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1945 VE 2011 YILLARI ARASINDA ABD VE IRAKLI KÜRTLERIN ILIŞKILERI: ÇIKAR EKSENLI BIR POLITIKA - US AND IRAQI KURDS’ RELATIONS BETWEEN 1945 AND 2011: AN INTEREST-BASED POLICY

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 252 - 275, 30.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.524881

Abstract

ABD ve Irak arasındaki ilişkiler, Ortadoğu için hayati bir öneme sahip olmasına rağmen, ABD ve Iraklı Kürtler arasındaki ilişkilerin çok azı bilinmektedir. Iraklı Kürtler, Irak'ın kuzey bölgesinde yaşamaktadır ve tarih boyunca, hem Irak hem de bölge üzerinde bir etkiye sahip olmuşlardır. Bu makale, başlangıcından Arap Baharı’na kadar realizm perspektifinden ABD ve Irak Kürtlerinin ilişkilerine odaklanmaktadır. ABD ve Iraklı Kürtler arasındaki ilişkiler, İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Körfez Savaşı ve Irak Savaşı gibi tarihi olaylarla karakterize edilen üç zaman aralığında incelenmiştir. ABD ve Iraklı Kürtler arasındaki ilişkiler, mikro düzeyde Irak’taki ve makro düzeyde bölgedeki siyasi dengeyi anlamamıza büyük katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Iraklı Kürtlerin, mi yoksa ABD'nin mi kazançlı çıktığını incelemektedir. Sonuç olarak, ABD'nin çıkar eksenli realizmi nedeniyle ABD, her zaman kazançlı çıkmaktadır.

References

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  • ARI, T. (2007). Irak, İran, ABD ve Petrol. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • BEAUCHAMP, Z.; FISHER, M. & MATTHEWS, D. (2014). 27 maps that explain the crisis in Iraq. http,//www.vox.com/a/maps-explain-crisis-iraq. (16.08.2016).
  • BECKER, R. (2003). 1958-1963, Iraq Revolution and the US Response. Press for Conversion, 51, 20-21, http,//coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue51/articles/51_20-21.pdf, (10.08.2016).
  • BERZENCI, S. (1996). Irak Kürdistan’ında Mevcut Durum Hakkında Görüş. Avrasya Dosyası, 3(1), 193-206.
  • CIA Report. (1975). The Implications of the Iran-Iraq Agreement. https,//www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001115997.pdf. (18.08.2016).
  • CIMENT, J. (1996). The Kurds State and Minority in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The USA.: Facts on File Inc.
  • COADY, C. A. J. (2005). The moral reality in realism. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 22, 121–136.
  • Council on Foreign Relations. (1990). President George H. W. Bush’s Address on Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait, 1990. http,//www.cfr.org/iraq/president-george-hw-bushs-address-iraqs-invasion-kuwait-1990/p24117. (16.08.2016).
  • DEMIR, İ. (2007). Northern Iraq, 1990-2000. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(5), 193-207.
  • ELLER, J. D. (1999). From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • ENTESSAR, N. (1992). Kurdish Ethnonationalism. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • ERKAN, A. Ü. (2010). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Sovyetler Birliği Arasındaki Soğuk Savaş Yıllarında Amerikan Dış Politikası. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi S.B.E. 8(1), 183-194.
  • ERKMEN, S. (2008). 1945-1989 Yılları Arasında ABD’nin Kuzey Irak Politikası. Akademik Orta Doğu, 3(1), 67-96.
  • GHAREEB, E. (1981). The Kurdish Question in Iraq. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • GIBSON, B. B. (2011). Are all leaks good? The Pike Committee Report, and the Distortion of Events. http,//blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2011/11/07/are-all-leaks-good-the-pike-committee-report-kissinger-and-the-distortion-of-events/. 07.07.2011.
  • GUNTER, M. (1993). The Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • GUNTER, M. (2011). The Five Stages of American Foreign Policy towards the Kurds. Insight Turkey, 13(2), 93-106.
  • HAHN, P. (2012). A Century for the US Relations with Iraq. http,//origins.osu.edu/article/century-us-relations-iraq. (10.08.2016).
  • HOBBES, T. (1987). De Cive. Howard Warrender (Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • HOBBES, T. (2016). Leviathan (14th ed). Semih Lim (Trans.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Hürriyet (4 October 2002). Kürt Liderler Bağımsız Devlet Peşinde Değiliz. http,//www.hurriyet.com.tr/kurt-liderler-bagimsiz-devlet-pesinde-degiliz-38419085, ( 31.08.2016).
  • TRT (9 December 2015), Irak ’ın Toprak Bütünlüğü ve Egemenliği Türkiye için Önemli. http//www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/irakin-toprak-butunlugu-ve-egemenligi-turkiye-icin-onemli-221198.html, (02.09.2016).
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  • JONES, T. C. (2012). America, Oil, and War in the Middle East, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • KATZMAN, K. (2009). Iraq, Post-Saddam Governance, and Security. CRS Report for Congress.
  • KATZMAN, K. & HUMUD, C. E. (2016). Iraq, Politics, and Governance. CRS Report for Congress.
  • KEOHANE, R. O. & NYE, J. S. (2012). Power and Interdependence (4th ed.). New York: Longman.
  • KILIÇ, K. (2010). Kuzey Irak, Etnik bir Sorunun Arkeolojisi. In İnat, K., Duran, B. & Ataman, M. (Eds.). Dünya Çatışmaları. (pp. 223-253). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • KIRAN, A. (2006). Kürt-Amerikan İlişkileri I. Serbesti, 24, 42-54.
  • KISSENGER, H. (1999). Years of Renewal. New York: Simon and Shuster.
  • KUTSCHERA, C. (1996). Invoicing the Future. The Middle East, https,//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18988312.html. (16.08.2016).
  • KUTSCHERA, C. (2001). Kürt Ulusal Hareketi. Fikret Başkaya (Trans.). İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları.
  • MEHO, L. I. & NEHME M. G. (2004) “The Legacy of U.S. Support to Kurds, Two Major Episodes”. In Meho, Lokman I. (Ed.). The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy, A Documentary Sourcebook. (pp. 13-26). Connecticut and London: Praeger.
  • MESUT, A. (1992). İngiliz Belgelerinde Kürdistan 1918-1958. İstanbul: Doz Yayınları.
  • Ministry of Defense (2009). Iraq, No Fly Zones http,//www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/223045/2009-11-06-briefing-mod-iraq-no-fly-zones.pdf#search=no%20fly%20zones. (18.08.2016).
  • NATALI, D. (2004). Transnational Networks, New Opportunities, and Constraints for Kurdish Statehood. Middle East Policy, 11(1), 111-114.
  • Office of The Historian (1963). Circular Airgram From the Department of State to Certain Posts. https,//history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18/d174. (18.08.2016).
  • Office of the Historian (1966). Memorandum from Harold Saunders of the National security Council Staff to the President’s Special Assistant (Rostow). https,//history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d383. (18.08.2016).
  • ÖZDAĞ, Ü. (1996). Kuzey Irak ve PKK. Avrasya Dosyası, 3(1), 81-105.
  • ÖZDAĞ, Ü. (1999). Türkiye, Kuzey Irak ve PKK. Ankara: Avrasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Yayınları.
  • ÖZKAN, T. (2004). CIA Kürtleri, Kürt Devletinin Gizli Tarihi. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • ÖZMEN, H. (1996). Irak’taki Kürt Partiler Arasındaki İhtilafın Nedenleri. Avrasya Dosyası, 3(1), 55-61.
  • PELLETIERE, S.C. (1984). The Kurds, Unstable Element in the Gulf. London: Westview Press.
  • PERSSON, M. (1998). Great Britain, the United States and the Security of Middle East, The Formation of Baghdad Pact. Malmö: Lund University Press.
  • PRADOS, A. (1991). Kurdish Separatism in Iraq, Developments and Implications for the US. CRS Report for Congress.
  • PRINCE, J. M. (1993). “A Kurdish State in Iraq”, Current History, 92(570), 17-22.
  • SALEP, M. (2012). II. Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Sovyet Dış Politikası ve Sovyet Emperyalizmi. International Journal of History, 4(4), 317-345.
  • SCHNEIDER, H. (28 February 2002). The Last Thing We Want is a Confrontation. New York Times.
  • SEVER, A. (2000), ABD’nin ‘İkili Çevreleme’ Politikası ve Türkiye. In Gencer Özcan & Şule Kut (Eds.), En Uzun On Yıl, Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış Politika Gündeminde Doksanlı Yıllar. (pp. 345-369). İstanbul: Büke Yayınları.
  • SHENON, P. (1998). Two Kurd Groups Unite Against Baghdad in Pact Brokered by the US. The New York Times. http,//www.nytimes.com/1998/09/18/world/two-Kurd-groups-unite-against-Baghdad-in-pact-brokered-by-us.html, (17.08.2016).
  • STANSFIELD, G. (2003). Iraqi Kurdistan, Political Development, and Emergent Democracy. London: Routledge Curzon.
  • ŞAHIN, M. (2006). 2003 Irak Savaşı ve Iraklı Kürtler. In Mehmet Şahin & Mesut Taştekin (Eds.). II. Körfez Savaşı. (pp. 283-304). Ankara: Platin Yayınları.
  • ŞAHIN, M. (2008). ABD’nin Müslüman Savaşçıları. Akademik Ortadoğu Dergisi, 3(1), 43-52.
  • The White House (2009). Promise Kept. https,//www.whitehouse.gov/iraq. (02.09.2016).
  • The University of Texas Libraries. Map of Iraqi Kurdish Areas. http,//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/iraq_kurdish_areas_2003.jpg. (17.08.2016).
  • UZGEL, İ. (2006). ABD ve NATO’yla İlişkiler. In Baskın Oran (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar. (pp. 243-325). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • WESTERMANN, W. L. (1946). Kurdish Independence and Russian Expansion. Foreign Affairs, 24(4), 675-686.
  • WOHLFORTH, W.C. (2008). Realism. In Christian Reus-Smit & Duncan Snidal (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. (pp. 131-149). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • YAVUZ, T. (1993). ABD’nin Kürt Kartı. İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları.

US AND IRAQI KURDS’ RELATIONS BETWEEN 1945 AND 2011: AN INTEREST-BASED POLICY - 1945 VE 2011 YILLARI ARASINDA ABD VE IRAKLI KÜRTLERIN ILIŞKILERI: ÇIKAR EKSENLI BIR POLITIKA

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 252 - 275, 30.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.524881

Abstract

Although the US and Iraq relations have vital importance for the Middle East, little is known about relations between the US and Iraqi Kurds. Iraqi Kurds live in the Northern area of Iraq and throughout history, they have had an impact on both Iraq and the region. This article focuses on the US and Iraqi Kurds’ relations from the beginning to Arab Spring with the perspective of realism. Relations between the US and Iraqi Kurds were examined within three time periods, characterized by touchstone events in history, namely the Second World War, the Gulf War and the Iraq War. The relations between the US and Iraqi Kurds contribute considerably to our understanding of the balance of politics at the micro level in Iraq and the macro level in the region. This study investigates whether Iraqi Kurds can be gainful or the US. As a result, because of the US’ interest-based realism, the US is always gainful.

References

  • ANDERSON, L. & STANSFIELD, G. (2004). The Future of Iraq, Democracy or Division. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • ARI, T. (2007). Irak, İran, ABD ve Petrol. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • BEAUCHAMP, Z.; FISHER, M. & MATTHEWS, D. (2014). 27 maps that explain the crisis in Iraq. http,//www.vox.com/a/maps-explain-crisis-iraq. (16.08.2016).
  • BECKER, R. (2003). 1958-1963, Iraq Revolution and the US Response. Press for Conversion, 51, 20-21, http,//coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue51/articles/51_20-21.pdf, (10.08.2016).
  • BERZENCI, S. (1996). Irak Kürdistan’ında Mevcut Durum Hakkında Görüş. Avrasya Dosyası, 3(1), 193-206.
  • CIA Report. (1975). The Implications of the Iran-Iraq Agreement. https,//www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001115997.pdf. (18.08.2016).
  • CIMENT, J. (1996). The Kurds State and Minority in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. The USA.: Facts on File Inc.
  • COADY, C. A. J. (2005). The moral reality in realism. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 22, 121–136.
  • Council on Foreign Relations. (1990). President George H. W. Bush’s Address on Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait, 1990. http,//www.cfr.org/iraq/president-george-hw-bushs-address-iraqs-invasion-kuwait-1990/p24117. (16.08.2016).
  • DEMIR, İ. (2007). Northern Iraq, 1990-2000. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(5), 193-207.
  • ELLER, J. D. (1999). From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • ENTESSAR, N. (1992). Kurdish Ethnonationalism. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • ERKAN, A. Ü. (2010). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Sovyetler Birliği Arasındaki Soğuk Savaş Yıllarında Amerikan Dış Politikası. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi S.B.E. 8(1), 183-194.
  • ERKMEN, S. (2008). 1945-1989 Yılları Arasında ABD’nin Kuzey Irak Politikası. Akademik Orta Doğu, 3(1), 67-96.
  • GHAREEB, E. (1981). The Kurdish Question in Iraq. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • GIBSON, B. B. (2011). Are all leaks good? The Pike Committee Report, and the Distortion of Events. http,//blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2011/11/07/are-all-leaks-good-the-pike-committee-report-kissinger-and-the-distortion-of-events/. 07.07.2011.
  • GUNTER, M. (1993). The Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • GUNTER, M. (2011). The Five Stages of American Foreign Policy towards the Kurds. Insight Turkey, 13(2), 93-106.
  • HAHN, P. (2012). A Century for the US Relations with Iraq. http,//origins.osu.edu/article/century-us-relations-iraq. (10.08.2016).
  • HOBBES, T. (1987). De Cive. Howard Warrender (Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • HOBBES, T. (2016). Leviathan (14th ed). Semih Lim (Trans.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Hürriyet (4 October 2002). Kürt Liderler Bağımsız Devlet Peşinde Değiliz. http,//www.hurriyet.com.tr/kurt-liderler-bagimsiz-devlet-pesinde-degiliz-38419085, ( 31.08.2016).
  • TRT (9 December 2015), Irak ’ın Toprak Bütünlüğü ve Egemenliği Türkiye için Önemli. http//www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/irakin-toprak-butunlugu-ve-egemenligi-turkiye-icin-onemli-221198.html, (02.09.2016).
  • KING, J. (2003). Arming Iraq, A Chronology of the US Involvement. http,//www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/arming_iraq.php. (12.08.2016).
  • JONES, T. C. (2012). America, Oil, and War in the Middle East, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • KATZMAN, K. (2009). Iraq, Post-Saddam Governance, and Security. CRS Report for Congress.
  • KATZMAN, K. & HUMUD, C. E. (2016). Iraq, Politics, and Governance. CRS Report for Congress.
  • KEOHANE, R. O. & NYE, J. S. (2012). Power and Interdependence (4th ed.). New York: Longman.
  • KILIÇ, K. (2010). Kuzey Irak, Etnik bir Sorunun Arkeolojisi. In İnat, K., Duran, B. & Ataman, M. (Eds.). Dünya Çatışmaları. (pp. 223-253). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • KIRAN, A. (2006). Kürt-Amerikan İlişkileri I. Serbesti, 24, 42-54.
  • KISSENGER, H. (1999). Years of Renewal. New York: Simon and Shuster.
  • KUTSCHERA, C. (1996). Invoicing the Future. The Middle East, https,//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18988312.html. (16.08.2016).
  • KUTSCHERA, C. (2001). Kürt Ulusal Hareketi. Fikret Başkaya (Trans.). İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları.
  • MEHO, L. I. & NEHME M. G. (2004) “The Legacy of U.S. Support to Kurds, Two Major Episodes”. In Meho, Lokman I. (Ed.). The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy, A Documentary Sourcebook. (pp. 13-26). Connecticut and London: Praeger.
  • MESUT, A. (1992). İngiliz Belgelerinde Kürdistan 1918-1958. İstanbul: Doz Yayınları.
  • Ministry of Defense (2009). Iraq, No Fly Zones http,//www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/223045/2009-11-06-briefing-mod-iraq-no-fly-zones.pdf#search=no%20fly%20zones. (18.08.2016).
  • NATALI, D. (2004). Transnational Networks, New Opportunities, and Constraints for Kurdish Statehood. Middle East Policy, 11(1), 111-114.
  • Office of The Historian (1963). Circular Airgram From the Department of State to Certain Posts. https,//history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v18/d174. (18.08.2016).
  • Office of the Historian (1966). Memorandum from Harold Saunders of the National security Council Staff to the President’s Special Assistant (Rostow). https,//history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d383. (18.08.2016).
  • ÖZDAĞ, Ü. (1996). Kuzey Irak ve PKK. Avrasya Dosyası, 3(1), 81-105.
  • ÖZDAĞ, Ü. (1999). Türkiye, Kuzey Irak ve PKK. Ankara: Avrasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Yayınları.
  • ÖZKAN, T. (2004). CIA Kürtleri, Kürt Devletinin Gizli Tarihi. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • ÖZMEN, H. (1996). Irak’taki Kürt Partiler Arasındaki İhtilafın Nedenleri. Avrasya Dosyası, 3(1), 55-61.
  • PELLETIERE, S.C. (1984). The Kurds, Unstable Element in the Gulf. London: Westview Press.
  • PERSSON, M. (1998). Great Britain, the United States and the Security of Middle East, The Formation of Baghdad Pact. Malmö: Lund University Press.
  • PRADOS, A. (1991). Kurdish Separatism in Iraq, Developments and Implications for the US. CRS Report for Congress.
  • PRINCE, J. M. (1993). “A Kurdish State in Iraq”, Current History, 92(570), 17-22.
  • SALEP, M. (2012). II. Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Sovyet Dış Politikası ve Sovyet Emperyalizmi. International Journal of History, 4(4), 317-345.
  • SCHNEIDER, H. (28 February 2002). The Last Thing We Want is a Confrontation. New York Times.
  • SEVER, A. (2000), ABD’nin ‘İkili Çevreleme’ Politikası ve Türkiye. In Gencer Özcan & Şule Kut (Eds.), En Uzun On Yıl, Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış Politika Gündeminde Doksanlı Yıllar. (pp. 345-369). İstanbul: Büke Yayınları.
  • SHENON, P. (1998). Two Kurd Groups Unite Against Baghdad in Pact Brokered by the US. The New York Times. http,//www.nytimes.com/1998/09/18/world/two-Kurd-groups-unite-against-Baghdad-in-pact-brokered-by-us.html, (17.08.2016).
  • STANSFIELD, G. (2003). Iraqi Kurdistan, Political Development, and Emergent Democracy. London: Routledge Curzon.
  • ŞAHIN, M. (2006). 2003 Irak Savaşı ve Iraklı Kürtler. In Mehmet Şahin & Mesut Taştekin (Eds.). II. Körfez Savaşı. (pp. 283-304). Ankara: Platin Yayınları.
  • ŞAHIN, M. (2008). ABD’nin Müslüman Savaşçıları. Akademik Ortadoğu Dergisi, 3(1), 43-52.
  • The White House (2009). Promise Kept. https,//www.whitehouse.gov/iraq. (02.09.2016).
  • The University of Texas Libraries. Map of Iraqi Kurdish Areas. http,//www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/iraq_kurdish_areas_2003.jpg. (17.08.2016).
  • UZGEL, İ. (2006). ABD ve NATO’yla İlişkiler. In Baskın Oran (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar. (pp. 243-325). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • WESTERMANN, W. L. (1946). Kurdish Independence and Russian Expansion. Foreign Affairs, 24(4), 675-686.
  • WOHLFORTH, W.C. (2008). Realism. In Christian Reus-Smit & Duncan Snidal (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of International Relations. (pp. 131-149). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • YAVUZ, T. (1993). ABD’nin Kürt Kartı. İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sefa Mertek 0000-0002-4046-2248

Publication Date July 30, 2020
Submission Date February 9, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mertek, S. (2020). US AND IRAQI KURDS’ RELATIONS BETWEEN 1945 AND 2011: AN INTEREST-BASED POLICY - 1945 VE 2011 YILLARI ARASINDA ABD VE IRAKLI KÜRTLERIN ILIŞKILERI: ÇIKAR EKSENLI BIR POLITIKA. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 7(2), 252-275. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.524881

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