Büyükorhan (Bursa), Türkiye Atmosferindeki Allerjik Cladosporium ve Alternaria Sporlarının Yıllık Değişimi; Meteorolojik Faktörlerin Etkileri

Year 2021, , 122 - 133, 31.10.2021

Semih Bekil , Aycan Tosunoglu , Prof.dr. Adem Bıçakçı

https://doi.org/10.30708/mantar.942793

Abstract

Mantar sporları, atmosferde sıkça karşılaşılan önemli biyo-allerjenlerdendir. Çoğu atmosferik mantar sporu çalışmasında, Cladosporium Link (Havaküfü) ve Alternaria Nees (Arıküfü) sporları genellikle dominant olarak kaydedilmiş olup duyarlı bireyler üzerinde yüksek allerjik etkilere sahiptirler. Bu iki cinse ait türler bitkiler üzerinde patojen olarak yaşayabilir ve bitkilerde verim düşüklüğüne sebep olabilirler. Bu çalışma, Ocak 2012 ile Aralık 2013 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, gravimetrik yönteme dayalı Durham cihazı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. İki yıl süresince toplamda 10817 adet spor kaydedilmiş olup, 4119 adet spor birinci yıla, 6698 adet spor ise ikinci yıla aittir. Her iki yılda da toplam Cladosporium sayısının toplam Alternaria sayısından çok daha fazla olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, bu iki cinse ait atmosferik sporların iki yıl içindeki değişimini meteorolojik faktörlerle karşılaştırarak belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Her iki spor tipi için, maksimum spor sayıları Haziran-Ağustos ayları arasında bulunmuş ve özellikle yaz aylarının atmosferik mantar sporu allerjisi açısından, duyarlı bireyler için riskli dönemler olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Keywords

Atmosferik mantar sporları, Aeromikoloji, Allerji, Meteorolojik faktörler, Kuzeybatı Türkiye

The Annual Variation of Allergenic Cladosporium and Alternaria Spores in the Atmosphere of Büyükorhan (Bursa), Turkey; Effects of Meteorological Factors

Abstract

Fungal spores are important bio-allergens frequently encountered in the atmosphere. Cladosporium Link and Alternaria Nees spores are generally recorded as dominant in many atmospheric fungal spore studies and have high allergic effects on susceptible individuals. The species belonging to these two genera may live as pathogens on the plants and cause low yield. This study was carried out between January 2012 to December 2013. Durham sampler, which is the device of the gravimetric method, was used in the research. A total of 10817 spores were recorded in the Büyükorhan (Bursa) atmosphere during the consecutive years. 4119 spores belonged to the first year and 6698 to the second year. The total numbers of Cladosporium spores were observed much higher than the total numbers of Alternaria spores in both years. This study aims to determine the variation of atmospheric spores in these two genera during the two years by comparing them with meteorological factors. For both spore types, the maximum spore numbers were found between the June-August term. Summer months revealed a risky period in terms of atmospheric fungal spore allergy for sensitive individuals.

Keywords

Airborne fungal spores, Aeromycology, Allergy, Meteorological factors, Northwest Turkey

References

• Akgül, H., Yılmazkaya, D., Akata, I., Tosunoğlu, A. and Bıçakçı, A. (2016). Determination of airborne fungal spores of Gaziantep (SE Turkey). Aerobiol., 32 (3) 441-452.
• Angulo-Romero, J., Mediavilla-Molina, A. and Domınguez- Vilches, E. (1999). Conidia of Alternaria in the atmosphere of the city of Cordoba, Spain in relation to meteorological parameters. Int. J. Biometeoro., 43 45–49.
• Asan, A. (2015). Checklist of Alternaria Species Reported From Turkey, Mantar Dergisi/The Journal of Fungus, 6 (2) 43-57.
• Ataygul, E., Celenk, S., Canitez, Y., Bicakci, A., Malyer, H. and Sapan, N. (2007). Allergenic fungal spore concentrations in the atmosphere of Bursa, Turkey. J. Biol. Environ. Sci., 1 (2) 3-79.
• Bağçıvan, G. ve Daşkın, R. (2019). Flora of Büyükorhan and Harmancık Districts (Bursa/Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 12 (2) 126-140.
• Bıçakcı, A., Tatlıdil, S., Canıtez, Y. ve Malyer, H. (2001). Mustafakemalpaşa ilçesi (Bursa) atmosferindeki alerjen Alternaria sp. ve Cladosporium sp. sporları. Akciğer Arşivi; 2 69-72.
• Buck, P. and Levetin, E. (1985). Airborne pollen and mold spores in a subalpine environment. Ann Allergy , 55 794–801.
• Charpin, J., Surinyach, R. and Frankland A.W. (1974). Atlas of European Allergenic Pollens. Paris: Sandos Editions, 229 p.
• D’Amato, G., Stanziola, A.A., Cocco, G. and Melillo, G. (1984). Mold allergy: A three year investigation (1980-82) of the airborne fungal spores in Naples, Italy. Ann Allergy., 52 363-367.
• D'Amato, G. (1981). Allergia respiratoria da pollini e da miceti. Lomhardo, Roma.
• Damialis, A. and Gioulekas, D. (2006). Airborne allergenic fungal spores and meteorological factors in Greece: Forecasting possibilities. Grana, 45 (2) 122-129.
• Ding, W., Li, L., Han, Y. and Liu, J. (2016). Site-related and seasonal variation of bioaerosol emission in an indoor wastewater treatment station: level, characteristics of particle size, and microbial structure. Aerobiol., 32 (2) 211-224.
• Dugan, F.M., Schubert, K. and Braun, U. (2004). Check-list of Cladosporium names. Schlechtendalia, 11 1–103.
• Gioulekas, D., Damialis, A., Papakosta, D., Spieksma, F., Giouleka, P. and Patakas, D. (2004). Allergenic fungi spore records (15 years) and sensitization in patients with respiratory allergy in Thessaloniki- Greece. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol., 14 (3) 225-231.
• Gregory, PH. (1961). The microbiology of the atmosphere. New York: Interscience Publishers.
• Grinn-Gofroń, A. and Mika, A. (2008). Selected airborne allergenic fungal spores and meteorological factors in Szczecin, Poland, 2004–2006. Aerobiol., 24 89–97.
• Grinn-Gofroń, A., Strzelczak, A., Stępalska, D. and Myszkowska, D. (2016). A 10-year study of Alternaria and Cladosporium in two Polish cities (Szczecin and Cracow) and relationship with the meteorological parameters. Aerobiol., 32 (1) 83-94.
• Herrero, B. and Zaldivar, P. (1997). Effects of meteorological factors on the levels of Alternaria and Cladosporium spore in the atmosphere of Palencia, 1990–1992. Grana, 36 180–184.
• Hjelmroos, M. (1993). Relationship between airborne fungal spore presence and weather variables, Cladosporium and Alternaria. Grana, 32 40–47.
• Ho, H.M., Rao, C.Y., Hsu, H.H., Chiu, Y.H., Liu, C.M. and Chao, H.J. (2005). Characteristics and determinants of ambient fungal spores in Hualien, Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment, 39 (32) 5839–5850.
• Ianovici, N. (2016). Atmospheric concentrations of selected allergenic fungal spores in relation to some meteorological factors, in Timişoara (Romania). Aerobiol., 32 (1) 139-156.
• Kasprzyk, I., Kaszewski, B.M., Weryszko-Chmielewska, E., Nowak, M., Sulborska, A., Kaczmarek, J. and Jedryczka, M. (2016). Warm and dry weather accelerates and elongates Cladosporium spore seasons in Poland. Aerobio., 32 (1) 109-126.
• Kızılpınar, İ. and Doğan, C. (2011). Allergen Alternaria and Cladosporium concentration in the atmosphere of Çamkoru, (Ankara-Turkey) 2003-2004. Hacettepe J. Biol. & Chem., 39 (4) 427-434.
• Kilic, M., Altunoglu, M.K., Akdogan, G.E., Akpınar, S. and Taskın, E. (2020). Airborne fungal spore relationships with meteorological parameters and skin prick test results in Elazig, Turkey. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng 18 1271–1280.
• Kireçci, E. and Alagöz, G. (2019). Hava Kaynaklı Fungusların Tanısı Ve Dağılımı. “Dıagnosıs And Dıstrıbutıon Of Fungı In The Atmosphere”, Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi / Balıkesır Health Scıences Journal, 8 (2) 75-80.
• Kramer, C.L. (1959). Cansas Aeromicology VIII: Pphycomycetes. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 63 19-23.
• Landecker, E.M. (1996). Fundamentals of Fungi. Publ. Benjamin Cumings .1996.
• Mallo, A.C., Nitiu, D.S., Gardella. and Sambeth, M.C. (2011). Airborne fungal spore content in the atmosphere of thecity of La Plata, Argentina. Aerobiol., 27 77-84.
• McCartney, H.A. (1991). Airborne dissemination of fungal pathogens. - J. Appl. Bacter. Symp. Suppl., 70 39 W8 S.
• Mitakakis, T.Z. and Guest, D.I. (2001). A fungal spore calendar for the atmosphere of Melbourne, Australia, for the year 1993. Aerobiol., 17 171–176.
• Money, NP. (2015). Spore production, discharge and dispersal. The Fungi. (3rd ed., pp. 67–97). London: Academic Press.
• Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, H., Delgado, L., Fonseca, J, Castel-Branco, M.G. and Abreu, I. (2010). Outdoor allergenic fungal spores: comparison between an urban and a rural area in northern Portugal. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol., 20 (2) 117-128.
• Olsen, Y., Skjøth, C., Hertel, O., Rasmussen, K., Sigsgaard, T. and Gosewinkel, U. (2020). Airborne Cladosporium and Alternaria spore concentrations through 26 years in Copenhagen, Denmark Aerobiol., 36 141–157.
• Özkaragöz, K. (1968). A study of airborne fungi in Ankara area of Turkey in 1966. Acta Allergologica, 24 147-156.
• Palmas, F. and Cosentino, S. (1990). Comparison between fungal airspore concentration at two different sites in the South of Sardinia. Grana, 29 87-95.
• Peternel, R., Culig, J. and Hrga, I. (2004). Atmospheric concentrations of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. spores in Zagreb (Croatia) and effects of some meteorological factors. Ann Agric Environ Med., 11 (2) 303–307.
• Potoglu Erkara, I., Asan, A., Yilmaz, V., Pehlivan, S. and Sarica Okten, S. (2008). Airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium species and relationship with meteorological conditions in Eskisehir City, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess, 144 31-41.
• Potoglu Erkara, I., Ilhan, S. and Oner, S. (2009). Monitoring and assessment of airborne Cladosporium Link and Alternaria Nées spores in Sivrihisar (Eskisehir), Turkey. Environ Monit Assess, 48 477–484.
• Pyrri, I. and Kapsanaki-Gotsi, E. (2015). Evaluation of the fungal aerosol in Athens, Greece, based on spore analysis. Aerobiol., 31 179-190.
• Rich, S. and Waggoner, P.E. (1962). Atmospheric Concentration of Cladosporium Spores. Science,137 962-965.
• Saatcioglu, G., Tosunoglu, A., Malyer, H. and Bicakci, A. (2016). Aırborne Fungal Spores Of North-West Anatolıa, Bangladesh J. Bot., 45 (3) 699-702.
• Serbes, A.B. ve Kaplan, A. (2014). Düzce ili atmosferinin polen ve spor dağılımının incelenmesi. Karaelmas Sci. and Eng. Jour., 4 (2) 46-58.
• Stepalska, D., Harmata, K., Kasprzyk, I., Myszkowska, D. and Stach, A. (1999). Occurrence of airborne Cladosporium and Alternaria spores in Southern and Central Poland in 1995–1996. Aerobiol., 15 (1) 39–47.
• Şakiyan, N. and İnceoğlu, O. (2003). Atmospheric concentrations of Cladosporium Link and Alternaria Nees spores in Ankara and the effects of meteorological factors. Tr. J. Bot., 27 78-81.
• Şen, B. and Asan, A. (2001). Airborne fungi in vegetable growing areas of Edirne, Turkey. Aerobiol., 17 69-75.
• Vijay, H.M., Burton, M., Young, N.M., Copeland, D.F. and Corlett, M. (1991). Allergenic components of isolates of Cladosporium herbarum. Grana, 30 161-165.
• Yılmazkaya, D., Akgül, H., Altunoğlu, M.K., Tosunoğlu, A. and Bıçakçı, A. (2019). Fungal Spore Calendar of Yalova Province (2005). Mantar Dergisi/The Journal of Fungus, 10 (2) 116-123.