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THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT

Year 1997, Volume: 5 Issue: 1&2, 147 - 178, 29.12.1997
https://doi.org/10.29228/mjes.325

Abstract

The objective of the article is to assess the impact of enlargement on the evolution
of the relationship between deepening and widening of the Community. The article
deals with the enlargements of the 1970s and 1980s, the 1995 enlargement and
the probable Eastern enlargement of the EU and how they affect the process of
deepening of the Community. Having presented the evidence that widening has so
far been accompanied by modest deepening via limited institutional reform which resulted
in the eventual extension of the powers of the EC's institutions, it concludes by
arguing that the future enlargements of the EU will succeed only if widening is reconciled
with deepening in a Community model of differentiated integration.

References

  • Bideleux, R. (1996), "The Southern Enlargement of the EC", in R. Bideleux and R. Taylor (eds), European Integration and Disintegration, London: Routledge, 127 ·153.
  • Bieber, R. et al (1985), An Ever Closer Union? A Critical Analysis of the Draft Treaty Es· tablishing the European Union, Brussels: Commission of the ECfThe European Perspectives Series.
  • ••••••••••••••••. (1988), 1992 One European Market? A Critical Analysis of the Commission's In· temal Market Strategy, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
  • Cameron, D. (1992), "The 1992 Initiative: Causes and Consequences", in A. Sbragia (ed.), Euro-Politics: Institutions and Policy-Making in the New European Community, Washington: Brookings Institution, 23·74.
  • Cameron, F. (1995), "The European Union and the Fourth Enlargement", Journal of Common Market Studies, 33, Annual Review, 17·34.
  • Commission of the EC. (1985), Completing the Internal Market. White Paper from the Com· mission to the European Council, Brussels: COM (85) 310.
  • ••••••••••••••••. (1986), Single European Act, Bulletin of the EC, Supplement 2·86.
  • ••••••••••••••••. (1992) "Europe and the Challenge of Enlargement", Bulletin of the EC, Supple· ment 3·92.
  • Corbett, R. (1993), Maastricht, From Conception to Ratification: A Comprehensive Reference Guide, Essex: Longman.
  • Corbey, D. (1995), "Dialectical Functionalism: Stagnation as a Booster of European In· tegration", International Organization, 49 (2), 253·84.
  • Den Hartog, A. (1992), "Greece and the European Political Union", in F. Laursen and S. Van· hoonacker (eds.), The Intergovernmental Conference on European Political Union, Maas· tricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 80-97.
  • Duff, A. et al (eds.) (1994), Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union, London: Routledge.
  • DukeS. (1996), "The Second Death (or the Second Coming?) of the WEU", Journal of Com· mon Market Studies, 34 (2), 167-96. THE EUROPE AN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT 175
  • Edwards, G. (1991), "The EC and EFTA: Wider but Deeper?", Paradigms, 5 (1-2), 28-41. European Council of the EC. (1992), Conclusions of the Presidency in Lisbon, 26-27 June 1992, Agence Europe, 28 June 1992.
  • ----------------. (1993), Conclusions of the Presideny in Copenhagen, 21-22 June 1993, Europe Documents, 24 June 1993. Falkner, G. and Nentwich, M. (1995), European Union: Democratic Perspectives After 1996, Wien: Service Fachverlag.
  • Federal Trust. (1995), Building the Union: Refonn of the Institutions, Federal Trust Papers No. 3, London: PSI Publishers. George, S. (1990), An Awkward Partner: Britian in the European Community, Oxford University Press. George, S. (1992), "The EC in the New Europe", in C. Crouch and D. Marquand (eds), Towards Greater Europe? A Continent Without An Iron Curtain, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 52-63. Granell, F. (1995), "The EU's Enlargement Negotiations with Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden", Journal of Common Market Studies, 33 (1), 117-41.
  • Hartley, T. (1993), "Constitutional and Institutional Aspects of the Maastricht Agreemenr, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 42 (2), 213-37.
  • Hennes, M. (1996), "The Reflection Group of the European Union", Aussen-Politik, 1/96, 33- 40.
  • Holland, M. (1993), European Community Integration, London: Pinter.
  • Hughes, K. (1996), "The 1996 Intergovernmental Conference and EU Enlargement", International Affairs, 72 (1 ). 1-8.
  • Kahraman, S. (1996) Institutional Refonn and Political Change in the European Community: From the 1950s to the 1980s, Unpublished Ph. D. diss., Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Keohane, R.O. and Hoffmann, S. (1991), "Institutional Change in Europe in the 1980s", in R.O. Keohane and S. Hoffmann (eds), The New European Community: Decision-Making and Institutional Change, Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1-39.
  • Langeheine, B. and Weinstock, U. (1985), "Graduated Integration: A Modest Path Towards Progres", Journal of Common Market Studies, 23 (3), 185-97. 176 MARMARA JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES
  • Laurent, P-H. (1994), "Widening Europe: The Dilemmas of Community", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 531, 114-40.
  • Laursen, F. and Vanhoonacker, S. (eds.) (1992), The Intergovernmental Conference on European Political Union, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration.
  • Laursen, F. (1993), "The Maastricht Treaty and Its Implications for the Nordic Countries", Cooperation and Conflict, 28 (2), 115-41.
  • ----------------. (1994), "Denmark and The Ratification of the Maastricht Treaty", in F. Laursen and S. Vanhoonacker (eds.), The Ratification of the Maastricht Treaty: Issues, Debates and Future Implications, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 86-102.
  • Lindberg, L. and Scheingold, S. (1970), Europe's Would-Be Polity, New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Lodge, J. (ed.) (1986), European Union: The European Economic Community in the Search of a Future, London: Macmillan.
  • ----------------. {1987), "The Single European Act and the New Legislative Cooperation Procedure", Journal of European Integration, 11 (1 ), 5-28.
  • ----------------. (1989), "The European Parliament, From Assembly to Co-legislature: Changing the Institutional Dynamics", in J. Lodge (ed), The European Community and the Challenge of the Future, London: Pinter, 58-79.
  • ----------------. (1990), "EC Decision-Making: Towards the Single European Market", in D.W. Urwin and W.E. Paterson (eds.), Politics in Western Europe Today, London: Longman, 206- 26.
  • Ludlow, P. (1991), "The European Commission", in R.O. Keohane and S. Hoffmann (eds), The New European Community: Decision-Making and Institutional Change, Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 85-1 32.
  • Michalski, M. and Wallace, H. (1992), The European Community: The Challenge of Enlargement, London: AliA.
  • Miles, L., et al (1993), "Integration Theory and the Enlargement of the European Union", in C. Rhodes and S. Mazey (eds), The State of the European Union, Vol. 3, Building a European Polity?, Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner, 177-94.
  • Moravcsik, A. (1991), "Negotiating the Single European Act", in R.O. Keohane and S. Hoffmann {eds), The New European Community: Decisionmaking and Institutional Change, Boulder, Co.: Westwiew Press, 41-84. THE EUROPE AN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT 177
  • Moravcsik; A. (1994), "Preference and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Inter· govemmentalist Approach", in S. Bulmer and A. Scott (eds), Economic and Political Integration in Europe: Internal Dynamics and Global Context, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 29-80.
  • Nugent, N. (1992), "The Deepening and Widening of the European Community: Recent Evolution, Maastricht and Beyond", Journal of Common Market Studies, 30 (3), 311-28.
  • Nugent, N. (1995), "Editorial: Redefining Europe", Journal of Common Market StudieS, 33, Annual Review, 1-16.
  • Pedersen, T. (1992), "Political Change in the EC: The Single European Act as a Case of System Transformation", Cooperation and Conflict, 27 (1), 7-44.
  • ---·------------. (1993), "The Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Challenge of Enlargement", in 0. Norgaard et al (eds), The European Community in World Politics, London: Pinter, 31-51.
  • ----------------. (1994), The European Union and the EFTA Countries, London: Pinter.
  • Pinder, J. (1991 ), The European Community: Building a European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Preston, C. (1995), "Obstacles to EU Enlargement: The Classical Community Method and the Prospects for a Wider Europe", Journal of Common Market Studies, 33 (3), 450-63.
  • Redmond, J. (ed.) (1992), The External Relations of The European Community: The Inter· national Response to 1992, London: Macmillan.
  • Redmond, J. (1993), The Next Mediterranean Enlargement of the EC: Turkey, Malta and Cyprus, Aldershot: Dartmouth.
  • Rosenthal, G. (1982), The Mediterranean Basin: Its Political Economy and Changing International Relations, London: Butterworths.
  • Rummel, R. (1994), "West European Cooperation in Foreign and Security Policy", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 531 , 112-23.
  • Siotis, J. (1983), "Greece: Characteristics and Motives for Entry", in J.A. Payno and J.L. Samprado (eds). The Enlargement of the European Community, London: Macmillan, 50-72.
  • Stubb. C-G, A. (1996), "A Categorization of Differentiated Integration", Journal of Common Market Studies, 34 (2), 283-95.
  • Taylor, P. (1983), The Limits of European Integration, London: Croom Helm. ·'
  • 178 MARMARA JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES
  • ----------------. (1989), "The New Dynamics of EC Integration in the 1980s", in J. Lodge (ed), Th.e European Community and the Challenge of the Future, London: Pinter, 3-25. "The Community's Enlargement: The Benelux Memorandum", submitted to the European Council of Lisbon, Europe Documents, 27 June 1992, No. 1789.
  • The Reflection Group Report(1995), SN 520/95 (REFLEX 21), Brussels, 5 December.
  • Tindemans, L. (1976), Report on European Union, Bulletin of the EC, Supplement 1-76. Tranholm-Mikkelsen, J. (1991), "Neofunctionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete?", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 20 (1), 1-22.
  • Tsoukalis, L. (1981), The European Community and Its Mediterranean Enlargement, London: George Allen and Unwin. Van K. Kersbergen and Verbeek, B. (1994), "The Politics of Subsidiarity in the European Union", Journal of Common Market Studies, 32 (2), 215-36.
  • Verney, S. (1987), "Greece and the EC", inK. Featherstone and D. Kautsoudas (eds), Political Change in Greece: Before and After the Colonels, London: Croom Helm, 253-70.
  • Wallace, H (1985), Europe: The Challenge of Diversity, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul for the AliA.
  • Wallace, H. (1989), Widening and Deepening: The European Community and the New European Agenda, London: AliA.
  • Wallace, W. (1983), "Less Than a Federation, More Than a Regime: The Community as a Political System", in H. Wallace et al (eds), Policy-Making in the European Community, Chichester: Wiley.
  • Wilke, M. and Wallace, H. (1990), Subsidiarity: Approaches to Power-Sharing in the European Community, London: AliA.

THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT

Year 1997, Volume: 5 Issue: 1&2, 147 - 178, 29.12.1997
https://doi.org/10.29228/mjes.325

Abstract

The objective of the article is to assess the impact of enlargement on the evolution
of the relationship between deepening and widening of the Community. The article
deals with the enlargements of the 1970s and 1980s, the 1995 enlargement and
the probable Eastern enlargement of the EU and how they affect the process of
deepening of the Community. Having presented the evidence that widening has so
far been accompanied by modest deepening via limited institutional reform which resulted
in the eventual extension of the powers of the EC's institutions, it concludes by
arguing that the future enlargements of the EU will succeed only if widening is reconciled
with deepening in a Community model of differentiated integration.

References

  • Bideleux, R. (1996), "The Southern Enlargement of the EC", in R. Bideleux and R. Taylor (eds), European Integration and Disintegration, London: Routledge, 127 ·153.
  • Bieber, R. et al (1985), An Ever Closer Union? A Critical Analysis of the Draft Treaty Es· tablishing the European Union, Brussels: Commission of the ECfThe European Perspectives Series.
  • ••••••••••••••••. (1988), 1992 One European Market? A Critical Analysis of the Commission's In· temal Market Strategy, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
  • Cameron, D. (1992), "The 1992 Initiative: Causes and Consequences", in A. Sbragia (ed.), Euro-Politics: Institutions and Policy-Making in the New European Community, Washington: Brookings Institution, 23·74.
  • Cameron, F. (1995), "The European Union and the Fourth Enlargement", Journal of Common Market Studies, 33, Annual Review, 17·34.
  • Commission of the EC. (1985), Completing the Internal Market. White Paper from the Com· mission to the European Council, Brussels: COM (85) 310.
  • ••••••••••••••••. (1986), Single European Act, Bulletin of the EC, Supplement 2·86.
  • ••••••••••••••••. (1992) "Europe and the Challenge of Enlargement", Bulletin of the EC, Supple· ment 3·92.
  • Corbett, R. (1993), Maastricht, From Conception to Ratification: A Comprehensive Reference Guide, Essex: Longman.
  • Corbey, D. (1995), "Dialectical Functionalism: Stagnation as a Booster of European In· tegration", International Organization, 49 (2), 253·84.
  • Den Hartog, A. (1992), "Greece and the European Political Union", in F. Laursen and S. Van· hoonacker (eds.), The Intergovernmental Conference on European Political Union, Maas· tricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 80-97.
  • Duff, A. et al (eds.) (1994), Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union, London: Routledge.
  • DukeS. (1996), "The Second Death (or the Second Coming?) of the WEU", Journal of Com· mon Market Studies, 34 (2), 167-96. THE EUROPE AN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT 175
  • Edwards, G. (1991), "The EC and EFTA: Wider but Deeper?", Paradigms, 5 (1-2), 28-41. European Council of the EC. (1992), Conclusions of the Presidency in Lisbon, 26-27 June 1992, Agence Europe, 28 June 1992.
  • ----------------. (1993), Conclusions of the Presideny in Copenhagen, 21-22 June 1993, Europe Documents, 24 June 1993. Falkner, G. and Nentwich, M. (1995), European Union: Democratic Perspectives After 1996, Wien: Service Fachverlag.
  • Federal Trust. (1995), Building the Union: Refonn of the Institutions, Federal Trust Papers No. 3, London: PSI Publishers. George, S. (1990), An Awkward Partner: Britian in the European Community, Oxford University Press. George, S. (1992), "The EC in the New Europe", in C. Crouch and D. Marquand (eds), Towards Greater Europe? A Continent Without An Iron Curtain, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 52-63. Granell, F. (1995), "The EU's Enlargement Negotiations with Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden", Journal of Common Market Studies, 33 (1), 117-41.
  • Hartley, T. (1993), "Constitutional and Institutional Aspects of the Maastricht Agreemenr, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 42 (2), 213-37.
  • Hennes, M. (1996), "The Reflection Group of the European Union", Aussen-Politik, 1/96, 33- 40.
  • Holland, M. (1993), European Community Integration, London: Pinter.
  • Hughes, K. (1996), "The 1996 Intergovernmental Conference and EU Enlargement", International Affairs, 72 (1 ). 1-8.
  • Kahraman, S. (1996) Institutional Refonn and Political Change in the European Community: From the 1950s to the 1980s, Unpublished Ph. D. diss., Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Keohane, R.O. and Hoffmann, S. (1991), "Institutional Change in Europe in the 1980s", in R.O. Keohane and S. Hoffmann (eds), The New European Community: Decision-Making and Institutional Change, Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1-39.
  • Langeheine, B. and Weinstock, U. (1985), "Graduated Integration: A Modest Path Towards Progres", Journal of Common Market Studies, 23 (3), 185-97. 176 MARMARA JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES
  • Laurent, P-H. (1994), "Widening Europe: The Dilemmas of Community", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 531, 114-40.
  • Laursen, F. and Vanhoonacker, S. (eds.) (1992), The Intergovernmental Conference on European Political Union, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration.
  • Laursen, F. (1993), "The Maastricht Treaty and Its Implications for the Nordic Countries", Cooperation and Conflict, 28 (2), 115-41.
  • ----------------. (1994), "Denmark and The Ratification of the Maastricht Treaty", in F. Laursen and S. Vanhoonacker (eds.), The Ratification of the Maastricht Treaty: Issues, Debates and Future Implications, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 86-102.
  • Lindberg, L. and Scheingold, S. (1970), Europe's Would-Be Polity, New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Lodge, J. (ed.) (1986), European Union: The European Economic Community in the Search of a Future, London: Macmillan.
  • ----------------. {1987), "The Single European Act and the New Legislative Cooperation Procedure", Journal of European Integration, 11 (1 ), 5-28.
  • ----------------. (1989), "The European Parliament, From Assembly to Co-legislature: Changing the Institutional Dynamics", in J. Lodge (ed), The European Community and the Challenge of the Future, London: Pinter, 58-79.
  • ----------------. (1990), "EC Decision-Making: Towards the Single European Market", in D.W. Urwin and W.E. Paterson (eds.), Politics in Western Europe Today, London: Longman, 206- 26.
  • Ludlow, P. (1991), "The European Commission", in R.O. Keohane and S. Hoffmann (eds), The New European Community: Decision-Making and Institutional Change, Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 85-1 32.
  • Michalski, M. and Wallace, H. (1992), The European Community: The Challenge of Enlargement, London: AliA.
  • Miles, L., et al (1993), "Integration Theory and the Enlargement of the European Union", in C. Rhodes and S. Mazey (eds), The State of the European Union, Vol. 3, Building a European Polity?, Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner, 177-94.
  • Moravcsik, A. (1991), "Negotiating the Single European Act", in R.O. Keohane and S. Hoffmann {eds), The New European Community: Decisionmaking and Institutional Change, Boulder, Co.: Westwiew Press, 41-84. THE EUROPE AN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT 177
  • Moravcsik; A. (1994), "Preference and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Inter· govemmentalist Approach", in S. Bulmer and A. Scott (eds), Economic and Political Integration in Europe: Internal Dynamics and Global Context, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 29-80.
  • Nugent, N. (1992), "The Deepening and Widening of the European Community: Recent Evolution, Maastricht and Beyond", Journal of Common Market Studies, 30 (3), 311-28.
  • Nugent, N. (1995), "Editorial: Redefining Europe", Journal of Common Market StudieS, 33, Annual Review, 1-16.
  • Pedersen, T. (1992), "Political Change in the EC: The Single European Act as a Case of System Transformation", Cooperation and Conflict, 27 (1), 7-44.
  • ---·------------. (1993), "The Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Challenge of Enlargement", in 0. Norgaard et al (eds), The European Community in World Politics, London: Pinter, 31-51.
  • ----------------. (1994), The European Union and the EFTA Countries, London: Pinter.
  • Pinder, J. (1991 ), The European Community: Building a European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Preston, C. (1995), "Obstacles to EU Enlargement: The Classical Community Method and the Prospects for a Wider Europe", Journal of Common Market Studies, 33 (3), 450-63.
  • Redmond, J. (ed.) (1992), The External Relations of The European Community: The Inter· national Response to 1992, London: Macmillan.
  • Redmond, J. (1993), The Next Mediterranean Enlargement of the EC: Turkey, Malta and Cyprus, Aldershot: Dartmouth.
  • Rosenthal, G. (1982), The Mediterranean Basin: Its Political Economy and Changing International Relations, London: Butterworths.
  • Rummel, R. (1994), "West European Cooperation in Foreign and Security Policy", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 531 , 112-23.
  • Siotis, J. (1983), "Greece: Characteristics and Motives for Entry", in J.A. Payno and J.L. Samprado (eds). The Enlargement of the European Community, London: Macmillan, 50-72.
  • Stubb. C-G, A. (1996), "A Categorization of Differentiated Integration", Journal of Common Market Studies, 34 (2), 283-95.
  • Taylor, P. (1983), The Limits of European Integration, London: Croom Helm. ·'
  • 178 MARMARA JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIES
  • ----------------. (1989), "The New Dynamics of EC Integration in the 1980s", in J. Lodge (ed), Th.e European Community and the Challenge of the Future, London: Pinter, 3-25. "The Community's Enlargement: The Benelux Memorandum", submitted to the European Council of Lisbon, Europe Documents, 27 June 1992, No. 1789.
  • The Reflection Group Report(1995), SN 520/95 (REFLEX 21), Brussels, 5 December.
  • Tindemans, L. (1976), Report on European Union, Bulletin of the EC, Supplement 1-76. Tranholm-Mikkelsen, J. (1991), "Neofunctionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete?", Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 20 (1), 1-22.
  • Tsoukalis, L. (1981), The European Community and Its Mediterranean Enlargement, London: George Allen and Unwin. Van K. Kersbergen and Verbeek, B. (1994), "The Politics of Subsidiarity in the European Union", Journal of Common Market Studies, 32 (2), 215-36.
  • Verney, S. (1987), "Greece and the EC", inK. Featherstone and D. Kautsoudas (eds), Political Change in Greece: Before and After the Colonels, London: Croom Helm, 253-70.
  • Wallace, H (1985), Europe: The Challenge of Diversity, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul for the AliA.
  • Wallace, H. (1989), Widening and Deepening: The European Community and the New European Agenda, London: AliA.
  • Wallace, W. (1983), "Less Than a Federation, More Than a Regime: The Community as a Political System", in H. Wallace et al (eds), Policy-Making in the European Community, Chichester: Wiley.
  • Wilke, M. and Wallace, H. (1990), Subsidiarity: Approaches to Power-Sharing in the European Community, London: AliA.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Sevilay Kahraman This is me

Publication Date December 29, 1997
Published in Issue Year 1997 Volume: 5 Issue: 1&2

Cite

APA Kahraman, S. (1997). THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT. Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1&2), 147-178. https://doi.org/10.29228/mjes.325
AMA Kahraman S. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT. MJES. December 1997;5(1&2):147-178. doi:10.29228/mjes.325
Chicago Kahraman, Sevilay. “THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT”. Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, no. 1&2 (December 1997): 147-78. https://doi.org/10.29228/mjes.325.
EndNote Kahraman S (December 1, 1997) THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT. Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 5 1&2 147–178.
IEEE S. Kahraman, “THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT”, MJES, vol. 5, no. 1 & 2, pp. 147–178, 1997, doi: 10.29228/mjes.325.
ISNAD Kahraman, Sevilay. “THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT”. Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 5/1 & 2 (December 1997), 147-178. https://doi.org/10.29228/mjes.325.
JAMA Kahraman S. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT. MJES. 1997;5:147–178.
MLA Kahraman, Sevilay. “THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT”. Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1&2, 1997, pp. 147-78, doi:10.29228/mjes.325.
Vancouver Kahraman S. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CHALLENGE OF ENLARGEMENT. MJES. 1997;5(1&2):147-78.