Investigating the Perception of Internal Audit in Women's Cooperatives: The Case of Isparta Province
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 1612 - 1635, 31.12.2024
Ayşe Gül Gök
,
Mahmut Sami Öztürk
Abstract
Today, women's cooperatives, whose numbers are increasing, are among the organizations whose establishments are supported in Turkey. The main subject of our study is to investigate the internal audit perceptions of the partners of women's cooperatives, which have encountered various problems in their operation after their establishment. The study covers women's cooperatives in Isparta center and its surroundings. In this regard, a qualitative research was conducted with women's cooperatives that agreed to participate in the study. Qualitative data obtained with the semi-structured interview form were analyzed with the MAXQDA 2020 program and code schemes were created and interpreted. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the concept and mechanisms of internal audit are not fully known and are not carried out effectively. In addition, it has been concluded that the members do not have full information about the main organs of the cooperative, that cooperatives are generally reluctant to recruit partners, that organ activities generally remain on paper, that risk management is weak, and that there may be erroneous or fraudulent behavior in some cooperatives.
Ethical Statement
Ethics committee approval for the study was obtained from the Süleyman Demirel University Ethics Committee on January 10, 2024, with document number 144-34.
The study has been crafted in adherence to the principles of research and publication ethics.
The authors declare that there exists no financial conflict of interest involving any institution, organization, or individual(s) associated with the article. Furthermore, there are no conflicts of interest among the authors themselves.
The authors declare that they all equally contributed to all processes of the research.
References
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- Adams, M. B. (1994). Agency theory and the internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal, 9(8), 8-12.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02686909410071133
- Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007
- Alic, M., & Rusjan, B. (2011). Managerial relevance of internal audit: Business benefits of using ISO 9000 internal audit as a managerial tool. The TQM Journal, 23(3), 284-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542731111124343
- Ayayi, A. G. (2012). Credit risk assessment in the microfinance industry: An application to a selected group of Vietnamese microfinance institutions and an extension to East Asian and Pacific microfinance institutions 1.
Economics of Transition, 20(1), 37-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2011.00429.x
- Baltacı, A. (2018). Nitel araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 231-274.
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https://bebka.org.tr/dokuman/tr41-bolgesi-havacilik-sektoru-raporu/
- Bijman, J., Pyykkonen, P., & Ollila, P. (2014). Transnationalization of agricultural cooperatives in Europe. The
Dovenschmidt Quarterly, (4), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.5553/DQ/221199812014002004005
- Bubolz, M. M. (2001). Family as source, user, and builder of social capital. The Journal of socio-economics,
30(2), 129-131.
- Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis.
Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367-383. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367
- Çelik, H., Baykal, N. B., & Memur, H. N. K. (2020). Nitel veri analizi ve temel ilkeleri. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar
Dergisi, 8(1), 379-406. https://doi.org/10.14689/issn.2148-2624.1.8c.1s.16m
- Charmaz, K. (2011). Grounded theory methods in social justice research. Strategies of qualitative inquiry. 4(1), 359-380.
- Chigbu, U. E. (2019). Visually hypothesising in scientific paper writing: Confirming and refuting qualitative research hypotheses using diagrams. Publications, 7(1), (22). https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7010022
- COSO (2024). Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. www.coso.org,
(19.12.2024).
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
approaches. Sage publications.
- Duguid, F., Durutaş, G., & Wodzicki, M. (2015). The current state of women's co-operatives in Turkey. World
Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/931051485321696406/Türkiyede-kadın-kooperatiflerinin-
mevcut-durumu
- Erçin, F. (2002), Türk Hukuku’nda kooperatif tüzel kişiliğinin ayırıcı özellikleri. Der Yayınları.
- Fairbairn, B. (1994). History from the ecological perspective: Gaia theory and the problem of cooperatives in
turn-of-the-century Germany. The American Historical Review, 99(4), 1203-1239.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2168774
- Gök, A. G., & Öztürk, M. S. Türkiye’de kadın kooperatifleri üzerine çalışılan lisansüstü tezlerin bibliyometrik
analizi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 56-75.
https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.1438482
- Goodwin‐Stewart, J., & Kent, P. (2006). The use of internal audit by Australian companies. Managerial Auditing
Journal, 21(1), 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686900610634775
- Guinnane, T. W. (2001). Cooperatives as information machines: German rural credit cooperatives, 1883-1914.
The Journal of Economic History, 61(2), 366-389. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050701028042
- Günbayi, I., & Sorm, S. (2018). Social paradigms in guiding social research design: The functional, interpretive,
radical humanist and radical structural paradigms. Online Submission, 9(2), 57-76.
- Gyapong, E., & Afrifa, G. A. (2021). National culture and women managers: Evidence from microfinance
institutions around the world. Business & Society, 60(6), 1387-1430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650319876101
- İnan, İ. H. (2008). Türkiye’de tarımsal kooperatifçilik ve AB modeli. Ticaret Odası Yayınları.
- Institute of Internal Auditors. (2013, September), Effective internal audit in the financial services sector,
https://www.theiia.org/globalassets/documents/standards/leading-practices/effective-internal-audit-
financial-uk.pdf
- International Cooperative Alliance. (2023, December 17). International cooperative alliance.
https://ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity
- International Labour Organization (2022). Getting Skills Right Equipping Health Workers with the Right Skills
- Skills Anticipation in the Health Workforce: Skills Anticipation in the Health Workforce. OECD Publishing.
- Isern, J., Abrams, J., & Brown, M. (2007). Appraisal guide for microfinance institutions. Consultative Group to
Assist the Poor. https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Technical-Guide-Appraisal-Guide-for-
Microfinance-Institutions-Mar-2008.pdf
- Jamaluddin, F., Saleh, N. M., Abdullah, A., Hassan, M. S., Hamzah, N., Jaffar, R., ... & Embong, Z. (2023).
Cooperative governance and cooperative performance: a systematic literature review. SAGE Open, 13(3),
21582440231192944. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231192944
- Kara, E. (2020). KOVİD-19 pandemisindeki dezavantajlı gruplar ve sosyal hizmet işgücünün işlevi. Türkiye
Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 28-34.
- Karataş, Z. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Manevi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 1(1), 62-80.
- Korkmaz, U. (2007). Kamuda iç denetim. Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, 2(25), 4-15.
- Kümbetoğlu, B. (2017). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve araştırma yöntemleri. Bağlam
Yayıncılık.
- Lazarus, S., Lazarus, R., Rajendran., A. (2021). The roles, challenges and benefits of internal auditing in
organizations. International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review, 7(1), 103-122.
https://doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v7i1.1282
- Mbeba, R. D. (2008). Basic financial management and ratio analysis for MFIs toolkit. Washington, 2(2), 8-28.
- Niessen R. A. (2015). Sex matters: gender differences in the financial ındustry in responsible ınvestment
banking: risk management frameworks, sustainable financial ınnovation and softlaw standards. Springer
International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10311-2_29
- Okello, S., Kirori, G. N., Ndiao, S. O. (2019). Financial performance of the banking sector in Kenya: the role of
ınternal audit. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(1), 29-50.
- Paudel, R. C., & Acharya, C. P. (2022). Cooperatives and economic growth in a developing country: The case
of Nepal. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 93(3), 797-815.
- Prinz, M. (2002). German rural cooperatives, Friedrich-Wilhelm Raiffeisen and the organization of trust, In 8th
International Economic History Association Congress, Buenos Aires, 54, 1-28.
- Saldana, J. (2019). Nitel araştırmacılar için kodlama el kitabı. Pegem Akademi.
- Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (2010). Putting the human back in human research methodology: The researcher in
mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(4), 271-277.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689810382532
- Tekin, H. H., & Tekin, H. (2006). Nitel araştırma yönteminin bir veri toplama tekniği olarak derinlemesine
görüşme. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(13), 101-116.
- Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2015, May 17). G-20 Ülkelerinde Kooperatifçilik.
https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5d4c0f8d13b876180c773fd5/G20_kitapcik%2002.12.2015%20son%20son%20son.pdf
- Tindall, L. (2009). Review of ınterpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research review of
the book ınterpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research, by J. A. Smith, P. Flower & M. Larkin. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 6(4), 346-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880903340091
- Ültanır, M. S. (2019). Türkiye’de kooperatifçiliğin tarihsel seyri: Devlet inisiyatifi-kalkınma ideali [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü/Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
- Wilson, A. (2015). A guide to phenomenological research. Nursing Standard (2014+), 29(34), 38-43.
https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.34.38.e8821
- Wilson, J. (2014). Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage Publication.
Investigating the Perception of Internal Audit in Women's Cooperatives: The Case of Isparta Province
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 1612 - 1635, 31.12.2024
Ayşe Gül Gök
,
Mahmut Sami Öztürk
Abstract
Today, women's cooperatives, whose numbers are increasing, are among the organizations whose establishments are supported in Turkey. The main subject of our study is to investigate the internal audit perceptions of the partners of women's cooperatives, which have encountered various problems in their operation after their establishment. The study covers women's cooperatives in Isparta center and its surroundings. In this regard, a qualitative research was conducted with women's cooperatives that agreed to participate in the study. Qualitative data obtained with the semi-structured interview form were analyzed with the MAXQDA 2020 program and code schemes were created and interpreted. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the concept and mechanisms of internal audit are not fully known and are not carried out effectively. In addition, it has been concluded that the members do not have full information about the main organs of the cooperative, that cooperatives are generally reluctant to recruit partners, that organ activities generally remain on paper, that risk management is weak, and that there may be erroneous or fraudulent behavior in some cooperatives.
References
- Acar, S. (2024). İç denetimin sürdürülebilirlik süreçlerindekirolü ve önemi: İşletmeler için stratejik yaklaşımlar. Denetişim, (31), 129-143. https://doi.org/10.58348/denetisim.1541389
- Adams, M. B. (1994). Agency theory and the internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal, 9(8), 8-12.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02686909410071133
- Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007
- Alic, M., & Rusjan, B. (2011). Managerial relevance of internal audit: Business benefits of using ISO 9000 internal audit as a managerial tool. The TQM Journal, 23(3), 284-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542731111124343
- Ayayi, A. G. (2012). Credit risk assessment in the microfinance industry: An application to a selected group of Vietnamese microfinance institutions and an extension to East Asian and Pacific microfinance institutions 1.
Economics of Transition, 20(1), 37-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2011.00429.x
- Baltacı, A. (2018). Nitel araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 231-274.
- BEBKA. (2024, May 17). Tr41 bölgesi havacılık sektörü raporu, dünü, bugünü ve geleceği 2016.
https://bebka.org.tr/dokuman/tr41-bolgesi-havacilik-sektoru-raporu/
- Bijman, J., Pyykkonen, P., & Ollila, P. (2014). Transnationalization of agricultural cooperatives in Europe. The
Dovenschmidt Quarterly, (4), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.5553/DQ/221199812014002004005
- Bubolz, M. M. (2001). Family as source, user, and builder of social capital. The Journal of socio-economics,
30(2), 129-131.
- Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis.
Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367-383. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367
- Çelik, H., Baykal, N. B., & Memur, H. N. K. (2020). Nitel veri analizi ve temel ilkeleri. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar
Dergisi, 8(1), 379-406. https://doi.org/10.14689/issn.2148-2624.1.8c.1s.16m
- Charmaz, K. (2011). Grounded theory methods in social justice research. Strategies of qualitative inquiry. 4(1), 359-380.
- Chigbu, U. E. (2019). Visually hypothesising in scientific paper writing: Confirming and refuting qualitative research hypotheses using diagrams. Publications, 7(1), (22). https://doi.org/10.3390/publications7010022
- COSO (2024). Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. www.coso.org,
(19.12.2024).
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
approaches. Sage publications.
- Duguid, F., Durutaş, G., & Wodzicki, M. (2015). The current state of women's co-operatives in Turkey. World
Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/931051485321696406/Türkiyede-kadın-kooperatiflerinin-
mevcut-durumu
- Erçin, F. (2002), Türk Hukuku’nda kooperatif tüzel kişiliğinin ayırıcı özellikleri. Der Yayınları.
- Fairbairn, B. (1994). History from the ecological perspective: Gaia theory and the problem of cooperatives in
turn-of-the-century Germany. The American Historical Review, 99(4), 1203-1239.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2168774
- Gök, A. G., & Öztürk, M. S. Türkiye’de kadın kooperatifleri üzerine çalışılan lisansüstü tezlerin bibliyometrik
analizi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 56-75.
https://doi.org/10.31200/makuubd.1438482
- Goodwin‐Stewart, J., & Kent, P. (2006). The use of internal audit by Australian companies. Managerial Auditing
Journal, 21(1), 81-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686900610634775
- Guinnane, T. W. (2001). Cooperatives as information machines: German rural credit cooperatives, 1883-1914.
The Journal of Economic History, 61(2), 366-389. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050701028042
- Günbayi, I., & Sorm, S. (2018). Social paradigms in guiding social research design: The functional, interpretive,
radical humanist and radical structural paradigms. Online Submission, 9(2), 57-76.
- Gyapong, E., & Afrifa, G. A. (2021). National culture and women managers: Evidence from microfinance
institutions around the world. Business & Society, 60(6), 1387-1430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650319876101
- İnan, İ. H. (2008). Türkiye’de tarımsal kooperatifçilik ve AB modeli. Ticaret Odası Yayınları.
- Institute of Internal Auditors. (2013, September), Effective internal audit in the financial services sector,
https://www.theiia.org/globalassets/documents/standards/leading-practices/effective-internal-audit-
financial-uk.pdf
- International Cooperative Alliance. (2023, December 17). International cooperative alliance.
https://ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity
- International Labour Organization (2022). Getting Skills Right Equipping Health Workers with the Right Skills
- Skills Anticipation in the Health Workforce: Skills Anticipation in the Health Workforce. OECD Publishing.
- Isern, J., Abrams, J., & Brown, M. (2007). Appraisal guide for microfinance institutions. Consultative Group to
Assist the Poor. https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Technical-Guide-Appraisal-Guide-for-
Microfinance-Institutions-Mar-2008.pdf
- Jamaluddin, F., Saleh, N. M., Abdullah, A., Hassan, M. S., Hamzah, N., Jaffar, R., ... & Embong, Z. (2023).
Cooperative governance and cooperative performance: a systematic literature review. SAGE Open, 13(3),
21582440231192944. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231192944
- Kara, E. (2020). KOVİD-19 pandemisindeki dezavantajlı gruplar ve sosyal hizmet işgücünün işlevi. Türkiye
Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 28-34.
- Karataş, Z. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Manevi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 1(1), 62-80.
- Korkmaz, U. (2007). Kamuda iç denetim. Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, 2(25), 4-15.
- Kümbetoğlu, B. (2017). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve araştırma yöntemleri. Bağlam
Yayıncılık.
- Lazarus, S., Lazarus, R., Rajendran., A. (2021). The roles, challenges and benefits of internal auditing in
organizations. International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review, 7(1), 103-122.
https://doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v7i1.1282
- Mbeba, R. D. (2008). Basic financial management and ratio analysis for MFIs toolkit. Washington, 2(2), 8-28.
- Niessen R. A. (2015). Sex matters: gender differences in the financial ındustry in responsible ınvestment
banking: risk management frameworks, sustainable financial ınnovation and softlaw standards. Springer
International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10311-2_29
- Okello, S., Kirori, G. N., Ndiao, S. O. (2019). Financial performance of the banking sector in Kenya: the role of
ınternal audit. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(1), 29-50.
- Paudel, R. C., & Acharya, C. P. (2022). Cooperatives and economic growth in a developing country: The case
of Nepal. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 93(3), 797-815.
- Prinz, M. (2002). German rural cooperatives, Friedrich-Wilhelm Raiffeisen and the organization of trust, In 8th
International Economic History Association Congress, Buenos Aires, 54, 1-28.
- Saldana, J. (2019). Nitel araştırmacılar için kodlama el kitabı. Pegem Akademi.
- Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (2010). Putting the human back in human research methodology: The researcher in
mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(4), 271-277.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689810382532
- Tekin, H. H., & Tekin, H. (2006). Nitel araştırma yönteminin bir veri toplama tekniği olarak derinlemesine
görüşme. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(13), 101-116.
- Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2015, May 17). G-20 Ülkelerinde Kooperatifçilik.
https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5d4c0f8d13b876180c773fd5/G20_kitapcik%2002.12.2015%20son%20son%20son.pdf
- Tindall, L. (2009). Review of ınterpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research review of
the book ınterpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research, by J. A. Smith, P. Flower & M. Larkin. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 6(4), 346-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880903340091
- Ültanır, M. S. (2019). Türkiye’de kooperatifçiliğin tarihsel seyri: Devlet inisiyatifi-kalkınma ideali [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü/Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
- Wilson, A. (2015). A guide to phenomenological research. Nursing Standard (2014+), 29(34), 38-43.
https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.34.38.e8821
- Wilson, J. (2014). Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage Publication.