Terfezia Species Natural Distributed in Türkiye and Their Ecologies

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 119 - 130, 30.12.2022

Funda Atila Ahmet Kazankaya

Abstract

Terfezia species, known as Keme, truffles, soil mushrooms and some other names in Türkiye, are classified as desert truffles because they are generally widespread in arid and semi-arid regions. Türkiye, especially Central Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia regions are the natural distribution areas of Terfezia species. These species, which attract attention with their superior flavors and high nutritional values as well as their medicinal properties, are in great demand all over the world. More than 50 species have been identified in the Terfezia genus and 7 of them have been recorded in different regions of Türkiye. The two most common Terfezia species in Türkiye are Terfezia claveryi and Terfezia bourdieri. On the other hand, T. olbiensis, T. arenaria, T. leptoderma, T. albida and T. cistophila are the other species distributed in Türkiye. In this review, some morphological and microscopic features of Terfezia species, their distribution, ecological demands and economic values were discussed based on the present literature, and some suggestions about protection of natural habitats were given.

Keywords

Ascomycetes, keme, domalan, desert truffles, habitat

Türkiye’de Doğal Yayılış Gösteren Terfezia Türleri ve Ekolojileri

Abstract

Ülkemizde Keme, domalan, toprak mantarı ve diğer bazı isimlerle bilinen Terfezia türleri genellikle kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde yayılış gösterdiklerinden dolayı çöl trüfleri içerisinde sınıflandırılırlar. Türkiye’nin özellikle İç Anadolu, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Doğu Anadolu bölgelerinde Terfezia türleri doğal olarak yayılış göstermektedir. Üstün lezzetleri ve yüksek besin değerlerinin yanı sıra tıbbi özellikleri ile de dikkat çeken Terfezia türleri tüm dünya da büyük talep görmektedir. Index Fungorum’a göreTerfezia cinsi içerisinde 50’den fazla tür tespit edilmiştir ve bunlardan 7 tanesi ülkemizin farklı bölgelerinde kayıt altına alınmıştır. Türkiye’de en yaygın görülen türler Terfezia boudieri ve T. claveryi’dir. Diğer taraftan, T. albida, T. arenaria, T. cistophila, T. leptoderma ve T. olbiensis türleri de Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren diğer türlerdir. Bu derlemede, ülkemizde yayılış gösteren Terfezia türleri ile bu türlerin morfolojik ve mikroskobik bazı özellikleri, yayılış alanları, ekolojik istekleri, ekonomik değerleri ve doğal yayılış alanları üzerindeki tehditler literatürde yer alan konu ile ilgili yürütülmüş çalışamaların sonuçlarına dayanılarak gözden geçirilmiş ve Terfezia türlerinin doğal yayılış alanlarının korunması ile ilgili bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Ascomycetes, keme, domalan, çöl türfleri, doğal ortam

References

• Afyon, A. (1996). Isparta yöresinde belirlenen bazı makroskobik mantarlar. Turk. J. Bot. 20, 161–164
• Ahmed, A.A., Mohamed, M.A. and Hami, M.A. (1981). Libyan Truffles “Terfezia boudieri Chatin:” chemical composition and toxicity. J. Food Sci. 46(3), 927-929. Ak, E.E., Tüzel, Y., Eren, E. ve Atila, F. (2016). Türkiye’nin mantar ihracatının değerlendirilmesi. Turk J. Food Agric. Sci. 4(3), 239-243.
• Akyüz, M., Kirbağ, S., and Kurşat, M. (2012). Ecological aspects of the arid and semi-arid truffle in Turkey: evaluation of soil characteristics, morphology, distribution, and mycorrhizal relationships. Turk. J. Botany, 36(4), 386-391.
• Akyüz, M. (2013). Nutritive value, flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity of the truffle (Terfezia boudieri Chatin). J. Plant. Nutr. Soil Sci, 13(1), 143-151.
• Akyuz, M., Kirbag, S., Bircan, B. and Gurhan, Y. (2015). Diversity and distribution of arid-semi arid truffle (Terfezia and Picoa) in Elazig-Malatya region of Turkey. Mycosphere 6(6), 766–783
• Akyüz, M., Kırbağ, S., Gürhan, Y. ve Bircan, B. (2016). Elazığ-Malatya çevresinde yetişen Terfezia ve Picoa trüf türlerinin mikorizal ilişkileri ile in situ ve ex situ koruma durumunun tespit edilmesi. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 1-10.
• Al-Laith, A.A.A. (2010). Antioxidant components and antioxidant/antiradical activities of desert truffle (Tirmania nivea) from various Middle Eastern origins. J. Food Compost. Anal. 23, 15-22.
• AI- Marzooqi, A. M. 1981. Truffles in eye disease. Pp. 353-357. In: Bulletin of Islamic Medicine, vol. 1, 2nd edn. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Islamic Medicine Celebrating the Advent of the Fifteenth Hijri Century. Kuwait Ministry of Public Health and National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters. Kuwait, 12-16 January 1981.
• Alsheikh, A. M. (1994). Taxomony and mycorrhizal ecology of the desert truffles in the genus Terfezia. Doktoral Thesis, Corvallis, Oregon State University, p 239
• Al Obaydi, M. F., Hamed, W. M., Al Kury, L. T., and Talib, W. H. (2020). Terfezia boudieri: a desert truffle with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 38.
• Al-Rahmah, A.N. (2001). Truffle of deserts and jungles. University publications, King Saud
• Ammarellou A and Saremi H (2008). Mycorrhiza between Kobresia bellardii (All.) Degel and Terfezia boudieri Chatin. Turk. J. Botany. 32, 17-23.
• Anonim (2021). https://sites.google.com/site/cografyaiklimler/?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialog=1 (Erişim tarihi: 23.07.2022).
• Awameh, M.S., Alsheikh, A. (1979) Laboratory and field study of four kinds of truffle (kamah), Terfezia and Tirmania species, for cultivation. Mush. Sci. 10, 507–517
• Awameh, M.S., Alsheikh, A. (1980). Ascospore germination of black kame (Terfezia boudieri)." Mycologia 72.1: 50-54.
• Aydın, S. (2009). Terfezia boudieri Chatin ve Lactarius vellereus (Fr.) Fr.'un antioksidan, antimikrobiyal etkilerinin ve yağ asidi kompozisyonunun belirlenmesi (Doctoral dissertation, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Konya, s 119).
• Baize, D. (2000). Guide des analyses en pédologie: choix, expression, présentation, interprétation. Ed. Quae, France.
• Barseghyan, G.S., Wasser, S.P. (2010). Species Diversity of Hypogeous Ascomycetes in Israel. Mycobio 3, 159- 165.
• Bokhary HA (1987). Desert truffl es ‘al-kamah’ of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. I. Occurrence identifi cation and distribution. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 5: 245-255.
• Bokhary, H. A., and Parvez, S. (1988). Desert Truffles Al-Kamah of The Kingdom-of-Saudi-Arabia.. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 6(1), 103-112.
• Bordallo, J. J. and Rodríguez, A. (2014). Cryptic and new species. In Desert Truffles (pp. 39-53). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Bordallo, J. J., Rodríguez, A., Kounas, V., Camello, F., Honrubia, M., and Morte, A. (2015). Two new Terfezia species from southern Europe. Phytotaxa, 230(3), 239-249.
• Bradai, L. (2006) Contribution à l’étude bioécologique de la truffe blanche de désert (Tiramania sp.) : Cas de la région de Oued Mya (Ouargla). Dissertation, University of Ouargla, Algeria
• Bradai, L., S. Bissati and H. Chenchouni. (2013). Etude mycologique et bio-écologique de la truffe blanche du désert (Tirmania nivea Desf. Trappe 1971) dans la région de Oued M’ya (Ouargla, Sahara algérien). Revue des Bioressources 3, 6-14
• Bradai, L, Bissati, S., Chenchuni, H. (2014). Desert truffles of the North Algerian Sahara: Diversity and bioecology. Emir. J. Food Agr. 26, 425-35.
• Bradai, L., Neffar, S., Amrani, K., Bissati, S., & Chenchouni, H. (2015a). Ethnomycological survey of traditional usage and indigenous knowledge on desert truffles among the native Sahara Desert people of Algeria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 162, 31-38.
• Bradai, L., Bissati, S., Chenchouni, H., Amrani, K. (2015b). Effects of climate on the productivity of desert truffles beneath hyper-arid conditions. Int. J. Biometeorol. 59, 907-915.
• Canpolat, Ş. (2016). Niğde ilinden toplanan trüf mantarlarının moleküler olarak tanımlanması ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Niğde).
• Castellano, M.A., and Türkoğlu, A. (2012). New records of truffle taxa in Tuber and Terfezia from Turkey. Turk. J. Botany. 36(3), 295-298.
• Çevik, F. T., Uzun, Y. and Kaya, A. (2021). Macrofungi determined in Ereğli (Konya) district. Mantar Dergisi, 12(2),138-147.
• Chafi, M. E. H., Fortas, Z.and Bensoltane, A. (2004). Bioclimatic survey of the Terfez zones of the South West of Algeria and an essay of the inoculation of Pinus halepensis Mill. with Tirmania pinoyi. Egypt. J. Appl. Sc. 19, 88- 100.
• Chang, S.T. and Mshigeni, K.E. (2001). Mushrooms and human health: their growing signifi cance as potent dietary supplements. Namibia: Namibia University Press.
• Dabbour, I.R. and Takruri, H.R. (2002). Protein digestibility using corrected amino acid score method (PDCAAS) of four types of mushrooms grown in Jordan. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 57(1),13–24.
• Darwish, R. S., Shawky, E., Nassar, K. M., ElSayed, R. M. R., Hussein, D. E., Ghareeb, D. A., and El Sohafy, S.M. (2021). Differential anti-inflammatory biomarkers of the desert truffles Terfezia claveryi and Tirmania nivea revealed via UPLC-QqQ-MS-based metabolomics combined to chemometrics. LWT, 150, 111965. Demır, S., Demırel, K., and Uzun, Y. (2007). Batman Yöresinin Makrofungusları. Ekoloji Dergisi, 16(64), 37-42
• Doğan, H.H., and Öztürk, C. (2006). Macrofungi and their distribution in Karaman province, Turkey. Turk. J. Botany. 30(3), 193-207.
• Dundar, A., Yesil ,O.F, Acay, H., Okumus, V., Ozdemir, S. and Yildiz, A. (2012). Antioxidant properties, chemical composition and nutritional value of Terfezia boudieri (Chatin) from Turkey. Food Sci. Technol. Int.;18(4):317-328. doi:10.1177/1082013211427954
• Farag, M. A., Fathi, D., Shamma, S., Shawkat, M. S. A., Shalabi, S. M., El Seedi, H. R., and Afifi, S. M. (2021). Comparative metabolome classification of desert truffles Terfezia claveryi and Terfezia boudieri via its aroma and nutrients profile. LWT, 142, 111046.
• Feeney, J. (2002) Desert truffles galore. Saudi Aramco World, September/ October, pp 22–27
• Gezer, K., Kaygusuz, O., Çelik, A., and Işıloğlu, M. (2014). Ecological characteristics of truffles growing in Denizli Province, Turkey. J. Food, Agric. Environ. 12(2), 1105-1109.
• Gutiérrez, A., Morte, A. and Honrubia, M. (2003). Morphological characterization of the mycorrhiza formed by Helianthemum almeriense Pau with Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Picoa lefebvrei (Pat.) Maire. Mycorrhiza. 13, 299-307
• Gücin F (1990). Elazığ Çevresinde Belirlenen Makrofunguslar. Turk. J. Botany 14(3), 171-177.
• Halwagy, R. and Halwagy, M. (1974). Ecological studies on the desert of Kuwait. II. The vegetation. J. Univ. Kuwait (Science) 1, 87-95
• Honrubia M, Morte A and Gutiérrez A (2007) Las Terfezias. Un cultivo para el desarrollo rural en regiones áridas y semi-áridas. In: Truficultura, Fundamentos y Técnicas. Santiago Reyna (coord.). Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, pp 365–397
• Honrubia, M., Andrino, A. and Morte, A. (2014). Domestication: preparation and maintenance of plots. Desert Truffles. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp.367-387 Index Fungorum (2014). http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp. Giriş: 19 Temmuz 2022
• Işıloğlu M and Öder N (1995). Malatya yöresinin makrofungusları. Turk. J. Bot. 19, 321–324
• Janakat, S. and Nassar, M. (2010). Hepatoprotective activity of desert truffle (Terfezia claveryi) in comparison with the effect of Nigella sativa in the rat. Pak. J. Nutr. 9(1), 52-56.
• Kagan-Zur, V. and Akyuz, M. (2014). Asian Mediterranean desert truffles. In Desert truffles (pp. 159-171). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Kagan-Zur, V. and Roth-Bejerano, N. (2008). Desert truffles. Fungi. 1, 32-37.
• Kaşık G, Öztürk C, Akköz C, Doğan HH (1998). S. Ü. Alaaddin Keykubat kampusünde belirlenen bazı makrofunguslar. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 15, 87–99
• Kaşık, G., Öztürk, C. and Toprak, E. (2001). Macrofungi of Niğde Province (Turkey). Herb J. Syst. Botany, 8(2), 137-142
• Kaşik, G., Alkan, S., and Öztürk, C. (2018). Anadolu’da Ticari Olarak Kullanilan Doğal Makrofunguslar. II. International Congress on Haritage and Tourism, Taşkent-Özbekistan (03-05 Mayıs, 2018) s: 348-357
• Kaya, A., Demirel, K. and Uzun, Y. (2012). Macrofungal diversity of Araban (Gaziantep/Turkey) district. Biol. Divers. Conserv. 5(3), 162-166
• Kaya, A. (2015). Contributions to the macrofungal diversity of Atatürk Dam Lake basin. Turk. J. Botany. 39(1), 162-172
• Kıvrak, İ. Analytical Methods Applied to Assess Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value and In Vitro Bioactivities of Terfezia olbiensis and Terfezia claveryi from Turkey. Food Anal. Methods. 8, 1279–1293 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-0009-2
• Kovács, G.M., Balázs, T.K., Calonge, F.D., Martín M.P. (2011). Te diversity of Terfezia desert trufes: new species and a highly variable species complex with intrasporocarpic nrDNA ITS heterogeneity. Mycologia. 103(4), 841–853. https://doi.org/10.3852/10-312
• Laity JJ (2009) Deserts and desert environments. John Wiley & Sons
• Malençon G. (1973). Champignons hypoges du nord de l’Afrique I. Ascomycetes. Persoonia. 7(2), 261–288.
• Mandeel, Q.A., Al-Laith, A.A. (2007). Ethnomycological aspects of the desert truffle among native Bahraini and non-Bahraini peoples of the Kingdom of Bahrain. J. Ethnopharmacol. 110, 118-129
• Marasas, W. F. O. and Trappe, J. M. (1973). Notes on Southern African Tuberales. Bothalia 11,139-141.
• Moreno, G., Diez, J. and Manjon, J.L. (2002). Terfezia boudieri, fi rst records from Europe of a rare vernal hypogeous mycorrhizal fungus. Persoonia 17(4), 637-641
• Morte, A., Honrubia, M. and Gutierrez, A. (2008). Biotechnology and cultivation of desert truffles. In: Varma A, editor. Mycorrhiza: State of the art, genetics and molecular biology, eco-function, biotechnology, eco-physiology, structure and systematics, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, pp. 467-483.
• Morte, A., Zamora, M., Gutiérrez, A. and Honrubia, M. (2009). Desert truffle cultivation in semiarid Mediterranean areas. In: Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea J.M., Gianinazzi, S., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., editors. Mycorrhizas: Functional Processes and Ecological Impact, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 221-233.
• Morte, A., Andrino, A., Honrubia, M. and Navarro-Ródenas, A. (2012). Terfezia cultivation in arid and semiarid soils. In Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 241-263
• Morte, A., Pérez-Gilabert, M., Gutiérrez, A., Arenas, F., Marqués-Gálvez, J.E., Bordallo, J.J., Rodrigues, A., Berna, L.M., Lozano-Carrillo, C. and Navarro-Rodenas, A. (2017). Basic and applied research for desert truffle cultivation. In Mycorrhiza-Eco-Physiology, Secondary Metabolites, Nanomaterials, A. Varma, R. Prasad, and N. Tuteja (eds). Cham: Springer, pp. 23– 42
• Öder N. (1988). Taxonomic investigations of important edible and poisonous mushrooms growing in the Konya center and some Districts of Konya. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 8, 237–257.
• Sevindik, M., Pehlivan, M., Dogan, M., & Selamoglu, Z. (2018). Phenolic content and antioxidant potential of Terfezia boudieri. Gazi Uni. J. Sci. 31(3), 707-711. Şahin, A. (2012). Konya yöresinde yetişen Terfezia türleri ve etnomikolojik özellikleri (Doctoral dissertation, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Konya).
• Taylor FW, Th amage DM, Baker N, Roth-Bejerano N and Kagan-Zur V (1995). Notes on the Kalahari desert truffl e, Terfezia pfeilii.Mycological Research 99, 874-878.
• Tejedor-Calvo, E., Amara, K., Reis, F. S., Barros, L., Martins, A., Calhelha, R. C., ... and Ferreira, I.C. (2021). Chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of Tuber and Terfezia truffles. Food Res. Int. 140, 110071
• Thomas, P. W., Elkhateeb, W. A. and Daba, G. (2019). Truffle and truffle-like fungi from continental Africa. Acta Mycologica, 54(2),1132
• Trappe, J. M., Claridge, A. W., Arora, D., and Smit, W.A. (2008). Desert truffles of the African Kalahari: ecology, ethnomycology, and taxonomy. Econ. Bot. 62(3), 521-529.
• Türkoğlu, A., and YAĞIZ, D. (2012). Contributions to the macrofungal diversity of Uşak Province. Turkish Journal of Botany, 36(5), 580-589.
• Türkoğlu, A.and Castellano, M.A. (2014). New records of some Ascomycete truffle fungi from Turkey. Turk. J. Botany. 38, 406–416.
• Türkoğlu, A., Castellano, M.A., Trappe, J.M. and Güngör, M.Y. (2015). Turkish truffles I: 18 new records for Turkey. Turk. J. Botany 39, 359–376.
• Uzun, Y., Kaya, A., Karacan, İ.H., Kaya, Ö.F. and Yakar, S. (2015). Macromycetes determined in Islahiye (Gaziantep/Turkey) district. Biol. Divers. Conserv., 8(3), 209-217.
• Uzun, Y., Çetinkaya, A. and Kaya, A. (2016). Two New Hypogeous Species Records for Turkish Macromycota from Ayrancı and Yeşildere (Karaman) Districts. 4th International Symposium on Developöment of KOP Region, Karaman - Turkey / October 21-23, 2016.
• Uzun, Y. and Kaya, A. (2019). New additions to Turkish Pezizales from East Blacksea Region. Turk. J. Botany, 43(2), 262-270
• Veeraraghavan, V. P., Hussain, S., Papayya Balakrishna, J., Dhawale, L., Kullappan, M., Mallavarapu Ambrose, J., and Krishna Mohan, S. (2021). A comprehensive and critical review on ethnopharmacological importance of desert truffles: Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia boudieri, and Tirmania nivea. Food Reviews International, DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1889581
• Zitouni-Haouar, F. E. H., Carlavilla, J. R., Moreno, G., Manjon, J. L., and Fortas, Z. (2018). Genetic diversity of the genus Terfezia (Pezizaceae, Pezizales): New species and new record from North Africa. Phytotaxa, 334(2), 183-194.
• Zotti, M., Persiani, A.M., Ambrosio, E., Vizzini, A., Venturella, G., Donnini, D., Angelini, P., Di Piazza, S., Pavarino, M., Lunghini, D. and Venanzoni, R. (2013). Macrofungi as ecosystem resources: Conservation versus exploitation. Plant Biosystems, 147(1), 219-225.