). Türkiye’deki Trafik Kazaları İstatistikleri (2002-2014). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/.
• Xiaoyan, S., Yumbo, Y. Hong, H., Shijin, S., Hongyi D. and Rulong, L., (2008). Combination of Biodiesel-Ethanol-Diesel Fuel Blend and SCR Catalyst Assembly To Reduce Emissions From a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20:172-182.
• Wang, H., Chen, C., Huang, C. and Fu, L. (2008).On-road Vehicle Emission Inventory and its Uncertainty Analysis for Shanghai China. Science of The Total Environment, 398: 3, 60-67.
• Wang, Q., Li, G., Zhao, B. and Zhou, R., (2011).Investigation on Properties of a Novel Ceria–Zirconia–Praseodymia Solid Solution and its Application in Pd-only Three-way Catalyst For Gasoline Engine Emission Control. Fuel, 90: 10, 3047-3055
• Wang, J.Q., Shen, M.Q., An, Y. and Wang, J., (2008). Ce–Zr–Sr Mixed Oxide Prepared By The Reversed Microemulsion Method For Improved Pd-only Three-Way Catalysts. Catal Commun, 10: 103–107.
• Zhang, G., Sandanayake, M., Setunge, S., Li, C., Fang, J. (2017). Selection of emission factor standards for estimating emissions from diesel construction equipment in building construction in the Australian context. Journal of Environmental Management, 187: 527-536.
• Zhao, M., Shen M.Q., and Wang, J., (2007). Effect of Surface Area and Bulk Structure On Oxygen Storage Capacity of Ce0.67Zr0.33O2. J. Catal., 248: 258–267.
• Zou, Z.Q., Meng, M., Li, Q., Zha, Y.Q. (2008). Surfactants-Assisted Synthesis and Characterizations Of Multicomponent Mesoporous Materials Co–Ce–Zr–O and Pd/Co–Ce–Zr–O Used For Low-Temperature CO Oxidation. Mater Chem Phys., 109: 373–380.