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Salgın Döneminde Güvenlik Devletinin Dönüşümü

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: Özel Sayı, 97 - 115, 17.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.912811

Abstract

Covid-19 salgını devletin tanımı ve işlevi üzerinde yeni bir kırılma noktası yaratmıştır. Bu kırılma noktası, geçen yüzyılın son çeyreğinden beri dünya genelinde egemen makro-ekonomik ve toplumsal sistem olan neoliberalizmin sıklaşan bunalımlarını gözler önüne sermiştir. Özelleştirme ve serbestleştirme aracılığıyla kar maksimizasyonuna dayanan bu sistem, bölgesel ve küresel çapta yaşadığı bunalımların etkisiyle çeşitli toplumsal protestolara ortam hazırlamıştır. Neoliberal devlet, merkez ve çevrede, bu protesto dalgalarına yanıt üretmek için güvenlik önlemlerine giderek daha fazla başvurmaktadır. Önlemler, ücretli çalışanları sermaye grupları karşısında baskı altında tutmak için çeşitlenmektedir. Böylece çeşitli disipline edici mekanizmaları içeren güvenlik devleti, birikim bunalımlarına çözüm olarak hayata geçirilmektedir. Güvenlik devletini açıklayabilmek için kullanılacak kavram ‘olağanüstü hâl’ olacaktır. Sermaye lehine yeniden biçimlenen devlet yapısı bu kavram üzerinden daha iyi incelenebilir. Bununla birlikte olağanüstü hâl, salgın dönemindeki otoriterleşmeyi anlamak için iyi bir çerçeve çizmektedir. Salgında artan güvenlik tedbirleri, baskı ve sermaye grupları lehine düzenlemeler güncel durumu tahlil etmek açısından önemlidir. Olağanüstü hâl; ücretli çalışanlara olduğu kadar azınlık gruplarının aleyhine uygulamalara da neden olmaktadır. Bu tür örneklerin yaşandığı yerlerden birisi de Britanya’dır. Britanya, Covid-10 salgının başladığı andan itibaren, diğer pek çok ülkeyle benzer biçimde, olağanüstü hâl uygulamalarını hayata geçirmiş, işgücünü ve toplumsal yaşamı sınırlayan kuralları yürürlüğe koymuştur. Ancak bu kurallar ücretli çalışanları değil, sermaye gruplarının karını korumaya yöneliktir. Ayrıca Avrupa’nın diğer pek çok ülkesinde, salgının var olan eşitsizlikleri arttırdığı, madunlara yönelik ayrımcılığı tetiklediği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle salgın yalnızca biyolojik bir felaket olarak değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal gerilimleri daha da kırılgan hale getiren bir olgu olarak da okunmalıdır. Bu çalışma, Britanya örneği üzerinden salgın döneminde belirgin hale gelen güvenlik devleti ile neoliberalizm arasındaki bağlantıyı incelemektedir.

Thanks

Bu makalenin yazılmasına büyük destek sağlayan, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi doktora programındaki 'Devlet, Sınıf, İktidar' dersinin öğretim üyeleri Dr. Cemil Yıldızcan ve Dr. Cihan Özpınar hocalarıma ve dersin tartışmalarına ufuk açıcı katkılar sunan bölüm arkadaşlarım Aybala, Batuhan, Burak ve Ela'ya en içten teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Onlar olmadan bu çalışma ortaya çıkamazdı.

References

  • Agamben, G. (2005). State of exception (K. Attell, Çev.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Arato, J., Claussen, K. ve Heath, J. B. (2020). The Perils of pandemic Exceptionalism. The American Society of International Law, 114(4), 627-636.
  • Arestis, P. ve Sawyer, M. (2005). Neoliberalism and The Third Way. A. Saad-Filho ve D. Johnston (Ed.), Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (177-183). Londra: Pluto Press.
  • BBC. (2020). Coronavirus: The World In Lockdown In Maps and Charts., 6 Nisan. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52103747.
  • Borri, F. (2020). The Problem Is Not covid-19, The Problem Is This Country, 28 Ekim. Byline Times. Erişim adresi: https://byl_net_mes.com/2020/10/28/hyde-park-leeds-food-bank-pandem_c-poverty-br_ta_n/.
  • Boukalas, C. (2016). Olağanüstülük Yok: Otoriter Devletçilik. Agamben, Poulantzas ve İç Güvenlik (A. Aygen, Çev.), Praksis, 2016(1): 41-67.
  • Brewer, M. ve Patrick, R. (2021). Pandemic Pressures: Why families On A Low Income Are Spending More During Covid-19., Ocak 2021. Resolution Foundation Briefing, 1-21. Erişim adresi: https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/pandemic-pressures/.
  • Chang, H. J. ve Grabel, I. (2004). Reclaiming Development From The Washington Consensus, The Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2), 273-291.
  • Dale, G. (3 Aralık 2020). Lockdown politics: A response to Panagiotis Sotiris. Historical Materialism. Erişim adresi: https://www.hstorcalmateralsm.org/blog/lockdown-poltcs-response-to-panagots-sotrs.
  • Duménil, G. ve Lévy, D. (2005). The Neoliberal (Counter-) Revolution, A. Saad-Filho ve D. Johnson (Eds.), Neoliberalism: A critical Reader (ss. 9-20), London: Pluto Press.
  • Duménil, G. ve Lévy, D. (2011). The Crisis of Neoliberalism. London: Harvard University Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2019). Güvenlik, Toprak, Nüfus: College de France Dersleri 1977-1978 (F. Taylan, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Goldstein, J. S. (1988). Long Cycles: Prosperity and War In Modern Age. London: Yale University Press.
  • Gustafsson, M. (2020, Mayıs 19). Young workers in the coronavirus crisis. Resolution Foundation. Erişim adresi: https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/young-workers-in-the-coronavirus-crisis/.
  • He, A. J., Shi, Y. ve Liu, H. (2020). Crisis Governance, Chinese Style: Distinctive Features of China’s Reponse to The Covid-19 Pandemic. Policy Design and Practice, DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2020.1799911.
  • Izhar, S. (2020, Nisan 28). Prisoners of State (Critique In Times of Coronavirus). Critical Legal Thinking. Erişim adresi: https://cr_t_callegalth_nk_ng.com/2020/04/28/pr_soners-of-state-cr_t_que-_n-t_mes-of-coronav_rus/.
  • John Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center (t.y.). New Cases of Covid-19 In World Countries. Erişim adresi: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/new-cases.
  • Kondratieff, N. D. ve Stolper, W. F. (1935). The Long Waves In Economic Life. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 17(6), 105-115.
  • Lapavitsas, C. (ed.) (2017). Finansallaşma ve Kapitalizmin Krizi (T. Öncel, Çev.). İstanbul: Yordam.
  • Lesly, J. ve McCurdy, C. (2020, Mayıs 15). The Economic Effects of Coronavirus In The UK. Resolution Foundation. Erişim adresi: https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/the-economic-effects-of-coronavirus-in-the-uk/.
  • Moody, K. (8 Nisan 2020), How “just-in-time” Capitalism Spread Covid-19, Spectre Journal. Erişim adresi: https://spectrejournal.com/how-just-in-time-capitalism-spread-covid-19/.
  • Moreno-Brid, J. C., Caldentey, E. P. ve Nápoles, P. R. (2004). The Washington Consensus: A Latin American Perspective Fifteen Years Later. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2): 345-365.
  • Neal, A. W. (2010). Exceptionalism and The Politics of Counter-Terrorism. London: Routledge.
  • Neocleous, M. (2006). From Social to National Security: On The Fabrication of Economic Order. Security Dialogue, 37(3), 363-384.
  • Neocleous, M. (2007a). Security, Liberty and The Myth of Balance: Towards A Critique of Security Politics. Contemporary Political Theory, 6, 131-149.
  • Neocleous, M. (2007b). Security, Commodity, Fetishism. Critique, 35(3), 339-355.
  • OXFAM (Ocak 2021). The Inequality Virus. OXFAM Briefing Paper. https://www.oxfam.ca/publication/the-inequality-virus-bringing-together-a-world-torn-apart-by-coronavirus/.
  • Peoples, C. ve Vaughan-Williams, N. (2010). Critical Security Studies: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Poulantzas, N. (2014). Siyasal İktidar ve Toplumsal Sınıflar (Ş. Ünsaldı, Çev.). Ankara: Epos.
  • Rab, L. ve Kettler, K. (2020). Perspective of Sustainable Development In Post-Pandemic World: Surveillance Capitalism and Hopes. Socialist Register, 4(2), 159-166.
  • Robinson, W. I. (2018). Accumulation Crisis and Global Police State. Critical Sociology, 1-14.
  • Robinson, W. I. (2019). Küresel Kapitalist Kriz ve 21. Yüzyıl Faşizmi: Trump’ın ötesinde (G. Demir, Çev.), Praksis, 2019/2, 13-36.
  • Rucki, S. M. (2011). Global Economic Crisis and China’s Challenge to Global Hegemony: A Neo-Gramscian Approach. New Political Science, 33(3), 335-355.
  • Schmitt, C. (2005). Political Theology (G. Schwab, Çev.) Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Statista. (29 Ocak 2021). Cumulative number of coronavirus cases in the UK as of Jnauary 2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1101958/cumulative-coronavirus-cases-in-the-uk/.
  • Statista. (29 Ocak 2021). Number of coronavirus deaths in the United Kingdom 2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1109595/coronavirus-mortality-in-the-uk/. Surber, R. S. (2020). Corona Pan(dem)ic: Gateway to Global Surveillance. Ethics and Information Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09569-5. Tansel, C. B. (2017). Authoritarian Neoliberalism: Towards A New Research Agenda, C.B. Tansel (Ed.), States of Discipline (ss. 1-28). London: Routledge.
  • Uluslararası Af Örgütü. (2020). Policing The Pandemic: Human Rights Violations In The Enforcement of Covid-19 Measures In Europe. Amnesty International Report, Erişim adresi: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur01/2511/2020/en/.
  • Wolff, R. (9 Ocak 2021). Does Capitalism Actually Reduce Poverty?[Video]. The Gravel Institute. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Co4FES0ehyI.

Transformation of the Security State in the Pandemic Era

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: Özel Sayı, 97 - 115, 17.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.912811

Abstract

Covid-19 pandemic has created a turning point on the description and function of state. This turning point has demonstrated the frequent crises of neoliberalism which has been the dominant macro-economic and social system since the last quarter of the previous century. This system that is based on profit maximization via privatization and liberalization paved the way social protests through the crises in regional and global scale. Neoliberal state, in core and periphery, has gradually resorted to the security measures to response these protest waves. The measures verify in order the wage employees to be under pressure against the capital groups. Therefore, security state which includes various disciplinary mechanisms has been carried out as a solution to crisis of accumulation. The concept to explain the security state will be ‘state of emergency’. The reshaped state structure in favor of capital can be analyzed over this concept. In the meantime, state of emergency draws a good framework to understand the authoritarianization within the pandemic era. Increasing security measures, pressure and regulation for the capital groups are crucial to examine the current situation. State of emergency has caused the implications against the minority groups as much as against the wage employees. One of the places where these kinds of examples have been experienced is Britain. Britain, like many countries, put the implications of state of emergency into practice and brought the rules that limit the labor force and social life into effect. However, these rules are not intended for wage workers, but for the interests of the capital groups. It has also been observed that the pandemic has increased the existing inequality and triggered discrimination on the subaltern in lots of European countries Thus, the pandemic should not only be viewed as a biological catastrophe but also viewed as a fact makes social tensions more fragile. This study analyzes the tie between security state that has become apparent in the pandemic and neoliberalism through the case of Britain.

References

  • Agamben, G. (2005). State of exception (K. Attell, Çev.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Arato, J., Claussen, K. ve Heath, J. B. (2020). The Perils of pandemic Exceptionalism. The American Society of International Law, 114(4), 627-636.
  • Arestis, P. ve Sawyer, M. (2005). Neoliberalism and The Third Way. A. Saad-Filho ve D. Johnston (Ed.), Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader (177-183). Londra: Pluto Press.
  • BBC. (2020). Coronavirus: The World In Lockdown In Maps and Charts., 6 Nisan. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52103747.
  • Borri, F. (2020). The Problem Is Not covid-19, The Problem Is This Country, 28 Ekim. Byline Times. Erişim adresi: https://byl_net_mes.com/2020/10/28/hyde-park-leeds-food-bank-pandem_c-poverty-br_ta_n/.
  • Boukalas, C. (2016). Olağanüstülük Yok: Otoriter Devletçilik. Agamben, Poulantzas ve İç Güvenlik (A. Aygen, Çev.), Praksis, 2016(1): 41-67.
  • Brewer, M. ve Patrick, R. (2021). Pandemic Pressures: Why families On A Low Income Are Spending More During Covid-19., Ocak 2021. Resolution Foundation Briefing, 1-21. Erişim adresi: https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/pandemic-pressures/.
  • Chang, H. J. ve Grabel, I. (2004). Reclaiming Development From The Washington Consensus, The Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2), 273-291.
  • Dale, G. (3 Aralık 2020). Lockdown politics: A response to Panagiotis Sotiris. Historical Materialism. Erişim adresi: https://www.hstorcalmateralsm.org/blog/lockdown-poltcs-response-to-panagots-sotrs.
  • Duménil, G. ve Lévy, D. (2005). The Neoliberal (Counter-) Revolution, A. Saad-Filho ve D. Johnson (Eds.), Neoliberalism: A critical Reader (ss. 9-20), London: Pluto Press.
  • Duménil, G. ve Lévy, D. (2011). The Crisis of Neoliberalism. London: Harvard University Press.
  • Foucault, M. (2019). Güvenlik, Toprak, Nüfus: College de France Dersleri 1977-1978 (F. Taylan, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Goldstein, J. S. (1988). Long Cycles: Prosperity and War In Modern Age. London: Yale University Press.
  • Gustafsson, M. (2020, Mayıs 19). Young workers in the coronavirus crisis. Resolution Foundation. Erişim adresi: https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/young-workers-in-the-coronavirus-crisis/.
  • He, A. J., Shi, Y. ve Liu, H. (2020). Crisis Governance, Chinese Style: Distinctive Features of China’s Reponse to The Covid-19 Pandemic. Policy Design and Practice, DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2020.1799911.
  • Izhar, S. (2020, Nisan 28). Prisoners of State (Critique In Times of Coronavirus). Critical Legal Thinking. Erişim adresi: https://cr_t_callegalth_nk_ng.com/2020/04/28/pr_soners-of-state-cr_t_que-_n-t_mes-of-coronav_rus/.
  • John Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center (t.y.). New Cases of Covid-19 In World Countries. Erişim adresi: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/new-cases.
  • Kondratieff, N. D. ve Stolper, W. F. (1935). The Long Waves In Economic Life. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 17(6), 105-115.
  • Lapavitsas, C. (ed.) (2017). Finansallaşma ve Kapitalizmin Krizi (T. Öncel, Çev.). İstanbul: Yordam.
  • Lesly, J. ve McCurdy, C. (2020, Mayıs 15). The Economic Effects of Coronavirus In The UK. Resolution Foundation. Erişim adresi: https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/the-economic-effects-of-coronavirus-in-the-uk/.
  • Moody, K. (8 Nisan 2020), How “just-in-time” Capitalism Spread Covid-19, Spectre Journal. Erişim adresi: https://spectrejournal.com/how-just-in-time-capitalism-spread-covid-19/.
  • Moreno-Brid, J. C., Caldentey, E. P. ve Nápoles, P. R. (2004). The Washington Consensus: A Latin American Perspective Fifteen Years Later. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(2): 345-365.
  • Neal, A. W. (2010). Exceptionalism and The Politics of Counter-Terrorism. London: Routledge.
  • Neocleous, M. (2006). From Social to National Security: On The Fabrication of Economic Order. Security Dialogue, 37(3), 363-384.
  • Neocleous, M. (2007a). Security, Liberty and The Myth of Balance: Towards A Critique of Security Politics. Contemporary Political Theory, 6, 131-149.
  • Neocleous, M. (2007b). Security, Commodity, Fetishism. Critique, 35(3), 339-355.
  • OXFAM (Ocak 2021). The Inequality Virus. OXFAM Briefing Paper. https://www.oxfam.ca/publication/the-inequality-virus-bringing-together-a-world-torn-apart-by-coronavirus/.
  • Peoples, C. ve Vaughan-Williams, N. (2010). Critical Security Studies: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
  • Poulantzas, N. (2014). Siyasal İktidar ve Toplumsal Sınıflar (Ş. Ünsaldı, Çev.). Ankara: Epos.
  • Rab, L. ve Kettler, K. (2020). Perspective of Sustainable Development In Post-Pandemic World: Surveillance Capitalism and Hopes. Socialist Register, 4(2), 159-166.
  • Robinson, W. I. (2018). Accumulation Crisis and Global Police State. Critical Sociology, 1-14.
  • Robinson, W. I. (2019). Küresel Kapitalist Kriz ve 21. Yüzyıl Faşizmi: Trump’ın ötesinde (G. Demir, Çev.), Praksis, 2019/2, 13-36.
  • Rucki, S. M. (2011). Global Economic Crisis and China’s Challenge to Global Hegemony: A Neo-Gramscian Approach. New Political Science, 33(3), 335-355.
  • Schmitt, C. (2005). Political Theology (G. Schwab, Çev.) Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Statista. (29 Ocak 2021). Cumulative number of coronavirus cases in the UK as of Jnauary 2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1101958/cumulative-coronavirus-cases-in-the-uk/.
  • Statista. (29 Ocak 2021). Number of coronavirus deaths in the United Kingdom 2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1109595/coronavirus-mortality-in-the-uk/. Surber, R. S. (2020). Corona Pan(dem)ic: Gateway to Global Surveillance. Ethics and Information Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09569-5. Tansel, C. B. (2017). Authoritarian Neoliberalism: Towards A New Research Agenda, C.B. Tansel (Ed.), States of Discipline (ss. 1-28). London: Routledge.
  • Uluslararası Af Örgütü. (2020). Policing The Pandemic: Human Rights Violations In The Enforcement of Covid-19 Measures In Europe. Amnesty International Report, Erişim adresi: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur01/2511/2020/en/.
  • Wolff, R. (9 Ocak 2021). Does Capitalism Actually Reduce Poverty?[Video]. The Gravel Institute. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Co4FES0ehyI.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Taşkın Toprak İpek 0000-0002-3252-7515

Publication Date November 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

APA İpek, T. T. (2021). Salgın Döneminde Güvenlik Devletinin Dönüşümü. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(Özel Sayı), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.912811