Experiences, Motivations, and Risk Perceptions of Individuals Exercising While Using Anabolic Steroids: A Qualitative Study

The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is not limited to simply building muscle or enhancing performance. It presents a multi-layered experience that extends from how an individual perceives their own body to how they weigh the risks and the decisions they make regarding their health. For individuals in the gym environment, AAS use has become a highly complex practice shaped by the desire for immediate results, relentless competitive pressure, and the influence of those around them. The aim of this study is to reveal how athletes who use steroids interpret this process within their own inner worlds and what they experience.The study's methodology is based on a qualitative grounding with phenomenological sensitivity, focusing on the shared world of individuals who have personally experienced this process. Research data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 12 male participants who exercised regularly and had a history of AAS use. Data analysis was conducted in line with Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis approach. Our findings show that the process of starting AAS use mostly takes root within the social environment and the general culture of the gym. The main motivations driving individuals to do so revolve around quickly becoming satisfied with their reflection in the mirror, correcting their body image, and not wanting to fall behind others. While participants mentioned positive gains such as bursts of strength and increased muscle mass during the usage process, they also pointed out mood swings, sleep disorders, and noticeable side effects on their bodies. When it comes to the risk aspect, most users defined it as a “controlled and manageable risk” through methods such as adjusting the dosage, limiting the duration of use, or having regular blood tests. In conclusion, AAS use is not merely a technical performance choice for athletes; rather, it is a dynamic process intertwined with body image, social comparisons, and the mental legitimization of risk. These findings clearly indicate that gyms should abandon prohibitive or stigmatizing language and instead adopt a counseling model that takes into account individuals' risk perception and prioritizes harm reduction.