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“Realist” İdealizm? 1977-1978 Senelerinde ABD-Suudi Arabistan İlişkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2020, , 142 - 166, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.712967

Abstract

Realizm-İdealizm gelgiti, ABD’nin kuruluşundan bu yana dış politikası hakkında yapılan tartışmaların başında gelmektedir. Başta Thomas Jefferson olmak üzere, ABD’nin kurucu babalarının savunduğu insan hakları ve demokrasi gibi ideal değerlerin, dış politikada rehberlik etmekten çok, ABD karar alıcıları tarafından ABD’nin çıkarları uğuruna feda edildiği ve/veya araç olarak kullanıldığı ve bu sebeple de ABD’nin kendi kimliğinden/özünden uzaklaştığı fikri, söz konusu tartışmaların çoğunda bulunmaktadır. Tüm bu tartışmalar içerisinde, Soğuk Savaş’ın en hararetli dönemlerinden birinde başkanlık yapmış olan Jimmy Carter’ın, idealist duruşu nedeniyle, istisnai bir konuma sahip olduğunu söylemek yanlış olmayacaktır. Böyle olmakla birlikte, 1979 senesinin meydan okumaları nedeniyle, Carter’ın bu idealizminin zayıfladığını ve hatta yok olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu çalışma, Carter döneminin idealist seneleri olarak bilinen 1977-1978 döneminde ABD - Suudi Arabistan ilişkilerini inceleyecektir. Çalışmanın amacı, söz konusu idealizmin sınırlarını görebilmek ve bu sınırların arkasındaki nedenleri ABD yönetiminin iç yazışmalarında aramak ve ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın temel argümanı, ABD dış politikasında salt idealizm veya realizmin tek hâkim yaklaşım olmadığı, bu iki akımın çoğu zaman birbirinin içine geçtiği ve hatta birinin diğerinin aracı olarak kullanıldığı fikridir. Carter döneminin “en idealist” olarak bilinen 1977-1978 senelerinde dahi ABD’nin Suudi Arabistan ile olan ilişkilerinde var olan realist motifler, ABD’nin idealizminin sınırlarını gözler önüne sermektedir. Buna karşılık, Başkan Carter’ın Ortadoğu’da adil bir düzen ve Arap-İsrail barışı gibi idealist amaçları için realist adımlar attığı da ayrı bir gerçeklik olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

References

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  • Amstutz, M. R. (2012). International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Anderson, I. H. (1981). Aramco, the United-States, and Saudi Arabia: A Study in the Dynamics of Foreign Oil Policy, 1933-1950. New Jersey: Princeton University Pres.
  • Bloomfield, L. (1982). From Ideology to Program Policy: Tracking the Carter Human Rights Policy. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2(1),1-12. doi: 10.2307/3323646
  • Brew, G. (2015). Our Most Dependable Allies: Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the Eisenhower Doctrine, 1956-1958. Mediterranean Quarterly, 26 (4), 89-109. doi: 10.1215/10474552-3425200
  • Bronson, R. (2006). Thicker than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cates, T. G. (1988). United States Persian Gulf Policy since 1968. Air Command and Staff College Report. 8 Haziran. Erişim adresi: https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA194926
  • Deudney, D. and J. Meiser (2008). American Exceptionalism. M. Cox, ve D. Stokes (der.), US Foreign Policy içinde (24-41). New York: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/hepl/9780199585816.003.0002
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  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1976b, 23 June). Address by Jimmy Carter. New York, Vol: 1, 28-38.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977). Editorial Note. Vol: 1, 65-67.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977a, 14 January). Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency. Vol: XVIII, 461-469.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977b, 23 January). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State and the Department of Defense. Vol: XVIII, 469-470.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977c, 8 February). Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Saudi Arabia. Vol: XVIII, 471.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977d, 9 February). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 472.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977e, 22 February). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 473-482.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977f, 21 May). Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 482-491.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977g, 24 May). Memorandum of Conversation: Secretary of Defense meeting with Crown Prince Fahd of Saudi Arabia. Vol: XVIII, 492-498.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977h, August). Report Prepared by the Ambassador John C. West to Saudi Arabia. Vol: XVIII, 502-515.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977i, 28 October). Telegram From Secretary of the Treasury Blumenthal to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 518-520.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977j, 10 November). Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency. Vol: XVIII, 520-522.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977k, 1 December). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 522-523.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977l, 7 December). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 524-525.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977m, 14 December). Memorandum of Conversation. Vol: XVIII, 526-533.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977n, 15 December). Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 533-534.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978a, 5 January). Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency. Vol: XVIII, 536-538.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978b, 27 January). Memorandum From Jessica Tuchman of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski). Vol: XVIII, 539-540.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978) Editorial Note. Vol: XVIII, 540-542.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978c, 31 January). Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Saudi Arabia. Vol: XVIII, 542-544.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978d, 26 April). Telegram From the United States Liaison Office in Riyadh to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 548-552.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978e, 18 May). Memorandum of Conversation. Vol: XVIII, 552-558.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978f, 7 September). Memorandum From the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Jones) to Secretary of Defense Brown. Vol: XVIII, 24-27.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978g, 9 November). Memorandum From the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Duncan) to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 27-28.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978h, 22 December). Memorandum From Gary Sick of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski). Vol: XVIII, 560- 562.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978i, 31 December). Report Prepared by the Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (West). Vol: XVIII, 562- 573.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1979, 18 January). Paper Prepared in the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. Vol: XVIII, 34-35.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (Undated-a). Briefing Paper Prepared in the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 451-461
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (Undated-b). Memorandum From Secretary of State Vance to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 544-546.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (Undated-c). Memorandum From Secretary of Defense Harold Brown to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 36-37.
  • Gaddis, J.L. (1982). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. New Yok: Oxford University Press.
  • Gelb, L. H. (1975). Realism Vs. Idealism in American Foreign Policy. New York Times. 30 Kasım. Erişim adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/30/archives/realism-vs-idealism-in-american-foreign-policy.html.
  • Hook, S.W. and J. Spanier (2007). American Foreign Policy since World War II. Washington D.C: CQ Press.
  • Hudson, W. S. (1970). Nationalism and Religion in America: Concepts of American Identity and Mission. New York: Harper &Row Publishers.
  • Kaufman, J. (2017). A Concise History of US Foreign Policy. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield.
  • Kissinger, H. (2016). Dünya Düzeni. İstanbul: Boyner Yayınları.
  • Koch, A. and W. Peden (1944). The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson. New York: The Modern Library.
  • LaFeber, W. (2008). The US Rise to World Power. M. Cox, D. Stokes (der.) US Foreign Policy içinde (45-62). New York: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/hepl/9780198707578.003.0004
  • Langvandslien, M. (2004). Promising Restraint: The Carter’s Administration’s Arms Transfer Policy. Doktora tezi. University of Oslo.
  • Mearsheimer, J. (2005). E. H. Carr vs. Idealism: The Battle Rages On. International Relations, 19 (2), 139-152. doi: 10.1177/0047117805052810
  • Morris, R. B. (1956). Basic Documents in American History. New Jersey: Van Nostrand Company.
  • New York Times (2002). War with Iraq is not America’s national interest. 26 Eylül. Erişim adresi: https://sadat.umd.edu/sites/sadat.umd.edu/files/iraq_war_ad_2002_2.pdf
  • Stone, O., and P. Kuznick (2012). The Untold History of the United-States. St Ives: Ebury Press.
  • The Office of the Historian (1947). The Truman Doctrine. Erişim adresi: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine.
  • Walt, S. (2016a). Donald Trump is not a realist. Foreign Policy. 1 Nisan. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/01/no-real-donald-trump-is-not-a-realist/
  • Walt, S. (2016b). Obama was not a realist president. Foreign Policy. 7 Nisan. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/07/obama-was-not-a-realist-president-jeffrey-goldberg-atlantic-obama-doctrine/
  • Walt, S. (2016c). Why is America is so bad at promoting democracy in other countries? Foreign Policy, 25 Nisan. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/25/why-is-america-so-bad-at-promoting-democracy-in-other-countries/
  • Walt, S. (2019). There once was a President who hated war. Foreign Policy. 18 Ağustos. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/18/there-once-was-a-president-who-hated-war/

The “Realist” Idealism? An Evaluation on the USA-Saudi Arabia Relations in 1977-1978

Year 2020, , 142 - 166, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.712967

Abstract

The idealism/realism dilemma has been one of the leading issues of discussion on the US foreign policy since its foundation. It is generally argued in these discussions that ideal values such as democracy and human rights, launched by the founding fathers of the US- particularly by Thomas Jefferson- have been used as means to achieve American interests, rather than being guiding principles of foreign policy; and that the US has been therefore alienated from its identity. Amid all these discussions, it would not be wrong to mention that Jimmy Carter, who became the US President in one of the harshest periods of Cold War, constitutes an exceptional case due to his idealist stance vis-à-vis world politics. Notwithstanding this, one should notice that his idealism had to wane and even totally disappear because of the challenges of 1979. This study is going to analyze the US-Saudi Arabia relations in 1977-1978, notably known as the idealist years of Carter. The goal of the study is to reveal the limits of the afore-mentioned idealism and explore the reasons behind through the declassified documents within the Carter Administration. The main arguments of the study are that neither realism nor idealism is the only approach dominating the US foreign policy; and that each one is usually embedded in the other and even each one is used as a mean to other. It seems right to mention that the realist motives being present in the American-Saudi relations in the most “idealist” years of Carter that are 1977-1978, reveals the limits of the US’ idealism. In return, the fact of Carter having taken realist steps to reach his idealist goals such as a just order and Arab-Israeli peace in the Middle East, comes to surface as another reality.

References

  • Ambrose, S. E. (1992). Dünyaya Açılım: 1938’den Günümüze Amerikan Dış Politikası. Ankara: Dış Politika Enstitüsü.
  • Amstutz, M. R. (2012). International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Anderson, I. H. (1981). Aramco, the United-States, and Saudi Arabia: A Study in the Dynamics of Foreign Oil Policy, 1933-1950. New Jersey: Princeton University Pres.
  • Bloomfield, L. (1982). From Ideology to Program Policy: Tracking the Carter Human Rights Policy. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2(1),1-12. doi: 10.2307/3323646
  • Brew, G. (2015). Our Most Dependable Allies: Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the Eisenhower Doctrine, 1956-1958. Mediterranean Quarterly, 26 (4), 89-109. doi: 10.1215/10474552-3425200
  • Bronson, R. (2006). Thicker than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cates, T. G. (1988). United States Persian Gulf Policy since 1968. Air Command and Staff College Report. 8 Haziran. Erişim adresi: https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA194926
  • Deudney, D. and J. Meiser (2008). American Exceptionalism. M. Cox, ve D. Stokes (der.), US Foreign Policy içinde (24-41). New York: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/hepl/9780199585816.003.0002
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1975, 28 May). Address by Jimmy Carter. Tokyo, Vol: 1, 3-8.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1976a, 15 March). Remarks by Jimmy Carter. Chicago, Vol: 1, 15-26.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1976b, 23 June). Address by Jimmy Carter. New York, Vol: 1, 28-38.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977). Editorial Note. Vol: 1, 65-67.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977a, 14 January). Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency. Vol: XVIII, 461-469.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977b, 23 January). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State and the Department of Defense. Vol: XVIII, 469-470.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977c, 8 February). Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Saudi Arabia. Vol: XVIII, 471.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977d, 9 February). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 472.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977e, 22 February). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 473-482.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977f, 21 May). Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 482-491.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977g, 24 May). Memorandum of Conversation: Secretary of Defense meeting with Crown Prince Fahd of Saudi Arabia. Vol: XVIII, 492-498.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977h, August). Report Prepared by the Ambassador John C. West to Saudi Arabia. Vol: XVIII, 502-515.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977i, 28 October). Telegram From Secretary of the Treasury Blumenthal to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 518-520.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977j, 10 November). Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency. Vol: XVIII, 520-522.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977k, 1 December). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 522-523.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977l, 7 December). Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 524-525.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977m, 14 December). Memorandum of Conversation. Vol: XVIII, 526-533.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1977n, 15 December). Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 533-534.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978a, 5 January). Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency. Vol: XVIII, 536-538.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978b, 27 January). Memorandum From Jessica Tuchman of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski). Vol: XVIII, 539-540.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978) Editorial Note. Vol: XVIII, 540-542.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978c, 31 January). Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Saudi Arabia. Vol: XVIII, 542-544.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978d, 26 April). Telegram From the United States Liaison Office in Riyadh to the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 548-552.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978e, 18 May). Memorandum of Conversation. Vol: XVIII, 552-558.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978f, 7 September). Memorandum From the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Jones) to Secretary of Defense Brown. Vol: XVIII, 24-27.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978g, 9 November). Memorandum From the Deputy Secretary of Defense (Duncan) to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 27-28.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978h, 22 December). Memorandum From Gary Sick of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski). Vol: XVIII, 560- 562.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1978i, 31 December). Report Prepared by the Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (West). Vol: XVIII, 562- 573.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (1979, 18 January). Paper Prepared in the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. Vol: XVIII, 34-35.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (Undated-a). Briefing Paper Prepared in the Department of State. Vol: XVIII, 451-461
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (Undated-b). Memorandum From Secretary of State Vance to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 544-546.
  • Foreign Relations of the United-States (FRUS) (Undated-c). Memorandum From Secretary of Defense Harold Brown to President Carter. Vol: XVIII, 36-37.
  • Gaddis, J.L. (1982). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. New Yok: Oxford University Press.
  • Gelb, L. H. (1975). Realism Vs. Idealism in American Foreign Policy. New York Times. 30 Kasım. Erişim adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/30/archives/realism-vs-idealism-in-american-foreign-policy.html.
  • Hook, S.W. and J. Spanier (2007). American Foreign Policy since World War II. Washington D.C: CQ Press.
  • Hudson, W. S. (1970). Nationalism and Religion in America: Concepts of American Identity and Mission. New York: Harper &Row Publishers.
  • Kaufman, J. (2017). A Concise History of US Foreign Policy. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield.
  • Kissinger, H. (2016). Dünya Düzeni. İstanbul: Boyner Yayınları.
  • Koch, A. and W. Peden (1944). The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson. New York: The Modern Library.
  • LaFeber, W. (2008). The US Rise to World Power. M. Cox, D. Stokes (der.) US Foreign Policy içinde (45-62). New York: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/hepl/9780198707578.003.0004
  • Langvandslien, M. (2004). Promising Restraint: The Carter’s Administration’s Arms Transfer Policy. Doktora tezi. University of Oslo.
  • Mearsheimer, J. (2005). E. H. Carr vs. Idealism: The Battle Rages On. International Relations, 19 (2), 139-152. doi: 10.1177/0047117805052810
  • Morris, R. B. (1956). Basic Documents in American History. New Jersey: Van Nostrand Company.
  • New York Times (2002). War with Iraq is not America’s national interest. 26 Eylül. Erişim adresi: https://sadat.umd.edu/sites/sadat.umd.edu/files/iraq_war_ad_2002_2.pdf
  • Stone, O., and P. Kuznick (2012). The Untold History of the United-States. St Ives: Ebury Press.
  • The Office of the Historian (1947). The Truman Doctrine. Erişim adresi: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine.
  • Walt, S. (2016a). Donald Trump is not a realist. Foreign Policy. 1 Nisan. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/01/no-real-donald-trump-is-not-a-realist/
  • Walt, S. (2016b). Obama was not a realist president. Foreign Policy. 7 Nisan. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/07/obama-was-not-a-realist-president-jeffrey-goldberg-atlantic-obama-doctrine/
  • Walt, S. (2016c). Why is America is so bad at promoting democracy in other countries? Foreign Policy, 25 Nisan. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/25/why-is-america-so-bad-at-promoting-democracy-in-other-countries/
  • Walt, S. (2019). There once was a President who hated war. Foreign Policy. 18 Ağustos. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/18/there-once-was-a-president-who-hated-war/
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nur Çetinoğlu Harunoğlu 0000-0001-5478-067X

Publication Date March 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Çetinoğlu Harunoğlu, N. (2020). “Realist” İdealizm? 1977-1978 Senelerinde ABD-Suudi Arabistan İlişkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 142-166. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.712967