Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Dinsel ve Mitolojik Bir Figür Olarak Lotus Çiçeğinin Eski Mısır Dini ve Hinduizm’deki Önemi

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 497 - 521, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.47425/marifetname.vi.1586333

Abstract

Nelumbonaceae bitki ailesinden lotus, suyu seven bir çiçek olup koyu renkli sular ile yağmur ormanlarının bulunduğu bölgelerde yetişen bir bitkidir. Dünya üzerinde pek çok çeşidi bulunan bu çiçeğinin, bazı dinsel geleneklerde ve kültürlerde önemli bir yeri vardır. Lotusun tohum halinden büyüme sürecine kadarki evrelerde görüntüsü ve kendine özgü özellikleriyle dikkat çeken bir bitkidir. Yenilebilir olmasının yanı sıra pek çok türü bulunan lotusun tohumlanması, büyümesi ve su yüzeyine doğru çiçek açması onun dini, kültürel ve sanatsal bir değer olarak algılanmasını sağlamıştır. Bu değerden hareketle lotusun kendine özgü özellikleri, dini ve felsefi bakış açısıyla toplumların mitoslarında, kültürlerinde önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Bununla birlikte lotus, dünyanın ve insanın yaratılışına, hayatın kökenlerine ilişkin sorulara yönelik bir cevap olarak düşünülmüştür. Sulak ve bataklık yerlerde yetişen ardından su yüzüne çıkan lotus; Eski Mısır dinsel geleneği ve Hinduizm başta olmak üzere, pek çok dinsel gelenek ve coğrafyada insanın değişimi, arınması ve manevi yükselişine yönelik bir sembol olarak algılanmıştır. Bununla birlikte lotus dikkat çektiğimiz hususlar çerçevesinde dini, felsefi ve mitolojik bir sembol olarak düşünülmüştür.
Bu makale kendisine yüklenilen anlamlar doğrultusunda sanat, edebiyat ve mimaride sıkça kullanılan lotusun Eski Mısır ve Hinduizm gibi dinsel geleneklerdeki önemini göstermenin yanında, Kutsal olarak kabul edilen bu bitkinin işaret ettiği dini ve mitolojik anlamlara dikkat çekmeyi amaçlar.

References

  • Ahmed, Ayman Mohamed. “Imitation of the Lotus Flower in Architecture Its Use in the Decoration of Walls and Ceilings of Palaces, Houses, and Tombs in Ancient Egypt”. Res Mobilis: Revista Internacional de Investigación En Mobiliario y Objetos Decorativos 11/14 (2022), 1-20. https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=A00009294
  • Bose, Mandakranta (ed.). The Oxford History of Hinduism: The Goddess. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767022.001.0001
  • Bowker, John. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947/page/340/mode/2up?q=pundarika
  • Brugsch, Heinrich. Religion und Mythologie der alten Aegypter. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs Publ., 1884.
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis - Wilson, Epiphanius. The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. New York: Wellfleet Press, 2016. http://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianb0000budg
  • Bunson, Margaret. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. New York: Fact On File, Inc, 2002.
  • Chan, Kim-Kwong. “Lotus and Swastika in Assyrian Church in China: Buddhist Legacy for Aryan Heritage?” Ching Feng : A Journal on Christianity and Chinese Religion and Culture (New Series) 10 (2011 2010), 27-43. https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/166211
  • Eliade, Mircea. Dinler Tarihine Giriş. çev. Lale Arslan Özcan. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2017.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Kutsal ve Dındışı. İstanbul: Alfa, 2015.
  • Erman, Adolf. A Handbook of Eygptian Religion. çev. A. S. Griffith. London: b.y., 1907. https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Adolf%20Erman%20-%20A%20Handbook%20of%20Egyptian%20Religion.pdf
  • Fidan, Maksude Kurt. “Kutsal Suyun İzinde: Suya Yüklenen Dini ve Sembolik Anlamlar”. İlsam Akadem Dergisi 1/1 (2021), 1-27. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ilsam-akademi/issue/66001/1035831
  • Freeman, Charles. Antik Akdeniz Uygarlıkları: Mısır, Yunan ve Roma. çev. Suat Kemal Angı. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi, 2005.
  • Gezgin, Deniz. Bitki Mitosları. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Bhagavad Gita. çev. Ömer Cemal Güngören. İstanbul: Yol Yayınları, 2020.
  • Hançerlioğlu, Orhan. Dünya İnançları Sözlüğü Dinler, Mezhepler, Tarikatlar, Efsaneler. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Jose, Sarah. Trees, Leaves, Flowers and Seeds: A Visual Encyclopedia of the Plant Kingdom. New York: DK, 2019. https://reader-service.fcdn.sk/?source=182cb41cafb2bb5cc4c6515f005498658214a6dec980d9993562ac05f589852d&download_location=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.singlelogin.re%2Fdl%2F5241877%2F9bbfef
  • Kaya, Korhan. Hint Mitolojisi Sözlüğü. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 1997.
  • Koley, Koyel. “Lotus’ A Symbol of Growth, Purity, Birth and Enlightenment : A Perspective from Mythology to Spirituality”. Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 8/2 (2018), 244-249. https://www.oiirj.org/oiirj/nov2018-special-issue(02)/34.pdf
  • Kora, Aruna Jyothi. “Leaves as dining plates, food wraps and food packing material: Importance of renewable resources in Indian culture”. Bulletin of the National Research Centre 43/1 (27 Aralık 2019), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0231-6
  • Kutlutürk, Cemil. “Hinduizm’e Göre Tanrı Vişnu’nun Yeryüzünde Bedenlenmesinin (Avatara/Hulûl) Temel Nedenleri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 55/1 (01 Ocak 2015), 141-160. https://openaccess.izmirakademi.org/paper/148/66791/1048554
  • Kutlutürk, Cemil. “Hindu Dinî Geleneğinde Rama Avatarasının Örnekliği”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 55/1 (2014), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001403
  • Macdonell, Arthur Anthony. “Lotus (Indian)”. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. ed. James Hastings. VIII/142-144. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951.
  • Manuelian, Peter Der (ed.). The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. çev. James P. Allen. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005. https://www.siamcostumes.com/cutters_guides/pdf/the-ancient-egyptian-pyramid-texts-james-p-allen.pdf
  • McDonald, J. Andrew. “Influences of Egyptian Lotus Symbolism and Ritualistic Practices on Sacral Tree Worship in the Fertile Crescent from 1500 BCE to 200 CE”. Religions 9/9 (Eylül 2018), 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9090256 Mukherjee, Pulok K vd. “The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)– phytochemical and therapeutic profile”. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61/4 (01 Nisan 2009), 407-422. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.61.04.0001
  • Müller, Felix vd. “Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using the Lotus Effect”. Handbook for Cleaning/Decontamination of Surfaces. ed. Ingegärd Johansson - P. Somasundaran. 791-811. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V., 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451664-0/50024-3
  • Mahire Özçalık, “Lotus Çiçeğinin Farklı Kültürlerdeki Önemi ve Peyzaj Tasarımında Kullanımının İrdelenmesi”, Uluslararası Uygur Araştırmaları Dergisi, (2017), 22-28. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/432010
  • Özdoğan, Esen vd. “Lotus Etkili Yüzeyler”. Textile and Apparel 16/1 (01 Haziran 2006), 287-290. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tekstilvekonfeksiyon/issue/23622/251590
  • Pinch, Geraldine. Mısır Mitolojisi. çev. Ekin Duru. Say Yayınları, 2020.
  • Prigioniero, Antonello vd. “Plants Named ‘Lotus’ in Antiquity: Historiography, Biogeography, and Ethnobotany”. Harvard Papers in Botany 25/1 (Haziran 2020), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v25iss1.2020.n8
  • Scalf, Foy (ed.). Book of the Dead: Becoming God in Ancient Egypt. Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Illustrated edition., 2018. https://oi-idb-static.uchicago.edu/multimedia/239131/oimp39.pdf
  • Schultes, Richard Evans vd. Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers. Rochester: Healing Arts Press, 2001.
  • Sönmezdağ Zöngür, Canan. “Hinduizm’in Önemli Tanrı ve Tanrıça Heykelleri”. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 52 (2017), 113-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.12611
  • Vergote, Antoine. “Kutsal”. çev. Halife Keskin - Yapıcı. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD) 2/2 (2002). https://docplayer.biz.tr/13680753-K-u-t-s-a-l-antoine-vergote-cev-doc-dr-halife-keskin-dr-asim-yapici.html
  • Wilkins, W. J. Hindu Mythology (Vedic and Puranic). hindikosh, 1900. http://archive.org/details/wjw-hindu-mythology
  • Wilkinson, Richard H. Eski Mısır’ın Bütün Tanrı ve Tanrıçaları. çev. Ahmet Fethi Yıldırım. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2016.
  • Zimmer, Heinrich. Hint Sanatı ve Uygarlığında Mitler ve Simgeler. ed. Joseph Campbell. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan - Arslan, Hammet. “Vedalar ve Kaynağı Üzerine On the Vedas and their Origin”. Milel ve Nihal 8/1 (01 Mart 2011), 225-250. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/milel/issue/10463/128115 Skanda-Purana (part I). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub., 1950

The Importance of the Lotus Flower as a Religious and Mythological Figure in Ancient Egyptian Religion and Hinduism

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 497 - 521, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.47425/marifetname.vi.1586333

Abstract

Lotus, from the Nelumbonaceae plant family, is a water-loving flower that grows in dark waters and rainforests. This flower, which has many varieties in the world, has an important place in some religious traditions and cultures. The lotus is a plant that draws attention with its appearance and unique features in the stages from seed to growth. In addition to being edible, the seeding, growth and flowering of the lotus, which has many species, towards the surface of the water have made it perceived as a religious, cultural and artistic value. Based on this value, the unique features of the lotus have gained an important place in the myths and cultures of societies from a religious and philosophical perspective. In addition, the lotus has been considered an answer to questions about the creation of the world and man, and the origins of life. The lotus, which grows in wet and swampy places and then comes to the surface, has been perceived as a symbol for human change, purification and spiritual elevation in many religious traditions and geographies, especially in the ancient Egyptian religious tradition and Hinduism. However, the lotus has been considered a religious, philosophical and mythological symbol within the framework of the issues we have highlighted.
This article aims to show the importance of the lotus, which is frequently used in art, literature and architecture in religious traditions such as Ancient Egypt and Hinduism, in line with the meanings attributed to it, as well as to draw attention to the religious and mythological meanings indicated by this plant, which is considered sacred.

References

  • Ahmed, Ayman Mohamed. “Imitation of the Lotus Flower in Architecture Its Use in the Decoration of Walls and Ceilings of Palaces, Houses, and Tombs in Ancient Egypt”. Res Mobilis: Revista Internacional de Investigación En Mobiliario y Objetos Decorativos 11/14 (2022), 1-20. https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=A00009294
  • Bose, Mandakranta (ed.). The Oxford History of Hinduism: The Goddess. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767022.001.0001
  • Bowker, John. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947/page/340/mode/2up?q=pundarika
  • Brugsch, Heinrich. Religion und Mythologie der alten Aegypter. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs Publ., 1884.
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis - Wilson, Epiphanius. The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. New York: Wellfleet Press, 2016. http://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianb0000budg
  • Bunson, Margaret. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. New York: Fact On File, Inc, 2002.
  • Chan, Kim-Kwong. “Lotus and Swastika in Assyrian Church in China: Buddhist Legacy for Aryan Heritage?” Ching Feng : A Journal on Christianity and Chinese Religion and Culture (New Series) 10 (2011 2010), 27-43. https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/166211
  • Eliade, Mircea. Dinler Tarihine Giriş. çev. Lale Arslan Özcan. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2017.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Kutsal ve Dındışı. İstanbul: Alfa, 2015.
  • Erman, Adolf. A Handbook of Eygptian Religion. çev. A. S. Griffith. London: b.y., 1907. https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Adolf%20Erman%20-%20A%20Handbook%20of%20Egyptian%20Religion.pdf
  • Fidan, Maksude Kurt. “Kutsal Suyun İzinde: Suya Yüklenen Dini ve Sembolik Anlamlar”. İlsam Akadem Dergisi 1/1 (2021), 1-27. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ilsam-akademi/issue/66001/1035831
  • Freeman, Charles. Antik Akdeniz Uygarlıkları: Mısır, Yunan ve Roma. çev. Suat Kemal Angı. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi, 2005.
  • Gezgin, Deniz. Bitki Mitosları. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Bhagavad Gita. çev. Ömer Cemal Güngören. İstanbul: Yol Yayınları, 2020.
  • Hançerlioğlu, Orhan. Dünya İnançları Sözlüğü Dinler, Mezhepler, Tarikatlar, Efsaneler. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 2013.
  • Jose, Sarah. Trees, Leaves, Flowers and Seeds: A Visual Encyclopedia of the Plant Kingdom. New York: DK, 2019. https://reader-service.fcdn.sk/?source=182cb41cafb2bb5cc4c6515f005498658214a6dec980d9993562ac05f589852d&download_location=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.singlelogin.re%2Fdl%2F5241877%2F9bbfef
  • Kaya, Korhan. Hint Mitolojisi Sözlüğü. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 1997.
  • Koley, Koyel. “Lotus’ A Symbol of Growth, Purity, Birth and Enlightenment : A Perspective from Mythology to Spirituality”. Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 8/2 (2018), 244-249. https://www.oiirj.org/oiirj/nov2018-special-issue(02)/34.pdf
  • Kora, Aruna Jyothi. “Leaves as dining plates, food wraps and food packing material: Importance of renewable resources in Indian culture”. Bulletin of the National Research Centre 43/1 (27 Aralık 2019), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0231-6
  • Kutlutürk, Cemil. “Hinduizm’e Göre Tanrı Vişnu’nun Yeryüzünde Bedenlenmesinin (Avatara/Hulûl) Temel Nedenleri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 55/1 (01 Ocak 2015), 141-160. https://openaccess.izmirakademi.org/paper/148/66791/1048554
  • Kutlutürk, Cemil. “Hindu Dinî Geleneğinde Rama Avatarasının Örnekliği”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 55/1 (2014), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001403
  • Macdonell, Arthur Anthony. “Lotus (Indian)”. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. ed. James Hastings. VIII/142-144. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951.
  • Manuelian, Peter Der (ed.). The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. çev. James P. Allen. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005. https://www.siamcostumes.com/cutters_guides/pdf/the-ancient-egyptian-pyramid-texts-james-p-allen.pdf
  • McDonald, J. Andrew. “Influences of Egyptian Lotus Symbolism and Ritualistic Practices on Sacral Tree Worship in the Fertile Crescent from 1500 BCE to 200 CE”. Religions 9/9 (Eylül 2018), 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9090256 Mukherjee, Pulok K vd. “The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)– phytochemical and therapeutic profile”. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61/4 (01 Nisan 2009), 407-422. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.61.04.0001
  • Müller, Felix vd. “Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using the Lotus Effect”. Handbook for Cleaning/Decontamination of Surfaces. ed. Ingegärd Johansson - P. Somasundaran. 791-811. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V., 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451664-0/50024-3
  • Mahire Özçalık, “Lotus Çiçeğinin Farklı Kültürlerdeki Önemi ve Peyzaj Tasarımında Kullanımının İrdelenmesi”, Uluslararası Uygur Araştırmaları Dergisi, (2017), 22-28. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/432010
  • Özdoğan, Esen vd. “Lotus Etkili Yüzeyler”. Textile and Apparel 16/1 (01 Haziran 2006), 287-290. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tekstilvekonfeksiyon/issue/23622/251590
  • Pinch, Geraldine. Mısır Mitolojisi. çev. Ekin Duru. Say Yayınları, 2020.
  • Prigioniero, Antonello vd. “Plants Named ‘Lotus’ in Antiquity: Historiography, Biogeography, and Ethnobotany”. Harvard Papers in Botany 25/1 (Haziran 2020), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v25iss1.2020.n8
  • Scalf, Foy (ed.). Book of the Dead: Becoming God in Ancient Egypt. Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Illustrated edition., 2018. https://oi-idb-static.uchicago.edu/multimedia/239131/oimp39.pdf
  • Schultes, Richard Evans vd. Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers. Rochester: Healing Arts Press, 2001.
  • Sönmezdağ Zöngür, Canan. “Hinduizm’in Önemli Tanrı ve Tanrıça Heykelleri”. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 52 (2017), 113-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.12611
  • Vergote, Antoine. “Kutsal”. çev. Halife Keskin - Yapıcı. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (ÇÜİFD) 2/2 (2002). https://docplayer.biz.tr/13680753-K-u-t-s-a-l-antoine-vergote-cev-doc-dr-halife-keskin-dr-asim-yapici.html
  • Wilkins, W. J. Hindu Mythology (Vedic and Puranic). hindikosh, 1900. http://archive.org/details/wjw-hindu-mythology
  • Wilkinson, Richard H. Eski Mısır’ın Bütün Tanrı ve Tanrıçaları. çev. Ahmet Fethi Yıldırım. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2016.
  • Zimmer, Heinrich. Hint Sanatı ve Uygarlığında Mitler ve Simgeler. ed. Joseph Campbell. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Yitik, Ali İhsan - Arslan, Hammet. “Vedalar ve Kaynağı Üzerine On the Vedas and their Origin”. Milel ve Nihal 8/1 (01 Mart 2011), 225-250. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/milel/issue/10463/128115 Skanda-Purana (part I). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub., 1950
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Religion
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Fatih Eroğlan 0000-0002-3684-9546

Publication Date December 30, 2024
Submission Date November 15, 2024
Acceptance Date December 19, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Eroğlan, Fatih. “Dinsel Ve Mitolojik Bir Figür Olarak Lotus Çiçeğinin Eski Mısır Dini Ve Hinduizm’deki Önemi”. Marifetname 11/2 (December 2024), 497-521. https://doi.org/10.47425/marifetname.vi.1586333.

Marifetname is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).