Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

An Analysis of the Relationship Between Investor Risk Appetite and CDS Premiums in Turkey Using Asymmetric Methods

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 1559 - 1586, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1511420

Abstract

In this study, the asymmetric relationship between the Risk Tendency Indices calculated for each investor type and Turkey's CDS premium is investigated. The data set of the study consists of weekly frequency data covering the period April 2010-December 2023. Nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) method and Hatemi-J and Roca (2014) asymmetric causality test was used in the empirical analysis of the study. The findings show that in the long run, positive changes in the CDS premium have a greater impact on REKS Domestic and REKS Qualified indices than negative changes, while negative changes in the CDS premium have a greater impact on REKS Domestic Real, REKS Domestic Corporate and REKS Domestic Funds indices than positive changes. These findings reveal that the effects of market risks and uncertainties on investor groups are asymmetric.

Ethical Statement

The study does not necessitate Ethics Committee permission. The study has been crafted in adherence to the principles of research and publication ethics. The authors declare that there exists no financial conflict of interest involving any institution, organization, or individual(s) associated with the article. Furthermore, there are no conflicts of interest among the authors themselves. The authors declare that they all equally contributed to all processes of the research.

References

  • Alptürk, Y., Sezal, L., & Gürsoy, S. (2021). Türkiye’de jeopolitik risk ile CDS primleri arasındaki ilişki: Asimetrik nedensellik analizi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 107-126.
  • Amato, J. (2005). Risk aversion and risk premia in the CDS market. BIS Quarterly Review, (December, 2005), 55-68.
  • Berke, B. (2023). Türkiye’de reel dövi̇z kuru beli̇rleyi̇ci̇leri̇: Doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan ARDL bulgulari. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1136937
  • Çelik, S., Dönmez, E. & Acar, B., (2017). Risk iştahının belirleyicileri: Türkiye örneği. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi/UUSBD, 10(Özel sayı), 153-162.
  • Çeştepe, H. & Güdenoğlu, E. (2020). Türkiye’de döviz rezervleri ve döviz kuru arasındaki asimetrik ilişki: NARDL yaklaşımı bulgular. Mehmet Akif Ersoy İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 231–251.
  • Cipollini, A., Lo Cascio, I., Muzzioli, S., 2018. Risk aversion connectedness in five European countries. Economic Modelling, 71, 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.12.003
  • Çifçi, G.& Reis, Ş. G. (2020). Risk iştahı ile piyasa likiditesi arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 389-403.
  • Dai, Z., Chang, X., 2021. Forecasting stock market volatility: can the risk aversion measure exert an important role? The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, (58), 101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2021.101510
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.2307/2286348
  • European Central Bank (2007, June). Financial Stability Review. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/fsr/financialstabilityreview200706en.pdf
  • Eryüzlü, H. & Bayat, T. (2018, 25-26-27 Ekim). Döviz kurunun para politikası üzerindeki etkisi: 2001 -2016 Türkiye analizi. 5.Uluslararası Sosyal Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Sempozyumu, İstanbul.
  • Fama, E. F. (1984). The information in the term structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 509-528.
  • Fama, E. F. & Bliss, R. R. (1987). The information in long-maturity forward rates. American Economic Review, 77, 680-692.
  • Fettahoğlu, S. (2019). Relationship between credit default swap premium and risk appetite according to types of investors: Evidence from Turkish stock exchange. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (84), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.625880
  • Gai, P. & Vause, N. (2005). Yatırımcıların risk iştahının ölçülmesi. İngiltere Bankası Çalışma Raporu Serisi No. 283, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.872695
  • Galil, K., Shapir, O. Amiram, D. & Benzion, U. (2014), The determinants of CDS spreads, Journal of Banking and Finance, 41, 271-282.
  • Gatumel, M. & Ielpo, F. (2015). Measuring risk appetite from financial assets excess returns. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2334180
  • Granger, C. W. J. & Yoon, G. (2002). Hidden cointegration. University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Papers, 2002-02. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.313831
  • Gemici, E., Gök, R. & Bouri, E. (2023). Predictability of risk appetite in Turkey: Local versus global factors. Emerging Markets Rev, 55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2023.101018
  • Hacker, R. S. & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: Theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489–1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500405763
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1989). A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time series and the business cycle. Econometrica, 57(2), 357–384.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-011-0484-x
  • Hatemi-J, A. & Roca, E. (2014). BRICs and PIGS in the presence of Uncle Sam and big brothers: Who drive who? Evidence based on asymmetric causality tests. Griffith Business School Discussion Papers Finance No. 2014- 01.
  • Hepsağ, A. (2022). Ekonometrik zaman serileri analizlerinde güncel yöntemler (WinRATS Uygulamalı). DER Kitabevi ve Dağıtım.
  • Hull, J. & White, A. (2000). Valuing credit default swaps l: No counterparty default risk. The Journal of Derivatives, 8(1), 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3905/jod.2000.319115
  • Iskenderoğlu, Ö. & Akdag, S., (2019). Risk iştahı ile petrol fiyatları, döviz kuru, altın fiyatları ve faiz oranları arasında nedensellik analizi: Türkiye örneği. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 20(1), 1-14.
  • Jopp, T. (2023). Credit Risk Premiums of European Companies. S&P Global Market Intelligence, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4573601 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4573601
  • Kargı, B., (2014). Kredi temerrüt swap (CDS) spreadleri: Türkiye ekonomisinde faiz oranları ve büyüme ile entegrasyona yönelik zaman serilerinin analizi. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 10(1), 59-66.
  • Kaya, A. (2021). Menkul kıymet yatırımcıların risk alma eğilimleri. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, 15(2), 261-287. https://doi.org/10.46520/bddkdergisi.987443
  • Kaya, A., Gülhan, Ü. & Güngör, B. (2024). Testing the relationship between investor risk appetite and country risk: The case of Turkey. Panoeconomicus, 2024 OnLine-First Issue 00, 1-28 https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN220824008K
  • Kaya, A., Güngör, B. & Özçomak, M. (2014). Politik risk yatırımcının dikkate alması gereken bir risk midir? Borsa İstanbul örneği. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 74-87.
  • Kılcı, E. N. (2017). CDS primleri ile bir ülkenin ekonomik ve finansal değişkenleri arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye örneği. Küresel İktisat ve İşletme Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(12), 145–154.
  • Lee, J. & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082–1089.
  • Öztürk, M. (2020). Kamu harcamalarının işsizlik oranları üzerindeki etkisi. (1. Basım., ss. 135–159). Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Öztürk, M. & Zeren, F. (2019). Finansal küreselleşmenin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: D-8 ülkeleri örneği. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 4(2), 60–73.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913712
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Schmidt, P. & Phillips, P. C. B. (1992). Lm tests for a unit root in the presence of deterministic trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 54(3), 257–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1992.tb00002.x
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B. & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL Framework. In: Sickles, R., Horrace, W. (eds) Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt Econometric Methods and Applications (pp. 281-314). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1- 4899-8008-3_9
  • Tang, D. & Yan, H. (2010). Market conditions, default risk and credit spreads. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34(4), 743-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.05.018
  • Türk, M. M. (2024). Türkiye ekonomisinde reel efektif döviz kuru, reel ihracat ve reel ithalat arasındaki ilişkinin
  • asimetrik nedensellik testleri ile analizi (2013-2023). Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 25(1), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1332134
  • Yapraklı, S. & Güngör, B. (2007). Ülke riskinin hisse senedi fiyatlarına etkisi: İMKB 100 Endeksi üzerine bir araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 62(2), 200-218.
  • Yılancı, V. (2009). Yapısal kırılmalar altında Türkiye için işsizlik histerisinin sınanması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 2(10), 324–335. https://doi.org/10.31671/dogus.2019.195
  • Yılancı, V. & Bozoklu, Ş. (2014). Türk sermaye piyasasında fiyat ve işlem hacmi ilişkisi: Zamanla değişen asimetrik nedensellik analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2014218052

An Analysis of the Relationship Between Investor Risk Appetite and CDS Premiums in Turkey Using Asymmetric Methods

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 1559 - 1586, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1511420

Abstract

In this study, the asymmetric relationship between the Risk Tendency Indices calculated for each investor type and Turkey's CDS premium is investigated. The data set of the study consists of weekly frequency data covering the period April 2010-December 2023. Nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) method and Hatemi-J and Roca (2014) asymmetric causality test was used in the empirical analysis of the study. The findings show that in the long run, positive changes in the CDS premium have a greater impact on REKS Domestic and REKS Qualified indices than negative changes, while negative changes in the CDS premium have a greater impact on REKS Domestic Real, REKS Domestic Corporate and REKS Domestic Funds indices than positive changes. These findings reveal that the effects of market risks and uncertainties on investor groups are asymmetric.

References

  • Alptürk, Y., Sezal, L., & Gürsoy, S. (2021). Türkiye’de jeopolitik risk ile CDS primleri arasındaki ilişki: Asimetrik nedensellik analizi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 107-126.
  • Amato, J. (2005). Risk aversion and risk premia in the CDS market. BIS Quarterly Review, (December, 2005), 55-68.
  • Berke, B. (2023). Türkiye’de reel dövi̇z kuru beli̇rleyi̇ci̇leri̇: Doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan ARDL bulgulari. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1136937
  • Çelik, S., Dönmez, E. & Acar, B., (2017). Risk iştahının belirleyicileri: Türkiye örneği. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi/UUSBD, 10(Özel sayı), 153-162.
  • Çeştepe, H. & Güdenoğlu, E. (2020). Türkiye’de döviz rezervleri ve döviz kuru arasındaki asimetrik ilişki: NARDL yaklaşımı bulgular. Mehmet Akif Ersoy İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 231–251.
  • Cipollini, A., Lo Cascio, I., Muzzioli, S., 2018. Risk aversion connectedness in five European countries. Economic Modelling, 71, 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.12.003
  • Çifçi, G.& Reis, Ş. G. (2020). Risk iştahı ile piyasa likiditesi arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 389-403.
  • Dai, Z., Chang, X., 2021. Forecasting stock market volatility: can the risk aversion measure exert an important role? The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, (58), 101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2021.101510
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.2307/2286348
  • European Central Bank (2007, June). Financial Stability Review. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/fsr/financialstabilityreview200706en.pdf
  • Eryüzlü, H. & Bayat, T. (2018, 25-26-27 Ekim). Döviz kurunun para politikası üzerindeki etkisi: 2001 -2016 Türkiye analizi. 5.Uluslararası Sosyal Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Sempozyumu, İstanbul.
  • Fama, E. F. (1984). The information in the term structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 509-528.
  • Fama, E. F. & Bliss, R. R. (1987). The information in long-maturity forward rates. American Economic Review, 77, 680-692.
  • Fettahoğlu, S. (2019). Relationship between credit default swap premium and risk appetite according to types of investors: Evidence from Turkish stock exchange. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (84), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.625880
  • Gai, P. & Vause, N. (2005). Yatırımcıların risk iştahının ölçülmesi. İngiltere Bankası Çalışma Raporu Serisi No. 283, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.872695
  • Galil, K., Shapir, O. Amiram, D. & Benzion, U. (2014), The determinants of CDS spreads, Journal of Banking and Finance, 41, 271-282.
  • Gatumel, M. & Ielpo, F. (2015). Measuring risk appetite from financial assets excess returns. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2334180
  • Granger, C. W. J. & Yoon, G. (2002). Hidden cointegration. University of California at San Diego, Economics Working Papers, 2002-02. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.313831
  • Gemici, E., Gök, R. & Bouri, E. (2023). Predictability of risk appetite in Turkey: Local versus global factors. Emerging Markets Rev, 55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2023.101018
  • Hacker, R. S. & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: Theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489–1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500405763
  • Hamilton, J. D. (1989). A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time series and the business cycle. Econometrica, 57(2), 357–384.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-011-0484-x
  • Hatemi-J, A. & Roca, E. (2014). BRICs and PIGS in the presence of Uncle Sam and big brothers: Who drive who? Evidence based on asymmetric causality tests. Griffith Business School Discussion Papers Finance No. 2014- 01.
  • Hepsağ, A. (2022). Ekonometrik zaman serileri analizlerinde güncel yöntemler (WinRATS Uygulamalı). DER Kitabevi ve Dağıtım.
  • Hull, J. & White, A. (2000). Valuing credit default swaps l: No counterparty default risk. The Journal of Derivatives, 8(1), 1-15, https://doi.org/10.3905/jod.2000.319115
  • Iskenderoğlu, Ö. & Akdag, S., (2019). Risk iştahı ile petrol fiyatları, döviz kuru, altın fiyatları ve faiz oranları arasında nedensellik analizi: Türkiye örneği. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 20(1), 1-14.
  • Jopp, T. (2023). Credit Risk Premiums of European Companies. S&P Global Market Intelligence, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4573601 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4573601
  • Kargı, B., (2014). Kredi temerrüt swap (CDS) spreadleri: Türkiye ekonomisinde faiz oranları ve büyüme ile entegrasyona yönelik zaman serilerinin analizi. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 10(1), 59-66.
  • Kaya, A. (2021). Menkul kıymet yatırımcıların risk alma eğilimleri. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, 15(2), 261-287. https://doi.org/10.46520/bddkdergisi.987443
  • Kaya, A., Gülhan, Ü. & Güngör, B. (2024). Testing the relationship between investor risk appetite and country risk: The case of Turkey. Panoeconomicus, 2024 OnLine-First Issue 00, 1-28 https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN220824008K
  • Kaya, A., Güngör, B. & Özçomak, M. (2014). Politik risk yatırımcının dikkate alması gereken bir risk midir? Borsa İstanbul örneği. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 74-87.
  • Kılcı, E. N. (2017). CDS primleri ile bir ülkenin ekonomik ve finansal değişkenleri arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye örneği. Küresel İktisat ve İşletme Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(12), 145–154.
  • Lee, J. & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082–1089.
  • Öztürk, M. (2020). Kamu harcamalarının işsizlik oranları üzerindeki etkisi. (1. Basım., ss. 135–159). Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Öztürk, M. & Zeren, F. (2019). Finansal küreselleşmenin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: D-8 ülkeleri örneği. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 4(2), 60–73.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913712
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Schmidt, P. & Phillips, P. C. B. (1992). Lm tests for a unit root in the presence of deterministic trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 54(3), 257–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1992.tb00002.x
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B. & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL Framework. In: Sickles, R., Horrace, W. (eds) Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt Econometric Methods and Applications (pp. 281-314). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1- 4899-8008-3_9
  • Tang, D. & Yan, H. (2010). Market conditions, default risk and credit spreads. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34(4), 743-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.05.018
  • Türk, M. M. (2024). Türkiye ekonomisinde reel efektif döviz kuru, reel ihracat ve reel ithalat arasındaki ilişkinin
  • asimetrik nedensellik testleri ile analizi (2013-2023). Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 25(1), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1332134
  • Yapraklı, S. & Güngör, B. (2007). Ülke riskinin hisse senedi fiyatlarına etkisi: İMKB 100 Endeksi üzerine bir araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 62(2), 200-218.
  • Yılancı, V. (2009). Yapısal kırılmalar altında Türkiye için işsizlik histerisinin sınanması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 2(10), 324–335. https://doi.org/10.31671/dogus.2019.195
  • Yılancı, V. & Bozoklu, Ş. (2014). Türk sermaye piyasasında fiyat ve işlem hacmi ilişkisi: Zamanla değişen asimetrik nedensellik analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 14(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2014218052
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Financial Forecast and Modelling
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yüksel İltaş 0000-0001-8853-838X

Adnan Güzel 0000-0002-0055-712X

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date July 5, 2024
Acceptance Date December 20, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 4

Cite

APA İltaş, Y., & Güzel, A. (2024). An Analysis of the Relationship Between Investor Risk Appetite and CDS Premiums in Turkey Using Asymmetric Methods. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 11(4), 1559-1586. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1511420

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The author(s) bear full responsibility for the ideas and arguments presented in their articles. All scientific and legal accountability concerning the language, style, adherence to scientific ethics, and content of the published work rests solely with the author(s). Neither the journal nor the institution(s) affiliated with the author(s) assume any liability in this regard.