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The Emotional Turn in International Relations: The Analysis of Emotions

Year 2023, , 119 - 137, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1377622

Abstract

This study focuses on emotions examining traditional and critical discussions and analyses in the discipline of International Relations (IR). The investigation of emotions as an object of research in IR has been rejected for many years. However, the consideration of emotions in academic studies began in the 2000s which is termed as the “emotional turn.” With this turning point, emotions started to be addressed in different frameworks and various analyses. The literature on emotions, enriched by various analyses, offers different approaches and analyses to one of the fundamental theoretical questions in the IR discipline: “How does the world work?”. In academic studies, how emotions should generally be studied is becoming differentiated. The article's first section examines emotions' different roles in the IR. Additionally, it explains in which subfields of IR emotions can be utilized. The second section analyzes the different conceptual and theoretical debates on emotions in IR. In the third section, in response to the questions “What is an emotion?” and “How should emotions be approached?” this study presents different emotion definitions. This section analyzes different types of emotions in detail: 1) Constructivist emotion, 2) Emotion as a power element, and 3) Emotion as a societal power. Then, changes in theoretical perspectives regarding emotions will be examined. In this context, two important theoretical debates are addressed. The first shed light on the changing relationships between emotions and rationality. The second focuses on inter-subjective emotions, which have gained importance in the discipline in recent years. Consequently, by emphasizing the importance of emotions, we observe that emotions broaden our world perspective in both political and social perceptions.

References

  • Åhäll, L. ve Gregory T. (eds) (2015). Emotions, Politics and War. London: Routledge.
  • Ahmed, S. (2014). The Cultural Politics of Emotion. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Barbalet, J.M. (2001). Emotion, Social Theory, and Social Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Beattie, A. R., Eroukhmanoff, C., ve Head, N. (2019). Introduction: Interrogating the ‘everyday’ politics of emotions in international relations. Journal of International Political Theory, 15(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755088219830428
  • Bially Mattern, J. (2011). A Practice Theory of Emotion for International Relations. Emanuel Adler ve Vincent Pouliot (Ed.), International Practices (s. 63–86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bleiker R. ve Hutchison E. (2007). Understanding Emotions in World Politics: Reflections on Method. Working Paper No 5, Department of International Relations, Australian National University.
  • Bleiker, R. (2001). The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory. Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 30(3), 509–533.
  • Bleiker, R. ve Hutchison, E. (2018). Methods and methodologies for the study of emotions in World politics, in Clément (Eds.) Researching Emotions in International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Brounéus, K. (2008). Truth-Telling as Talking Cure? Insecurity and Retraumatization in the Rwandan Gacaca Courts. Security Dialogue, 39(1), 55–76.
  • Coşkun, E. R. (2019). The role of emotions during the Arab Spring in Tunisia and Egypt in light of repertoires, Globalizations, 16:7, 1198-1214, DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2019.1578017
  • Crawford, N. C. (2000). The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotions and Emotional Relationships. International Security, 24(4), 116–136.
  • Crawford, N. C. (2000). The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships. International Security, 24(4), 116–156.
  • Crawford, N. C. (2014). Institutionalizing Passion in World Politics: Fear and Empathy. International Theory, 6(3), 535–557.
  • D’Aoust, A.-M. (2014). Ties That Bind? Engaging Emotions, Governmentality and Neoliberalism: Introduction to the Special Issue. Global Society, 28(3), 267–276.
  • Danchev, A. (2006). “Like a Dog!”: Humiliation and Shame in the War on Terror. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 31(3), 259–283.
  • De Sousa, R. (1987). The rationality of emotion. Cambridge: MIT.
  • Dolan, T. (2018). Emotions and Foreign Policy. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
  • Elster, J. (1999). Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eznack, L. (2011). Crises as Signals of Strength: The Significance of Affect in Close Allies’ Relationships. Security Studies, 20 (2), 238–265.
  • Fattah, K., ve Fierke, K. M. (2009). A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East. European Journal of International Relations, 15(1), 67–93.
  • Fierke, K. M. (2012). Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations (Vol. 125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hall, T. (2015). Emotional Diplomacy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Hall, T. H. (2011). We Will Not Swallow This Bitter Fruit: Theorizing a Diplomacy of Anger. Security Studies, 20(4), 521–555.
  • Hall, T. ve Ross, A. (2015). Affective Politics after 9/11. International Organization, 69(4), 847-879. doi:10.1017/S0020818315000144
  • Hill, C. (2003). The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. Houndmills: Palgrave.
  • Hutchison, E (2016) Affective Communities in World Politics: Collective Emotions After Trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hutchison, E. (2014). A Global Politics of Pity? Disaster Imagery and the Emotional Construction of Solidarity After the 2004 Asian Tsunami. International Political Sociology, 8(1), 1–19.
  • Hutchison, E. (2016). Affective Communities in World Politics: Collective Emotions after Trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hutchison, E. (2018). Why study emotions in International Relations? https://www.e-ir.info/2018/03/08/why-study-emotions-in-international-relations/
  • Hutchison, E. ve Bleiker R. (2014). Theorizing Emotions in World Politics, International Theory 6, 4, 491-514.
  • Hutchison, E., ve Bleiker, R. (2007). Emotions in the War on Terror. Alex J. Bellamy, Roland Bleiker, Sara E. Davies, ve Richard Devetak (Eds.), Security and the War on Terror, (s. 57–70). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Hutchison, E., ve Bleiker, R. (2014). Theorizing Emotions in World Politics. International Theory, 6(3), 491–514.
  • Jeffery, R. (2011). Reason, Emotion, and the Problem of World Poverty: Moral Sentiment Theory and International Ethics. International Theory, 3(1), 143–178.
  • Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jervis, R., Lebow, R. N., ve Stein, J. G. (1985). Psychology and Deterrence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Kelly, R. (2010). Memory and Conflict Resolution. London: Routledge.
  • Koschut, S. (2018). The Power of (Emotion) Words: On the Importance of Emotions for Social Constructivist Discourse Analysis in IR. Journal of International Relations and Development, 21 (3), 495–522.
  • Koschut, S. (Ed.). (2020). The Power of Emotions in World Politics (1st ed.). Routledge.
  • Larson, D. W. (1985). Origins of containment: A psychological explanation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Lebow, R. N. (2005). Reason, Emotion and Cooperation. International Politics, 42(3), 283–313.
  • Linklater, A. (2004). Emotions and World Politics. Aberystwyth Journal of World Affairs, 2, 71–77.
  • Lutz, C. (1988). Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Marcus, G. E. (2000). Emotions in Politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 3(1), 221–250.
  • Massumi, B. (2002). Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • McDermott, R. (2004). Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  • Mercer, J. (1996). Approaching Emotion in International Politics. Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference. San Diego, April 25.
  • Mercer, J. (2006). Human nature and the first image: Emotion in international politics. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9, 288–303.
  • Mercer, J. (2010). Emotional Beliefs. International Organization, 64(1), 1–31.
  • Mercer, J. (2013). Emotion and Strategy in the Korean War. International Organization, 67(2), 221–252.
  • Mercer, J. (2014). Feeling Like a State: Social Emotion and Identity. International Theory, 6(3), 515–535.
  • Pearlman, W. (2013). Emotions and the Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings. Perspectives on Politics, 11(2), 387–409.
  • Penttinen, E. (2013). Joy and International Relations: A New Methodology. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Ross, A. A. G. (2006). Coming in From the Cold: Emotions and Constructivism. European Journal of International Relations, 12(2), 197–222.
  • Ross, A. A. G. (2010). Why They Don’t Hate Us: Emotion, Agency and the Politics of ‘Anti-Americanism’. Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 39(1), 109–125.
  • Ross, A. A. G. (2013). Realism, Emotion, and Dynamic Allegiances in Global Politics. International Theory, 5(2), 273–299.
  • Ross, A. A. G. (2016). Exceptionalism, Counterterrorism, and the Emotional Politics of Human Rights. Yohan Ariffin, Jean-Marc Coicaud ve Vesselin Popovski (Eds.), Emotions in International Politics: Beyond Mainstream International Relations (s. 315–340). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ross, A.A. G. (2014). Mixed Emotions: Beyond Fear and Hatred in International Conflict. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Sasley, B. E. (2011). Theorizing States’ Emotions. International Studies Review, 13(3), 452–476.
  • Saurette, P. (2006). You Dissin Me? Humiliation and Post 9/11 Global Politics. Review of International Studies, 32(3), 495–522.
  • Scheff, Thomas J. (1990). Microsociology: Discourse, Emotion and Social Structure. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Schut, M., de Graaff, M. C., ve Verweij, D. (2015). Moral Emotions During Military Deployments of Dutch Forces: A Qualitative Study on Moral Emotions in Intercultural Interactions. Armed Forces & Society, 41(4), 616–638.
  • Solomon, T. (2014). Time and Subjectivity in World Politics. International Studies Quarterly, 58(4), 671–681.
  • Solomon, T. (2015). Embodiment, Emotions, and Materialism in International Relations. Linda Åhäll ve Thomas Gregory (Eds.), Emotions, Politics and War (s. 58–70). New York: Routledge.
  • Solomon, T. (2017). Rethinking productive power through emotion. International Studies Review 19, 3, 481-508.
  • Solomon, T. (2018). Ontological security, circulations of affect, and the Arab Spring. Journal of International Relations and Development, 21, 934–958. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-017-0089-x
  • Sylvester, C. (2012). War Experiences/War Practices/War Theory. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 40(3), 483–503.
  • Thrift, N. (2004). Intensities of Feeling: Towards a Spatial Politics of Affect. Geogrfiska Annaler: Series B, 86(1), 57–78.
  • Wright-Neville, D., ve Smith, D. (2009). Political Rage: Terrorism and the Politics of Emotion. Global Change, Peace & Security, 21(1), 85–98.

Uluslararası İlişkiler’de Duygusal Dönüş: Duyguların Analizi

Year 2023, , 119 - 137, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1377622

Abstract

Bu çalışma hem geleneksel hem de eleştirel tartışmalara ve analizlere odaklanarak, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) disiplininde duyguları detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Uİ’de duyguların araştırma objesi olarak çalışılması uzun yıllar boyunca reddedilmiştir. Ancak, duyguların, akademik çalışmalarda ele alınması 2000’li yıllarda başlamıştır. Bu çalışmalar, duyguları, Uİ perspektiflerine getirmeye değer araştırma objeleri olarak görmektedir. Bu yüzden, bu dönemin başlangıcı “duygusal dönüş” (emotional turn) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Disiplinde bu dönüm noktası ile, duygular farklı çerçevelerde ve farklı analizlerde yer almaya başlamıştır. Çeşitli analizlerle beslenen duygular literatürü, Uİ disiplinindeki temel kuramsal sorulardan birisi olan, “Dünya nasıl çalışıyor?” sorusuna farklı yaklaşımlar ve analizler sağlamaktadır. Uİ alanındaki akademik çalışmalar ve tartışmalarda, duyguların genel olarak nasıl çalışılacağı farklılaşmaktadır. Makalenin birinci bölümünde Uİ disiplininde duyguların farklı rolleri incelenecektir. Ayrıca, duyguların Uİ alanında hangi alt çalışma alanlarında kullanılabildiği anlatılacaktır. İkinci bölümde, Uİ’de duyguların farklı kavramsal ve kuramsal tartışmaları analiz edilecektir. Üçüncü kısımda, “Duygu nedir?” ve “Duygu nasıl ele alınmalıdır?” sorularına cevaben, bu çalışma farklı duygu tanımlamaları ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bölüm, farklı duygu çeşitlerini detaylı bir şekilde analiz edecektir: 1) Sosyal inşacı duygu (constructivist emotion), 2) Güç öğesi olan duygu, 3) Toplumsal güç olan duygu. Çalışmanın bir sonraki bölümünde, duygulara bakışta kuramsal perspektiflerdeki değişimler irdelenecektir. Bu bağlamda, iki önemli kuramsal tartışma ele alınacaktır. Bunlardan birincisi, duygular ve rasyonalite arasında değişen ilişkilere ışık tutacaktır. İkincisi ise, disiplinde son yıllarda önem kazanan, öznelerarası (intersubjective) duygulardır. Sonuç olarak, duyguların öneminin vurgulanmasıyla hem siyasi hem de sosyal algılamalarımızda duyguların dünya perspektifimizi genişlettiğini görmekteyiz.

References

  • Åhäll, L. ve Gregory T. (eds) (2015). Emotions, Politics and War. London: Routledge.
  • Ahmed, S. (2014). The Cultural Politics of Emotion. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Barbalet, J.M. (2001). Emotion, Social Theory, and Social Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Beattie, A. R., Eroukhmanoff, C., ve Head, N. (2019). Introduction: Interrogating the ‘everyday’ politics of emotions in international relations. Journal of International Political Theory, 15(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755088219830428
  • Bially Mattern, J. (2011). A Practice Theory of Emotion for International Relations. Emanuel Adler ve Vincent Pouliot (Ed.), International Practices (s. 63–86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bleiker R. ve Hutchison E. (2007). Understanding Emotions in World Politics: Reflections on Method. Working Paper No 5, Department of International Relations, Australian National University.
  • Bleiker, R. (2001). The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory. Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 30(3), 509–533.
  • Bleiker, R. ve Hutchison, E. (2018). Methods and methodologies for the study of emotions in World politics, in Clément (Eds.) Researching Emotions in International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Brounéus, K. (2008). Truth-Telling as Talking Cure? Insecurity and Retraumatization in the Rwandan Gacaca Courts. Security Dialogue, 39(1), 55–76.
  • Coşkun, E. R. (2019). The role of emotions during the Arab Spring in Tunisia and Egypt in light of repertoires, Globalizations, 16:7, 1198-1214, DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2019.1578017
  • Crawford, N. C. (2000). The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotions and Emotional Relationships. International Security, 24(4), 116–136.
  • Crawford, N. C. (2000). The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships. International Security, 24(4), 116–156.
  • Crawford, N. C. (2014). Institutionalizing Passion in World Politics: Fear and Empathy. International Theory, 6(3), 535–557.
  • D’Aoust, A.-M. (2014). Ties That Bind? Engaging Emotions, Governmentality and Neoliberalism: Introduction to the Special Issue. Global Society, 28(3), 267–276.
  • Danchev, A. (2006). “Like a Dog!”: Humiliation and Shame in the War on Terror. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 31(3), 259–283.
  • De Sousa, R. (1987). The rationality of emotion. Cambridge: MIT.
  • Dolan, T. (2018). Emotions and Foreign Policy. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
  • Elster, J. (1999). Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eznack, L. (2011). Crises as Signals of Strength: The Significance of Affect in Close Allies’ Relationships. Security Studies, 20 (2), 238–265.
  • Fattah, K., ve Fierke, K. M. (2009). A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East. European Journal of International Relations, 15(1), 67–93.
  • Fierke, K. M. (2012). Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations (Vol. 125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hall, T. (2015). Emotional Diplomacy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Hall, T. H. (2011). We Will Not Swallow This Bitter Fruit: Theorizing a Diplomacy of Anger. Security Studies, 20(4), 521–555.
  • Hall, T. ve Ross, A. (2015). Affective Politics after 9/11. International Organization, 69(4), 847-879. doi:10.1017/S0020818315000144
  • Hill, C. (2003). The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. Houndmills: Palgrave.
  • Hutchison, E (2016) Affective Communities in World Politics: Collective Emotions After Trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hutchison, E. (2014). A Global Politics of Pity? Disaster Imagery and the Emotional Construction of Solidarity After the 2004 Asian Tsunami. International Political Sociology, 8(1), 1–19.
  • Hutchison, E. (2016). Affective Communities in World Politics: Collective Emotions after Trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hutchison, E. (2018). Why study emotions in International Relations? https://www.e-ir.info/2018/03/08/why-study-emotions-in-international-relations/
  • Hutchison, E. ve Bleiker R. (2014). Theorizing Emotions in World Politics, International Theory 6, 4, 491-514.
  • Hutchison, E., ve Bleiker, R. (2007). Emotions in the War on Terror. Alex J. Bellamy, Roland Bleiker, Sara E. Davies, ve Richard Devetak (Eds.), Security and the War on Terror, (s. 57–70). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Hutchison, E., ve Bleiker, R. (2014). Theorizing Emotions in World Politics. International Theory, 6(3), 491–514.
  • Jeffery, R. (2011). Reason, Emotion, and the Problem of World Poverty: Moral Sentiment Theory and International Ethics. International Theory, 3(1), 143–178.
  • Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jervis, R., Lebow, R. N., ve Stein, J. G. (1985). Psychology and Deterrence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Kelly, R. (2010). Memory and Conflict Resolution. London: Routledge.
  • Koschut, S. (2018). The Power of (Emotion) Words: On the Importance of Emotions for Social Constructivist Discourse Analysis in IR. Journal of International Relations and Development, 21 (3), 495–522.
  • Koschut, S. (Ed.). (2020). The Power of Emotions in World Politics (1st ed.). Routledge.
  • Larson, D. W. (1985). Origins of containment: A psychological explanation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Lebow, R. N. (2005). Reason, Emotion and Cooperation. International Politics, 42(3), 283–313.
  • Linklater, A. (2004). Emotions and World Politics. Aberystwyth Journal of World Affairs, 2, 71–77.
  • Lutz, C. (1988). Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Marcus, G. E. (2000). Emotions in Politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 3(1), 221–250.
  • Massumi, B. (2002). Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • McDermott, R. (2004). Political Psychology in International Relations. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  • Mercer, J. (1996). Approaching Emotion in International Politics. Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference. San Diego, April 25.
  • Mercer, J. (2006). Human nature and the first image: Emotion in international politics. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9, 288–303.
  • Mercer, J. (2010). Emotional Beliefs. International Organization, 64(1), 1–31.
  • Mercer, J. (2013). Emotion and Strategy in the Korean War. International Organization, 67(2), 221–252.
  • Mercer, J. (2014). Feeling Like a State: Social Emotion and Identity. International Theory, 6(3), 515–535.
  • Pearlman, W. (2013). Emotions and the Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings. Perspectives on Politics, 11(2), 387–409.
  • Penttinen, E. (2013). Joy and International Relations: A New Methodology. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Ross, A. A. G. (2006). Coming in From the Cold: Emotions and Constructivism. European Journal of International Relations, 12(2), 197–222.
  • Ross, A. A. G. (2010). Why They Don’t Hate Us: Emotion, Agency and the Politics of ‘Anti-Americanism’. Millennium – Journal of International Studies, 39(1), 109–125.
  • Ross, A. A. G. (2013). Realism, Emotion, and Dynamic Allegiances in Global Politics. International Theory, 5(2), 273–299.
  • Ross, A. A. G. (2016). Exceptionalism, Counterterrorism, and the Emotional Politics of Human Rights. Yohan Ariffin, Jean-Marc Coicaud ve Vesselin Popovski (Eds.), Emotions in International Politics: Beyond Mainstream International Relations (s. 315–340). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ross, A.A. G. (2014). Mixed Emotions: Beyond Fear and Hatred in International Conflict. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Sasley, B. E. (2011). Theorizing States’ Emotions. International Studies Review, 13(3), 452–476.
  • Saurette, P. (2006). You Dissin Me? Humiliation and Post 9/11 Global Politics. Review of International Studies, 32(3), 495–522.
  • Scheff, Thomas J. (1990). Microsociology: Discourse, Emotion and Social Structure. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Schut, M., de Graaff, M. C., ve Verweij, D. (2015). Moral Emotions During Military Deployments of Dutch Forces: A Qualitative Study on Moral Emotions in Intercultural Interactions. Armed Forces & Society, 41(4), 616–638.
  • Solomon, T. (2014). Time and Subjectivity in World Politics. International Studies Quarterly, 58(4), 671–681.
  • Solomon, T. (2015). Embodiment, Emotions, and Materialism in International Relations. Linda Åhäll ve Thomas Gregory (Eds.), Emotions, Politics and War (s. 58–70). New York: Routledge.
  • Solomon, T. (2017). Rethinking productive power through emotion. International Studies Review 19, 3, 481-508.
  • Solomon, T. (2018). Ontological security, circulations of affect, and the Arab Spring. Journal of International Relations and Development, 21, 934–958. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-017-0089-x
  • Sylvester, C. (2012). War Experiences/War Practices/War Theory. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 40(3), 483–503.
  • Thrift, N. (2004). Intensities of Feeling: Towards a Spatial Politics of Affect. Geogrfiska Annaler: Series B, 86(1), 57–78.
  • Wright-Neville, D., ve Smith, D. (2009). Political Rage: Terrorism and the Politics of Emotion. Global Change, Peace & Security, 21(1), 85–98.
There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Efser Rana Coşkun 0000-0002-3703-8550

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date October 17, 2023
Acceptance Date November 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Coşkun, E. R. (2023). Uluslararası İlişkiler’de Duygusal Dönüş: Duyguların Analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(Özel Sayı), 119-137. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1377622