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KALKINMA PERSPEKTİFİNDEN TÜRKİYE-AVRUPA ÜLKELERİ GÖÇ KORİDORU ANALİZİ

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 30, 886 - 901, 28.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.634732

Abstract

Türkiye uzun yıllara dayanan göç deneyimine sahip bir ülke olmakla birlikte, emek göçünün 1960’lı yıllarla birlikte belirginleştiği görülür. Avrupa ülkelerinin demografik ve sosyo-ekonomik koşulları nedeniyle oluşan işgücü talepleri önce Güney Avrupa ülkelerinden, daha sonra da Türkiye gibi komşu ülkelerden karşılanmıştır. Avrupa ülkeleri ile imzalanan işgücü anlaşmaları neticesinde Türkiye-Avrupa ülkeleri göç koridoru oluşmuştur. Türkiye bu süreçte gelişmişlik açısından da bir dönüşüm içerisindedir. Bu çalışma literatürde yer alan birçok çalışmadan farklı olarak Türkiye-Avrupa ülkeleri göç ilişkisini ampirik olarak incelerken göçün çok boyutlu yapısına uygun olacak şekilde göç kalkınma ilişkisini analiz etmiştir. Çalışma, 1960 ve 2010 yılları arasında Türkiye’den Avrupa ülkelerine yapılmış olan emek göçü ile kalkınma düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, Türkiye ve Avrupa ülkeleri kalkınma seviyeleri ile bu ülkelere göç eden göçmen stoku arasında ters U eğrisi şeklinde olduğu iddia edilen ilişki, panel veri analizi ile test edilmiştir. Eğer Türkiye ve Avrupa ülkelerinin gelişmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki fark artarsa göçün belirli bir seviyeye kadar önce arttığı daha sonra azalmaya başladığı tespit edilmiştir

References

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  • Bertocchi, G., & Strozzi, C. (2008). International migration and the role of institutions. Public Choice, 137(1–2), 81–102.
  • Bijak, J. (2006). Forecasting international migration: selected theories, models, and methods. Central European Forum For Migration Research.
  • Boratav. K. (2003). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi 1908-2002. İmge Kitabevi. Ankara
  • Brücker, H., & Schröder, P. J. H. (2012). International Migration with Heterogeneous Agents: Theory and Evidence for Germany, 1967-2009. The World Economy, 35(2), 152–182.
  • Bucevska, V. (2010). Assessing The Future Migration Potential of The Eu Candidate Countries. The Young Economists Journal, 1(14), 131–142. Retrieved from http://feaa.ucv.ro/RTE/014-17.pdf
  • Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2003). The Age of Migration (Third Edit). Hampshire: Guilford Press.
  • Clark Colin. (1940). The Conditions of Economic Progress. London: Macmillan.
  • Clarke, R., & Eyal, K. (2013). Microeconomic Determinants of Spatial Mobility In Post-Apartheid South Africa: Longitudinal Evidence From The National Income Dynamics Study. Development Southern Africa, 31(1), 168–194.
  • De Haas, H. (2008). Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. International Migration Institute (IMI) (Vol. 9). http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.
  • De Haas, H. (2010a). Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227–264. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.
  • De Haas, H. (2010b). Migration Transitions: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry into The Developmental Drivers of International Migration, (1), 46.
  • DEMIG (2015) DEMIG POLICY, version 1.3, Online Edition. Oxford: International Migration Institute, University of Oxford. www.migrationdeterminants.eu. Erişim: https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/data/demig-data/demig-policy-1/download-the-data/demig-policy-data-downloads
  • DeWaard, J., Kim, K., & Raymer, J. (2012). Migration Systems in Europe: Evidence From Harmonized Flow Data. Demography, 49(4), 1307–1333.
  • Eryurt, M. A. (2010). Internal Migration and Fertility in Turkey: Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis. Hacettepe University. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/329050
  • Fagiolo, G., & Santoni, G. (2015). Revisiting the role of migrant social networks as determinants of international migration flows. Applied Economics Letters, 23(August), 1–6. http://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1064072
  • Feridun, M. (2007). Immigration, Income and Unemployment: An Application of the Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(1), 37–49. http://doi.org/10.2307/40376157
  • Furedi, F. (1997). Population and Development: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hancıoğlu, A., Ergöçmen, B., & Ünalan, T. (2004). The Population of Turkey at the Turn of the XXI. Century: Past Trends, Current Situations and Future Prospects. In Population Challanges, International Migration and Reproductive Health in Turkey and the European Union: Issues and Policy Implications (pp. 43–50). İstanbul: Turkish Family Health & Planning Foundation.
  • Harris JR, Todaro MP. 1970. Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. American Economic Review 60:126-142.
  • İçduygu, A ; Göker, Z; Bertan, L and Elitok, S. (2013). Eu Neighbourhood Migration Report 2013 - Turkey. Erişim: http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Turkey.pdf%5Cnpapers3://publication/uuid/552557EC-4530-4EF3-83CA-E2EC7BF7DC67
  • İçduygu Ahmet; Karaçay, A. (2012). Demography and Migration in Transitions: Reflections on the EU-Turkey Relations. In Thomas Straubhaar and Seçil Paçacı (Ed.), Migration Potentials from and to Turkey (Hamburg In). Hamburg.
  • İçduygu, A., & Sert, D. (2009). Focus Migration Country Profile, Turkey. Focus Migration (Vol. 5). http://focusmigration.hwwi.de/typo3_upload/groups/3/focus_Migration_Publikationen/Laenderprofile/CP_05_Turkey_2009.pdf.International Labour Organization (ILO). Key Indicators of the Labour Market database. Erişim: https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/NationalEconomyEnvironment/LabourMarket/Unemployment/Unemployment.html
  • Kim, K., & Cohen, J. E. (2010). Determinants of international migration flows to and from industrialized countries: A panel data approach beyond gravity. International Migration Review, 44(4), 899–932.
  • Koç, İ., Eryurt, M. A., Adalı, T., & Seçkiner, P. (2010). Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü. Ankara. Erişim: http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TurkiyeninDemografikDonusumu_220410.pdf
  • Lee, E. S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47. http://doi.org/10.2307/2060063
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954). “Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour.” The Manchester School, 22(2), 139–191.
  • Martin PL. 1993. Trade and Migration: NAFTA and Agriculture. Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics. 457-76 syf.
  • Martin PL, Taylor JE. 1996. The anatomy of a migration hump. In Development strategy, employment, and migration: Insights from models, ed. JEe Taylor, syf. 43-62. Paris: OECD, Development Centre
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of International A Review Migration : and Appraisal. Population English Edition, 19(3), 431–466. http://doi.org/10.2307/2938462
  • Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the determinants of bilateral flows. Journal of Population Economics, 23(4), 1249–1274.
  • Moral-Pajares, E., & Jiménez-Jiménez, F. (2014). Migration within the EU-15: Pull Factors and Choice of Destination. Revista de Economía Mundial, 37, 181–200.
  • Mıhçı, H. (1996). Kalkınma : Bir Terim Neyi Anlatlr ? Ekonomik Yaklasim, 7(23), 65–86.
  • Piore, M. (1979). Birds of passage: Migrant labour in industrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ramos, R. (2016). Gravity models: A tool for migration analysis. IZA World of Labor, (March), 1–10. http://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.239
  • Ranis, G., & Fei, J. C. H. (1961). A Theory of Economic Development. The American Economic Review, 51(4), 533–565.
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1885) “The Laws of Migration”, Journal of the Statis-tical Society of London, 48(2), 42 - 43.
  • Rittersberger-Tılıç, H., Özen, Y. & Çelik, K. Geriye Göçün Dinamikleri: Almanya’dan Ev’e Dönüş. "Küreselleşme Çağında Göç", (2012), p.287 – 307.
  • Ruyssen, I., Everaert, G., & Rayp, G. (2012). Determinants and dynamics of migration to OECD countries in a three-dimensional panel framework. Empirical Economics, 46(1), 175–197.
  • Ruyssen, I., & Rayp, G. (2014). Determinants of Intraregional Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa 1980-2000. The Journal of Development Studies, 50(3), 426–443.Skeldon, R. (1997). Migration and Development: A Global Perspective. Harlow: Longman.
  • Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The New Economics of Labor Migration. American Economic Review, 75(2), 173–178.
  • Todaro, M. P. (1969). A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138–148.
  • Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2006). Economic Development (Ninth Edit). California: Pearson Addison Wesley.
  • Toros, A. (2015). Demographic Transition in Turkey: Landing on to Civilization (Vol. 2015). Retrieved from http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/sunum/sunum_toros.pdf
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. (1995). The Population of Turkey, 1923‐1994: Demographic Structure and Development. Ankara.
  • UN DESA. (2013). International Migration Report 2013. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. http://doi.org/ST/ESA/SER.A/346
  • UN DESA. (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, custom data acquired via website.
  • UNDP. Erişim: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends and http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/education-index.
  • World Bank. (2010). Bilateral Migration Database 1960-2000 and Migration Matrix 2010. Erişim: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/global-bilateral-migration-database & http://go.worldbank.org/JITC7NYTT0
  • Yuan, Y. C. (2000). Multiple Imputation for Missing Data Concepts and New Development, Paper 267-25. SAS SUGI proceedings: SUGI 25. Erişim: http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi25/25/st/25p267.pdf
  • Zelinsky, W. (1971). The Hypothesıs of The Mobility Transition. Society, 61(2), 219–249. http://doi.org/10.2307/213996

AN ANALYSIS ON MIGRATION CORRIDOR BEWTEEN TURKEY AND EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FROM DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 30, 886 - 901, 28.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.634732

Abstract

Although Turkey is a country with long-standing experience in international migration, labor
migration has become evident with 1960’s. Due to demographic and socio-economic structure of
European countries, labor force demand in these countries was fulfilled by Southern European
countries and neighbour countries like Turkey. As a result of labor agreements signed between
Turkey and European countries, migration corridors have occurred. Turkey has experienced
development transformation in this period. Apart from the most of the studies in the literature,
this study analyzes development and international migration empirically. The study aims to
analyze the inverted U-shaped relationship between development and emigration for the years of
1960 and 2010 by using panel data regression. It is found that if the differences between the
development level of Turkey and destination countries increase, the ratio of migrant stock to the
destination country will increase until a certain level, then it will become to decrease.

References

  • Beine, M., & Parsons, C. (2015). Climatic factors as determinants of International Migration. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 117(2), 723–767.
  • Bertocchi, G., & Strozzi, C. (2008). International migration and the role of institutions. Public Choice, 137(1–2), 81–102.
  • Bijak, J. (2006). Forecasting international migration: selected theories, models, and methods. Central European Forum For Migration Research.
  • Boratav. K. (2003). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi 1908-2002. İmge Kitabevi. Ankara
  • Brücker, H., & Schröder, P. J. H. (2012). International Migration with Heterogeneous Agents: Theory and Evidence for Germany, 1967-2009. The World Economy, 35(2), 152–182.
  • Bucevska, V. (2010). Assessing The Future Migration Potential of The Eu Candidate Countries. The Young Economists Journal, 1(14), 131–142. Retrieved from http://feaa.ucv.ro/RTE/014-17.pdf
  • Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2003). The Age of Migration (Third Edit). Hampshire: Guilford Press.
  • Clark Colin. (1940). The Conditions of Economic Progress. London: Macmillan.
  • Clarke, R., & Eyal, K. (2013). Microeconomic Determinants of Spatial Mobility In Post-Apartheid South Africa: Longitudinal Evidence From The National Income Dynamics Study. Development Southern Africa, 31(1), 168–194.
  • De Haas, H. (2008). Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. International Migration Institute (IMI) (Vol. 9). http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.
  • De Haas, H. (2010a). Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227–264. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.
  • De Haas, H. (2010b). Migration Transitions: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry into The Developmental Drivers of International Migration, (1), 46.
  • DEMIG (2015) DEMIG POLICY, version 1.3, Online Edition. Oxford: International Migration Institute, University of Oxford. www.migrationdeterminants.eu. Erişim: https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/data/demig-data/demig-policy-1/download-the-data/demig-policy-data-downloads
  • DeWaard, J., Kim, K., & Raymer, J. (2012). Migration Systems in Europe: Evidence From Harmonized Flow Data. Demography, 49(4), 1307–1333.
  • Eryurt, M. A. (2010). Internal Migration and Fertility in Turkey: Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis. Hacettepe University. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/329050
  • Fagiolo, G., & Santoni, G. (2015). Revisiting the role of migrant social networks as determinants of international migration flows. Applied Economics Letters, 23(August), 1–6. http://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1064072
  • Feridun, M. (2007). Immigration, Income and Unemployment: An Application of the Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(1), 37–49. http://doi.org/10.2307/40376157
  • Furedi, F. (1997). Population and Development: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hancıoğlu, A., Ergöçmen, B., & Ünalan, T. (2004). The Population of Turkey at the Turn of the XXI. Century: Past Trends, Current Situations and Future Prospects. In Population Challanges, International Migration and Reproductive Health in Turkey and the European Union: Issues and Policy Implications (pp. 43–50). İstanbul: Turkish Family Health & Planning Foundation.
  • Harris JR, Todaro MP. 1970. Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. American Economic Review 60:126-142.
  • İçduygu, A ; Göker, Z; Bertan, L and Elitok, S. (2013). Eu Neighbourhood Migration Report 2013 - Turkey. Erişim: http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Turkey.pdf%5Cnpapers3://publication/uuid/552557EC-4530-4EF3-83CA-E2EC7BF7DC67
  • İçduygu Ahmet; Karaçay, A. (2012). Demography and Migration in Transitions: Reflections on the EU-Turkey Relations. In Thomas Straubhaar and Seçil Paçacı (Ed.), Migration Potentials from and to Turkey (Hamburg In). Hamburg.
  • İçduygu, A., & Sert, D. (2009). Focus Migration Country Profile, Turkey. Focus Migration (Vol. 5). http://focusmigration.hwwi.de/typo3_upload/groups/3/focus_Migration_Publikationen/Laenderprofile/CP_05_Turkey_2009.pdf.International Labour Organization (ILO). Key Indicators of the Labour Market database. Erişim: https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/NationalEconomyEnvironment/LabourMarket/Unemployment/Unemployment.html
  • Kim, K., & Cohen, J. E. (2010). Determinants of international migration flows to and from industrialized countries: A panel data approach beyond gravity. International Migration Review, 44(4), 899–932.
  • Koç, İ., Eryurt, M. A., Adalı, T., & Seçkiner, P. (2010). Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü. Ankara. Erişim: http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TurkiyeninDemografikDonusumu_220410.pdf
  • Lee, E. S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3(1), 47. http://doi.org/10.2307/2060063
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954). “Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour.” The Manchester School, 22(2), 139–191.
  • Martin PL. 1993. Trade and Migration: NAFTA and Agriculture. Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics. 457-76 syf.
  • Martin PL, Taylor JE. 1996. The anatomy of a migration hump. In Development strategy, employment, and migration: Insights from models, ed. JEe Taylor, syf. 43-62. Paris: OECD, Development Centre
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of International A Review Migration : and Appraisal. Population English Edition, 19(3), 431–466. http://doi.org/10.2307/2938462
  • Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the determinants of bilateral flows. Journal of Population Economics, 23(4), 1249–1274.
  • Moral-Pajares, E., & Jiménez-Jiménez, F. (2014). Migration within the EU-15: Pull Factors and Choice of Destination. Revista de Economía Mundial, 37, 181–200.
  • Mıhçı, H. (1996). Kalkınma : Bir Terim Neyi Anlatlr ? Ekonomik Yaklasim, 7(23), 65–86.
  • Piore, M. (1979). Birds of passage: Migrant labour in industrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ramos, R. (2016). Gravity models: A tool for migration analysis. IZA World of Labor, (March), 1–10. http://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.239
  • Ranis, G., & Fei, J. C. H. (1961). A Theory of Economic Development. The American Economic Review, 51(4), 533–565.
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1885) “The Laws of Migration”, Journal of the Statis-tical Society of London, 48(2), 42 - 43.
  • Rittersberger-Tılıç, H., Özen, Y. & Çelik, K. Geriye Göçün Dinamikleri: Almanya’dan Ev’e Dönüş. "Küreselleşme Çağında Göç", (2012), p.287 – 307.
  • Ruyssen, I., Everaert, G., & Rayp, G. (2012). Determinants and dynamics of migration to OECD countries in a three-dimensional panel framework. Empirical Economics, 46(1), 175–197.
  • Ruyssen, I., & Rayp, G. (2014). Determinants of Intraregional Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa 1980-2000. The Journal of Development Studies, 50(3), 426–443.Skeldon, R. (1997). Migration and Development: A Global Perspective. Harlow: Longman.
  • Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The New Economics of Labor Migration. American Economic Review, 75(2), 173–178.
  • Todaro, M. P. (1969). A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138–148.
  • Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2006). Economic Development (Ninth Edit). California: Pearson Addison Wesley.
  • Toros, A. (2015). Demographic Transition in Turkey: Landing on to Civilization (Vol. 2015). Retrieved from http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/sunum/sunum_toros.pdf
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. (1995). The Population of Turkey, 1923‐1994: Demographic Structure and Development. Ankara.
  • UN DESA. (2013). International Migration Report 2013. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. http://doi.org/ST/ESA/SER.A/346
  • UN DESA. (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, custom data acquired via website.
  • UNDP. Erişim: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends and http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/education-index.
  • World Bank. (2010). Bilateral Migration Database 1960-2000 and Migration Matrix 2010. Erişim: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/global-bilateral-migration-database & http://go.worldbank.org/JITC7NYTT0
  • Yuan, Y. C. (2000). Multiple Imputation for Missing Data Concepts and New Development, Paper 267-25. SAS SUGI proceedings: SUGI 25. Erişim: http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi25/25/st/25p267.pdf
  • Zelinsky, W. (1971). The Hypothesıs of The Mobility Transition. Society, 61(2), 219–249. http://doi.org/10.2307/213996
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Berna Şafak Zülfikar Savcı 0000-0002-5854-5914

A. Banu Ergöçmen This is me 0000-0002-5854-5914

Publication Date December 28, 2019
Submission Date October 18, 2019
Acceptance Date November 27, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 11 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Zülfikar Savcı, B. Ş., & Ergöçmen, A. B. (2019). KALKINMA PERSPEKTİFİNDEN TÜRKİYE-AVRUPA ÜLKELERİ GÖÇ KORİDORU ANALİZİ. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(30), 886-901. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.634732