Karadeniz'de Avlanan Dişi ve Erkek Barbunya (Mullus ponticus Essipov, 1927) Balıklarının Kaslarının Renk ve Besin Bileşimi

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 78 - 89

Hünkar Avni Duyar , Süleyman Özdemir

Abstract

Barbunya, Akdeniz ve Karadeniz'de ticari açıdan önemli bir balık türüdür. Yaygın olarak Doğu Atlantik'te ve Karadeniz dahil Akdeniz havzasında bulunur, kumlu ve çamurlu diplerde yaşar. Barbunya, dip trolü ve küçük ölçekli balıkçılıkla yüksek avlanma baskısına maruz kalmakta olup, bu durum onu Akdeniz'deki en değerli dip balıklarından biri haline getirmektedir. Aynı zamanda dip trolleriyle yakalanan başlıca ticari türler arasında yer almaktadır. Barbunya, Akdeniz ve Karadeniz'de kendine özgü yaşam alanı tercihleri ve çevresel etkilere duyarlılığı nedeniyle ticari açıdan değerli bir türdür. Yüksek ekonomik değeri ve ekolojik önemi, onu araştırma ve balıkçılık yönetimi çabalarının önemli bir odağı haline getiriyor. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Karadeniz'in güney kıyı kenti Sinop'ta dip uzatma ağlarla avlanan dişi ve erkek barbunya balıklarının kas dokusunun besin bileşimi ve kas dokusunun renk değerlerinin belirlenmesidir.
Araştırmada dişi barbunya balığında ham protein, ham yağ, ham kül, nem, karbonhidrat ve enerji değerleri sırasıyla %18,81, %9,51, %1,29, %69,74, %0,66 ve 199,14 Kcal/100 g olarak bulunmuştur. Erkek barbunyada ham protein, ham yağ, ham kül, nem, karbonhidrat ve enerji değerleri sırasıyla %19,06, %10,07, %1,16, %68,97, %0,73 ve 206,20 Kcal/100 g olarak belirlendi. Çeşitli balık türlerinde dişi ve erkeklerin ayırt edilebilmesi, cinsel dimorfizmin anlaşılmasında renk analizi önemli bir bulgudur. Dişi barbunya balıklarının erkek barbunya balıklarına göre daha kırmızımsı ve sarımsı olduğu olduğu tespit edildi.

Keywords

Besin kompozisyonu, Barbunya balığı, Su ürünleri, Cinsiyet

Proximate Composition and Colour Values of Muscle Tissue of Male and Female Blunt-Snouted Mullet (Mullus ponticus Essipov, 1927) From Black Sea

Abstract

In the Mediterranean and Black Sea, red mullet is a fish species of significant commercial value. It usually inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean basins, which include the Black Sea. Red mullet is subject to high fishing pressure from bottom trawling and small-scale fisheries, making it one of the most valuable bottom fish in the Mediterranean. It’s also one of the primary species that bottom trawls catch for commercial purposes. Red mullet’s distinct habitat requirements and sensitivity to environmental changes make it a commercially valuable species in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Its high economic value and ecological importance make it an important focus of research and fisheries management efforts. The objective of this research was to ascertain the nutritional makeup and muscle tissue colour values of red mullet, both male and female, that were collected using bottom gillnets at Sinop, a Black Sea coastal city in the south. In this study, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, moisture, carbohydrate, and energy values in female blunt-snouted mullet were found as 18.81%, 9.51%, 1.29%, 69.74%, 0.66%, and 199.14 Kcal/100 g. In male red mullet, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, moisture, carbohydrate, and energy values were determined as 19.06%, 10.07%, 1.16%, 68.97%, 0.73%, and 206.20 Kcal/100 g. Colour analysis is an important finding in distinguishing females and males in various fish species and in understanding sexual dimorphism. It was found that female red mullets were more reddish and yellowish than male red mullets.

Keywords

Nutritional composition, Blunt-snouted mullet, Sea food, Gender

References

• Abo-Taleb, H. A., El-feky, M. M. M., Azab, A. M., Mabrouk, M. M., Elokaby, M. A., Ashour, M., Mansour, A. T., Abdelzaher, O. F., Abualnaja, K. M., & Sallam, A. E. (2021). Growth performance, feed utilization, gut integrity, and economic revenue of grey mullet, mugil cephalus, fed an increasing level of dried zooplankton biomass meal as fishmeal substitutions. Fishes, 6(3), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030038
• Aguirre, H., & Sánchez, P. (2005). Feeding resource partitioning between red mullet and M. surmuletus in the Catalan Sea (northwestern Mediterranean). Ciencias Marinas, 31(2), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v31i2.52
• Aksu, H., Erdem, Y., Özdemı̇r, S., & Erdem, E. (2011). Estimation of some population parameters of red mullet (Mullus barbatus ponticus, Essipov, 1927) caught in the Black Sea. Journal of Fisheriessciences.com, 5, 345-353.
• AOAC. (1984). Official methods of analysis (14th. ed.). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International, Washington, DC, USA.
• AOAC. (1990). Official method 938.08, ash of seafood (pp. 6). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International, Washington, DC, USA.
• Balcı, B., & Aktop, Y. (2019). Histological assessment of seasonal gonad maturation of red mullet (Mullus barbatus L., 1758) in Antalya Bay of Mediterranean in Turkey. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 47(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2018.1564669
• Bat, L., Erdem, Y., Ustaoğlu Tırıl, S., & Yardım, Ö. (2008). Balık Sistematiği. Nobel Yayın.
• Bat, L., Şahin, F., Satılmış, H. H., Üstün, F., Birinci-Özdemir Z., Kideys, A. E., & Shulman, G. E. (2007). The changed ecosystem of the Black Sea and its impact on anchovy fisheries. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 1(4), 191-227. (in Turkish)
• Bautista‐Vega, A. A., Letourneur, Y., Harmelin‐Vivien, M., & Salen‐Picard, C. (2008). Difference in diet and size‐related trophic level in two sympatric fish species, the red mullets Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus, in the Gulf of Lions (north‐west Mediterranean Sea). Journal of Fish Biology, 73(10), 2402-2420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02093.x
• Bergero, R., Gardner, J., Bader, B., Yong, L., & Charlesworth, D. (2019). Exaggerated heterochiasmy in a fish with sex-linked male coloration polymorphisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(14), 6924-6931.
• Biandolino, F., Prato, E., Grattagliano, A., & Parlapiano, I. (2023). Effect of different cooking methods on lipid content and fatty acid profile of red mullet (Mullus barbatus). Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 1, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.31883/pjfns/159651
• Bling, E. G., & Dyer, W. J. (1959). A rapid methods of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37(8), 911-917. https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
• Bouzgarrou, O., Mzougui, N., & Sadok, S. (2015). Smoking and polyphenols’ addition to improve freshwater mullet (Mugil cephalus) fillets’ quality attributes during refrigerated storage. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 51(1), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12955
• Buchtová, H., Svobodova, Z., Kocour, M., & Velisek, J. (2006). Evaluation of the dressing percentage of 3-year-old experimental scaly crossbreds of the common carp (cyprinus carpio, linnaeus 1758) in relation to sex. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 75(1), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200675010123
• Calnan, H., Jacob, R., Pethick, D., & Gardner, G. (2017). Selection for intramuscular fat and lean meat yield will improve the bloomed colour of australian lamb loin meat. Meat Science, 131, 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.05.001
• Carbonara, P., Intini, S., Modugno, E., Maradonna, F., Spedicato, M., Lembo, G., Zupa, W., & Carnevali, O. (2015). Reproductive biology characteristics of red mullet (Mullus barbatus L., 1758) in southern adriatic sea and management implications. Aquatic Living Resources, 28(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr/2015005
• Chajra, H., Redziniak, G., Auriol, D., Schweikert, K., & Lefèvre, F. (2015). Trihydroxybenzoic acid glucoside as a global skin color modulator and photo-protectant. Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 8, 579-589. https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s93364
• Choubert, G. (2010). Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to varying dietary astaxanthin/canthaxanthin ratio: Colour and carotenoid retention of the muscle. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16(5), 528-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00692.x
• CIE. (1976). International Commission on Illumination. Colorimetry: Official recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination. Publication CIE No. 15 (E-1.3.1) Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris, FR.
• Çiloğlu, E., & Akgümüş, Ş. (2019). Age, growth and gonado-somatic index of the red mullet (Mullus barbatus ponticus Essipov, 1927) in the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Food Science and Technology, 7(2), 186-191. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i2.186-191.2016
• Conner, P. J., & MacLean, D. (2013). Fruit anthocyanin profile and berry color of muscadine grape cultivars and Muscadinia germplasm. HortScience, 48(10), 1235-1240. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.10.1235
• Conti, G., Copat, C., Ledda, C., Fiore, M., Fallico, R., & Sciacca, S. (2012). Evaluation of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in red mullet from Sicily channel and risk-based consumption limits. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88(6), 946-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0611-1
• Corsi, I., Mariottini, M., Menchi, V., Sensini, C., Balocchi, C., & Focardi, S. (2002). Monitoring a marine coastal area: use of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus as bioindicators. Marine Ecology, 23(1), 138-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2002.tb00014.x
• Duyar, H. A., & Bayraklı, B. (2023). Fatty acid profiles of fish oil derived by different techniques from by-products of cultured Black Sea salmon, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(3), 833-841 https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1187017
• Duyar, H. A., Bayrakli, B., & Altuntas, M. (2023). Effects of floods resulting from climate change on metal concentrations in whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and health risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(8), 979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11534-w
• Echreshavi, S., Esmaeili H. R., & Al Jufaili, S. M. (2022). Goatfishes of the world: An updated list of taxonomy, distribution and conservation status (Teleostei: Mullidae). FishTaxa, 23, 1-29.
• Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N., & Van der Laan, R. (2024). Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. Electronic version. Retrieved on July 15, 2024, from https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp
• Froese, R., & Pauly, D. (2024). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. eved on July 15, 2024, from http://www.fishbase.org
• Girolametti, F., Frapiccini, E., Annibaldi, A., Illuminati, S., Panfili, M., Marini, M., Santojanni, A., & Truzzi, C. (2022). Total mercury (THg) content in red mullet (Mullus barbatus) from Adriatic Sea (central Mediterranean Sea): Relation to biological parameters, sampling area and human health risk assessment. Applied Sciences, 12(19), 10083. https://doi.org/10.3390/app121910083
• Gümüş, B. (2021). Image analysis to quantify weight-length, weight-area, and change of color of three commercial Mullidae species during cold storage. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 30(2), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2020.1869877
• Gündoğdu, S., & Baylan, M. (2016). Analyzing growth studies of four Mullidae species distributed in Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 48(2), 435-446.
• Hajipour, A., & Shams‐Nateri, A. (2016). Effect of classification by competitive neural network on reconstruction of reflectance spectra using principal component analysis. Color Research & Application, 42(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22050
• Ismail, O., & Kocabay, Ö. G. (2018). Infrared and microwave drying of rainbow trout: Drying kinetics and modelling. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18(2), 261-266. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v18_2_05
• Kokokiris, L., Stamoulis, A., Monokrousos, N., & Doulgeraki, S. (2014). Oocytes development, maturity classification, maturity size and spawning season of the red mullet (Mullus barbatus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 30(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12292
• Kottler, V. A., & Schartl, M. (2018). The colorful sex chromosomes of teleost fish. Genes, 9(5), 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9050233
• Koubaa, A., Abdelmouleh, M., Bouain, A., & Mihoubi, N. (2010). Experimental and statistical investigations of the global chemical composition of six trawling fish of the gulf of Gabès (Mediterranean Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91(8), 1689-1695. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000640
• Küçüksezgi̇n, F., Altay, O., Uluturhan, E., & Kontaş, A. (2001). Trace metal and organochlorine residue levels in red mullet (Mullus barbatus) from the Eastern Aegean, Turkey. Water Research, 35(9), 2327-2332. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00504-2
• Lahnsteiner, F. (2006). Carbohydrate metabolism of vitellogenic follicles and eggs of Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae) and Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and of embryos of Sparus aurata (Sparidae). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 32(2), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-006-0005-6
• Li, L., Zhu, H., Yi, X., Nie, Z., Zheng, Y., Yang, X., & Xu, G. (2022). Study of the quality and nutritional value of Alosa sapidissima in the postmortem process. Fishes, 7(6), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060302
• Liao, Q., Wei, C., Liu, Y., Guo, L., & Ouyang, H. (2021). Developing a machine vision system equipped with UV light to predict fish freshness based on fish-surface color. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 12(3), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2021.123019
• Lionetto, M., Giordano, M., Caricato, R., Pascariello, M., Marinosci, L., & Schettino, T. (2001). Biomonitoring of heavy metal contamination along the Salento coast (Italy) by metallothionein evaluation in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus. Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 11(4), 305-310. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.458
• Lloret, J., Demestre, M., & Sánchez-Pardo, J. (2007). Lipid reserves of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) during pre-spawning in the northwestern Mediterranean. Scientia Marina, 71(2), 269-277. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2007.71n2269
• Ludorf, W., & Meyer, V. (1973). Fische und Fischerzeugnisse. Verlag Paul Parey.
• Maravelias, C., Tsitsika, E., & Papaconstantinou, C. (2006). Environmental influences on the spatial distribution of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) and red mullet (red mullet) in the Mediterranean. Ecological Research, 22(4), 678-685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0309-0
• Mater, S., Kaya, M., & Bilecenoğlu, M. (2003). Türkiye Deniz Balıkları Atlası. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Merrill, A. L., & Watt, B. K. (1973). Energy value of foods: Basis and derivation. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture handbook No: 74.
• Nordgarden, U., Torstensen, B., Frøyland, L., Hansen, T., & Hemre, G. (2003). Seasonally changing metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) ii -β-oxidation capacity and fatty acid composition in muscle tissues and plasma lipoproteins. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(5), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00260.x
• O’Connor, C., Nannini, M., Wahl, D., Wilson, S., Gilmour, K., & Cooke, S. (2012). Sex‐specific consequences of experimental cortisol elevation in pre‐reproductive wild largemouth bass. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology, 319(1), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1769
• O’Neill, S., Ylitalo, G., & West, J. (2014). Energy content of pacific salmon as prey of northern and southern resident killer whales. Endangered Species Research, 25(3), 265-281. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00631
• O’Sullivan, M. G., Byrne, D. V., Martens, H., Gidskehaug, L. H., Andersen, H. J., & Martens, M. (2003). Evaluation of pork colour: Prediction of visual sensory quality of meat from instrumental and computer vision methods of colour analysis. Meat Science, 65(2), 909–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00298-X
• Özdemir, S., & Erdem, E. (2011). Karadeniz’in farklı av sahalarında demersal trol ile avlanan mezgit (Merlangius merlangus euxinus, N.) ve barbunya (Mullus barbatus ponticus, E.) balıklarının av miktarı ve boy kompozisyonlarının karşılaştırılması. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 5(3), 196-204. (in Turkish)
• Özdemir, S., Arıdeniz B., Birinci-Özdemir, Z., & Özsandıkçı, U. (2021). Estimation of growth and population parameters of Mullidae family species (Mullus barbatus pontius, Mullus surmuletus, Upeneus moluccensis) captured by demersal trawl. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 6(2), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.82287
• Özden, Ö., Erkan, N., & Ulusoy, Ş. (2009). Determination of mineral composition in three commercial fish species (Solea solea, Mullus surmuletus, and Merlangius merlangus). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170(1-4), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1238-5
• Özoğul, Y., Polat, A., Uçak, İ., & Özoğul, F. (2011). Seasonal fat and fatty acids variations of seven marine fish species from the Mediterranean Sea. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 113(12), 1491-1498. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201000554
• Ozuni, E., Andoni, E., Beqıraj, D., & Sulce, M. (2022). Heavy metals in edible tissue of red mullet from Tirana market. The Eurasia Proceedings of Health Environment and Life Sciences, 4, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.55549/ephels.23
• Park, J. (2023). Detection of red pepper powder adulteration with allura red and red pepper seeds using hyperspectral imaging. Foods, 12(18), 3471. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12183471
• Pathare, P. B., Opara, U. L., & Al-Said, F. A. J. (2013). Colour measurement and analysis in fresh and processed foods: A review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6, 36–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0867-9
• Polat, A., Kuzu, S., Özyurt, G., & Tokur, B. (2008). Fatty acid composition of red mullet (red mullet): A seasonal differentiation. Journal of Muscle Foods, 20(1), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4573.2008.00134.x
• Porte, C., Escartı́n, E., Parra, L., Biosca, X., & Albaigés, J. (2002). Assessment of coastal pollution by combined determination of chemical and biochemical markers in red mullet. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 235, 205-216. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps235205
• Prazdnikov, D. (2016). Karyology of Mullus barbatus (Pisces, Perciformes) from the Mediterranean basin. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40(2), 279-281. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1503-15
• Pustina-Krasniqi, T., Shala, K., Staka, G., Bicaj, T., Ahmedi, E., & Dula, L. (2017). Lightness, chroma, and hue distributions in natural teeth measured by a spectrophotometer. European Journal of Dentistry, 11(1), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.202635
• Raesen, A., Najim, S., & Al-Otbi, U. (2017). A comparative study on the biochemical composition of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. collected from natural waters, cultivated and imported in Basrah governorate, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research, 16(2), 271-283. https://doi.org/10.33762/bvetr.2017.143550
• Rodríguez-Romeu, O., Constenla, M., Carrassón, M., Campoy-Quiles, M., & Soler-Membrives, A. (2020). Are anthropogenic fibres a real problem for red mullets (Mullus barbatus) from the NW Mediterranean?. Science of the Total Environment, 733, 139336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139336
• Roncarati, A., Brambilla, G., Meluzzi, A., Iamiceli, A., Fanelli, R., Moret, I., Ubaldi, A., Miniero, R., Sirri, F., Melotti, P., & di Domenico, A. (2012). Fatty acid profile and proximate composition of fillets from Engraulis encrasicholus, Mullus barbatus, Merluccius merluccius and Sarda sarda caught in Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Ionian seas. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 28(4), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01948.x
• Ruan, C., & Wang, L. (2023). Measurement and analysis of maxillary anterior teeth color in the Chinese population. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, 15(4), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.60170
• Sieli, G., Badalucco, C., Stefano, G., Rizzo, P., D’Anna, G., & Fiorentino, F. (2011). Biology of red mullet, (Mullus barbatus L. 1758), in the Gulf of Castellammare (NW Sicily, Mediterranean sea) subject to a trawling ban. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27(5), 1218-1225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01784.x
• Škrlep, M., & Čandek‐Potokar, M. (2007). Pork color measurement as affected by bloom time and measurement location. Journal of Muscle Foods, 18(1), 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4573.2007.00067.x
• Soliman, T., Abbas, E., & Fahim, R. (2017). Impact of Enzymes and Primers on the PCR Amplification of Some Goatfishes. Genetics of Aquatic Organisms, 1(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.4194/2459-1831-v1_1_04
• Tufan, B., Mısır, G., & Köse, S. (2018). Comparison of seasonal fatty acid composition in relation to nutritional value of three commercial fish species caught from different zones of Eastern Black Sea. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 33(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.18864/ase201803