The Relationship Between Health Expenditures and Inflation by Provinces in Türkiye: Wavelet Coherence Analysis
Year 2025,
Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 271 - 292, 31.03.2025
Hülya Diğer
,
Umut Uyar
Abstract
The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between inflation and health expenditures in Türkiye. The relationship between inflation, and health expenditures has been frequently analyzed. Existing studies generally prefer to use classical time series analyses for investigation of relationship between inflation and health expenditures. However, these analyses fail to reveal the contagion and interdependence effects. In order to reveal these effects, Wavelet analysis is preferred in this study. In this study, health expenditure for 81 provinces of Türkiye and inflation variables (PPI and CPI) are analyzed with Wavelet coherence analysis for the period 2004-2022. Wavelet coherence analysis allows for the investigation of the contagion and interdependence effects between the variables in short-, medium- and long-term cycles. According to the findings of the study, the relationship between health expenditures and inflation variables differs in seven regions of Türkiye. Moreover, interdependence effects between health expenditures and PPI are observed in almost all provinces. On the other hand, both contagion and interdependence effects are observed between CPI.
Ethical Statement
Ethics Committee approval was not required for this study.
The authors declare that the study was conducted in accordance with research and publication ethics.
The authors confirm that no part of the study was generated, either wholly or in part, using Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools.
The authors declare that there are no financial conflicts of interest involving any institution, organization, or individual associated with this article. Additionally, there are no conflicts of interest among the authors.
The authors affirm that they contributed equally to all aspects of the research.
References
- Akdag, R. (2008). Türkiye saglikta dönüşüm programı ilerleme raporu. Turkish Republic Ministry of Health.
- Akobi, K. C., Umeora, C. E., & Atueyi, C. L. (2021). Government expenditure and inflation rate in Nigeria. International Journal of Business Systems and Economics, 13(4), 276-293.
- Ankara, H. G., & Zeybek, D. O. (2021). Saglikta donusum sonrasi saglik harcamalari ve saglik enflasyonu: Zaman serisi analizleri. Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 12(32), 1078-1093. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.808283
- Crowley, P. M. (2007), A guide to wavelets for economists. Journal of Economic Surveys, 21(2), 207-267.
- Dikmen, N. (2004). Türkiye’de harcama gruplarina gore nispi fiyat degiskenligi ve enflasyon iliskisinin ekonometrik analizi. Trakya Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 46-56.
- Dunn, A., Grosse, S. D., & Zuvekas, S. H. (2018). Adjusting health expenditures for inflation: A review of measures for health services research in the United States. Health Services Research, 53(1), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12612
- Gallegati, M., & Semmler, W. (2014). Wavelet applications in economics and finance. Springer.
- Gencay, R. F., & Selçuk, B. Whitcher (2005). Multiscale systematic risk. Journal of International Money and Finance, 24, 55–70.
- Gocumlu Calık, B. (2023, March 10). Saglik okuryazarlığı araştırması. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/saglik/15-binden-fazla-hanede-saglik-okuryazarligi-arastirmasi-baslatildi-/3070928
- Hayaloglu, P., & Bal, H. C. (2015). Ust orta gelirli ulkelerde saglik harcamalari ve ekonomik buyume iliskisi. Isletme Ve Iktisat Calismalari Dergisi, 3(2), 35-44.
- Ilgun, G., Konca, M., & Sonmez, S. (2023). The relationship between the health transformation program and health expenditures: Evidence from an autoregressive distributed lag testing approach. Value in Health Regional Issues, 38, 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2023.08.003
- In, F., & Kim, S. (2013). An introduction to Wavelet Theory in finance: A Wavelet multiscale approach. World Scientific.
- Kangalli Uyar, S. G. (2021). Uluslararasi döviz piyasalarinda finansal bulaşicilik ve karşilikli bağimlilik: Wavelet uyum analizi. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, (656), 115-147.
- Kostekci, A. (2014). Türkiye’de saglik hizmetlerinin sunumunda kamu ve ozel sektor ortakliginin analizi. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Dumlupinar Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu.
- Kubar, Y. (2016). Az gelismis ve gelismekte olan ulkelerin kalkinma gostergeleri ile ekonomik buyume arasindaki iliski: Bir panel veri analizi (1995-2010). Ardahan Universitesi Iktisadi Ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 2(4), 65-99.
- Los, N. (2016). Saglık ekonomisi çerçevesinde saglık hizmetleri ve sağlık harcamalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi: OECD ülkeleri ve Türkiye örneği. [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu.
- The Official Gazette. (2007, May 25). Sosyal guvenlik kurumu saglik uygulama tebligi. Number: 26532.
- Torrence, C., & Compo, G. P. (1998). A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological society, 79(1), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520
- Orhaner, E. (2018). Türkiye’de sağlık sigortası. Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Ramsey, J. B., & Zhang, Z. (1997). The analysis of foreign exchange data using waveform dictionaries. Journal of Empirical Finance, 4(4), 341-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5398(96)00013-8
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health Ministry of Health Report (2021). Saglik istatistikleri yilligi. Ministry of Health. https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/45316/0/siy2021-turkcepdf.pdf
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health Report (2003). Saglikta donusum raporu. Ministry of Health.
- Rua, A. & Nunes L. N. (2009). International comovement of stock market returns: A wavelet analysis. Journal of Empirical Finance, 16(4), 632-639.
- Russell, L. B. (1975). The effects of inflation on federal health spending. Medical Care, 13(9), 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-197509000-00001
- Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
- Taskaya, S., & Demirkiran, M. (2016). Enflasyon, gelir ve saglik harcamasi arasindaki nedensellik iliskisi. Taf Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(2), 127-131.
- Teimourizad, A., Hadian, M., Rezaei, S. & Rad, E. H. (2014). Health sector inflation rate and its determinants in Iran: A longitudinal study (1995–2008). Iranian Journal of Public Health, 43(11), 1537-1543.
- Tengilimoglu, D. (2012). Sağlık Hizmetleri pazarlaması. Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Tekin, B., & Temelli, F. (2024). The credit volume and its relations with money supply in Turkey: The Bai-Perron and Wavelet coherence analysis. Ekonomski pregled, 75(5), 363-379. https://doi.org/10.32910/ep.75.5.1
- Tekin, B. (2024). Structural breaks and co-movements of Bitcoin and Ethereum: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic period. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 13(2), 41-70. https://doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2024-0012
- Tekin, B., Temelli, F., & Dirir, S. A. (2024). Co-movement of bitcoin and gold, USD, oil, VIX: Evidence of wavelet coherence and DCC-GARCH from the pandemic period. Serbian Journal of Management, 19(2), 243-273. https://doi.org/10.5937/sjm19-45753
- Turgut, M., Agirbas, I., & Aldogan, U. (2017). Relationship between health expenditure and inflation in Turkey. Akademik Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi, 5(50), 289-299.
- Vacha, L., & Barunik, J. (2012). Co-movement of energy commodities revisited: Evidence from wavelet coherence analysis. Energy Economics, 34(1), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.10.007
The Relationship Between Health Expenditures and Inflation by Provinces in Türkiye: Wavelet Coherence Analysis
Year 2025,
Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 271 - 292, 31.03.2025
Hülya Diğer
,
Umut Uyar
Abstract
The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between inflation and health expenditures in Türkiye. The relationship between inflation, and health expenditures has been frequently analyzed. Existing studies generally prefer to use classical time series analyses for investigation of relationship between inflation and health expenditures. However, these analyses fail to reveal the contagion and interdependence effects. In order to reveal these effects, Wavelet analysis is preferred in this study. In this study, health expenditure for 81 provinces of Türkiye and inflation variables (PPI and CPI) are analyzed with Wavelet coherence analysis for the period 2004-2022. Wavelet coherence analysis allows for the investigation of the contagion and interdependence effects between the variables in short-, medium- and long-term cycles. According to the findings of the study, the relationship between health expenditures and inflation variables differs in seven regions of Türkiye. Moreover, interdependence effects between health expenditures and PPI are observed in almost all provinces. On the other hand, both contagion and interdependence effects are observed between CPI.
Ethical Statement
Ethics Committee approval was not required for this study.
The authors declare that the study was conducted in accordance with research and publication ethics.
The authors confirm that no part of the study was generated, either wholly or in part, using Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools.
The authors declare that there are no financial conflicts of interest involving any institution, organization, or individual associated with this article. Additionally, there are no conflicts of interest among the authors.
The authors affirm that they contributed equally to all aspects of the research.
References
- Akdag, R. (2008). Türkiye saglikta dönüşüm programı ilerleme raporu. Turkish Republic Ministry of Health.
- Akobi, K. C., Umeora, C. E., & Atueyi, C. L. (2021). Government expenditure and inflation rate in Nigeria. International Journal of Business Systems and Economics, 13(4), 276-293.
- Ankara, H. G., & Zeybek, D. O. (2021). Saglikta donusum sonrasi saglik harcamalari ve saglik enflasyonu: Zaman serisi analizleri. Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 12(32), 1078-1093. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.808283
- Crowley, P. M. (2007), A guide to wavelets for economists. Journal of Economic Surveys, 21(2), 207-267.
- Dikmen, N. (2004). Türkiye’de harcama gruplarina gore nispi fiyat degiskenligi ve enflasyon iliskisinin ekonometrik analizi. Trakya Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 46-56.
- Dunn, A., Grosse, S. D., & Zuvekas, S. H. (2018). Adjusting health expenditures for inflation: A review of measures for health services research in the United States. Health Services Research, 53(1), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12612
- Gallegati, M., & Semmler, W. (2014). Wavelet applications in economics and finance. Springer.
- Gencay, R. F., & Selçuk, B. Whitcher (2005). Multiscale systematic risk. Journal of International Money and Finance, 24, 55–70.
- Gocumlu Calık, B. (2023, March 10). Saglik okuryazarlığı araştırması. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/saglik/15-binden-fazla-hanede-saglik-okuryazarligi-arastirmasi-baslatildi-/3070928
- Hayaloglu, P., & Bal, H. C. (2015). Ust orta gelirli ulkelerde saglik harcamalari ve ekonomik buyume iliskisi. Isletme Ve Iktisat Calismalari Dergisi, 3(2), 35-44.
- Ilgun, G., Konca, M., & Sonmez, S. (2023). The relationship between the health transformation program and health expenditures: Evidence from an autoregressive distributed lag testing approach. Value in Health Regional Issues, 38, 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2023.08.003
- In, F., & Kim, S. (2013). An introduction to Wavelet Theory in finance: A Wavelet multiscale approach. World Scientific.
- Kangalli Uyar, S. G. (2021). Uluslararasi döviz piyasalarinda finansal bulaşicilik ve karşilikli bağimlilik: Wavelet uyum analizi. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, (656), 115-147.
- Kostekci, A. (2014). Türkiye’de saglik hizmetlerinin sunumunda kamu ve ozel sektor ortakliginin analizi. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Dumlupinar Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu.
- Kubar, Y. (2016). Az gelismis ve gelismekte olan ulkelerin kalkinma gostergeleri ile ekonomik buyume arasindaki iliski: Bir panel veri analizi (1995-2010). Ardahan Universitesi Iktisadi Ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 2(4), 65-99.
- Los, N. (2016). Saglık ekonomisi çerçevesinde saglık hizmetleri ve sağlık harcamalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi: OECD ülkeleri ve Türkiye örneği. [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu.
- The Official Gazette. (2007, May 25). Sosyal guvenlik kurumu saglik uygulama tebligi. Number: 26532.
- Torrence, C., & Compo, G. P. (1998). A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological society, 79(1), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520
- Orhaner, E. (2018). Türkiye’de sağlık sigortası. Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Ramsey, J. B., & Zhang, Z. (1997). The analysis of foreign exchange data using waveform dictionaries. Journal of Empirical Finance, 4(4), 341-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5398(96)00013-8
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health Ministry of Health Report (2021). Saglik istatistikleri yilligi. Ministry of Health. https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/45316/0/siy2021-turkcepdf.pdf
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health Report (2003). Saglikta donusum raporu. Ministry of Health.
- Rua, A. & Nunes L. N. (2009). International comovement of stock market returns: A wavelet analysis. Journal of Empirical Finance, 16(4), 632-639.
- Russell, L. B. (1975). The effects of inflation on federal health spending. Medical Care, 13(9), 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-197509000-00001
- Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
- Taskaya, S., & Demirkiran, M. (2016). Enflasyon, gelir ve saglik harcamasi arasindaki nedensellik iliskisi. Taf Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(2), 127-131.
- Teimourizad, A., Hadian, M., Rezaei, S. & Rad, E. H. (2014). Health sector inflation rate and its determinants in Iran: A longitudinal study (1995–2008). Iranian Journal of Public Health, 43(11), 1537-1543.
- Tengilimoglu, D. (2012). Sağlık Hizmetleri pazarlaması. Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Tekin, B., & Temelli, F. (2024). The credit volume and its relations with money supply in Turkey: The Bai-Perron and Wavelet coherence analysis. Ekonomski pregled, 75(5), 363-379. https://doi.org/10.32910/ep.75.5.1
- Tekin, B. (2024). Structural breaks and co-movements of Bitcoin and Ethereum: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic period. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 13(2), 41-70. https://doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2024-0012
- Tekin, B., Temelli, F., & Dirir, S. A. (2024). Co-movement of bitcoin and gold, USD, oil, VIX: Evidence of wavelet coherence and DCC-GARCH from the pandemic period. Serbian Journal of Management, 19(2), 243-273. https://doi.org/10.5937/sjm19-45753
- Turgut, M., Agirbas, I., & Aldogan, U. (2017). Relationship between health expenditure and inflation in Turkey. Akademik Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi, 5(50), 289-299.
- Vacha, L., & Barunik, J. (2012). Co-movement of energy commodities revisited: Evidence from wavelet coherence analysis. Energy Economics, 34(1), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.10.007