The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Impact of Mindfulness on Subjective Happiness: A Research on University Students

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 51 Sayı: 51, 95 - 115, 15.01.2020

Hakan Bektaş , İrmak Arslan

https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.579985

Cited By: 5

Öz

This study examines the role of self-esteem as a mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and subjective happiness. The sample of the study consists of 350 university students. Within this scope, the study uses a personal information form, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and performs exploratory factor, correlation, and regression analyses based on the collected data set. Significant positive relationships have been found between subjective happiness and mindfulness and between subjective happiness and self-esteem. In addition, a significant positive relationship has been found between the variables of self-esteem and mindfulness. When evaluating self-esteem as a mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and subjective happiness, self-esteem is seen to have a statistically significant mediating effect. Through this study, self-esteem has been concluded to mediate the relationship between mindfulness and subjective happiness. As a result of this relationship, developing psychological intervention programs that include self-esteem modules and forming educational programs are recommended in order to increase self-esteem.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mindfulness, subjective happiness, self-esteem, university students

Bilinçli Farkındalığın Öznel Mutluluk Üzerine Etkisinde Benlik Saygısının Aracı Rolü: Üniversite Öğrencilerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu çalışmada bilinçli farkındalığın öznel mutluluk üzerine etkisinde benlik saygısının aracı rolü incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemini 350 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda kişisel bilgi formu, Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği, Öznel Mutluluk Ölçeği ve Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda toplanan veri kümesinden hareketle; açıklayıcı faktör analizi, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öznel mutlulukla bilinçli farkındalık ve öznel mutlulukla benlik saygısı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra benlik saygısı ile bilinçli farkındalık değişkenleri arasında pozitif yönde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Benlik saygısının bilinçli farkındalık ve öznel mutluluk ilişkisinde aracı rolü değerlendirildiğinde; benlik saygısının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir dolaylı etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışmayla benlik saygısının bilinçli farkındalık ve öznel mutluluk ilişkisine aracılık ettiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Tespit edilen bu ilişki doğrultusunda, geliştirilecek psikolojik müdahalelerde benlik saygısına yer verilmesi ve benlik saygısının arttırılmasına yönelik eğitim programları oluşturulması önerilmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilinçli farkındalık, öznel mutluluk, benlik saygısı, üniversite öğrencileri

Kaynakça

• Akyol, E. Y., & Işık, Ş. (2018). Akademisyenlerde mutluluğun yordayıcıları olarak farkındalık ve stresle başa çıkma tutumları. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 6(1), 1-17. http://www.journalofhappiness.net/frontend//articles/pdf/v0i0/akademisyenmutlulukpdf.pdf
• Anālayo, B. (2018). Adding historical depth to definitions of mindfulness. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 11-14, doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.09.013.
• Anic, P., & Tončić, M. (2013). Orientations to happiness, subjective well-being and life goals. Psihologijske teme, 22(1), 135-153. https://hrcak.srce.hr/100702
• Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L., & Peters, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 230-238. doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.674548
• Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2015). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.005
• Bajaj, B., Gupta, R., & Pande, N. (2016). Self-esteem mediates the relationship between mindfulness and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 96–100. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.020
• Bajaj, B., Robins, R. W., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between mindfulness, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 127–131. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.085
• Bajaj, B., Gupta, R., & Sengupta, S. (2018). Emotional stability and self-esteem as mediators between mindfulness and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-16, doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0046-4
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
• Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
• Campos, D., Cebolla, A., Quero, S., Bretón-López, J., Botella, C., Soler, J., García-Campayo, J., Demarzo, M. & Baños, R. M. (2016). Meditation and happiness: Mindfulness and self-compassion may mediate the meditation–happiness relationship. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 80-85. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.040
• Carpenter, J. K., Sanford, J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). The effect of a brief mindfulness training on distress tolerance and stress reactivity. Behavior Therapy, 50(3), 630-645. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.10.003
• Catak, P. D. (2012). The Turkish version of mindful attention awareness scale: preliminary findings. Mindfulness, 3(1), 1-9. doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0072-3
• Cesur, G., Sayraç, N., & Korkmaz, E. (2018). Çocukluk çağı örselenme yaşantıları ve sürekli kaygı arasındaki ilişkide bilinçli farkındalığın rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 33(81), 97-112. https://search.proquest.com/openview/04962eb86ccd577397e60cac1c81fe41/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=28562
• Cuğ, F. D. (2015). Self-forgiveness, self-compassion, subjective vitality, and orientation to happiness as predictors of subjective well-being. (PhD Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Deniz, M. E., Erus, S. M., & Büyükcebeci, A. (2017). Bilinçli farkındalık ile psikolojik iyi oluş ilişkisinde duygusal zekanın aracılık rolü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 7(47), 17-31. http://idealonline.com.tr/IdealOnline/pdfViewer/index.xhtml?uId=47943&ioM=Paper&preview=true&isViewer=true#pagemode=bookmarks adresinden alınmıştır.
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
• Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
• Diener, E., & Diener, M. (2009). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Ed Diener (Ed.), In Culture and well-being: The collected Works of Ed Diener, (p.71-91), Springer, Dordrecht, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0 4
• Doğan, T., & Totan, T. (2013). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of the Subjective Happiness Scale. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 1(1), 23-31. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c73f/f60f9b1cfae15f4826dead4745f7c4405ce0.pdf
• Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time & Society, 17(1), 47-61. doi:10.1177/0961463X07086304
• Falkenström, F. (2010). Studying mindfulness in experienced meditators: A quasi-experimental approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(3), 305-310. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.022
• Fiyaz, K., Majeed, S., & Khan, A. Q. (2016). Impact of styles of humor and self esteem on psychological well being of mental health professionals. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 13(2), 12-15.
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1378. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
• Griffin, P. W. & Ward, P. M. (2016). Happiness and subjective well-being. Howard S. Friedman (Ed.), In Encyclopedia of Mental Health, (Second edition), (p.285-293). Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. (Second edition). New York: Guilford Press.
• Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-meditators: A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 222-227. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.033
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are:mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
• Kara, E., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin depresyon düzeylerinin bilinçli farkındalık ile ilişkisi: Öz-kontrolün aracılık rolü. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 9-14. doi:10.5455/JCBPR.251016
• Kılıç, S., Akyol, E. Y., & Yoncalık, O. (2018) Üniversite öğrencilerinin değer yönelimleri ve farkındalıklarının mutluluk düzeylerinin yordaması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 6(1), 49-60. http://www.journalofhappiness.net/frontend//articles/pdf/v0i0/degerler-makalesabire2pdf.pdf
• Kong, F., Zhao, J., & You, X. (2013). Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among Chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 112(1), 151–161. doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0044-6
• Korkmaz, M. (1996). Yetişkin Örneklem için Bir Benlik Saygısı Ölçeğinin Güvenirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
• Lehto, J. E., Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L., & Repo, S. (2015). Measuring mindfulness and well-being in adults: The role of age and meditation experience. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 30-40. https://www.journalofhappiness.net/frontend/articles/pdf/v03i01/3(1).pdf
• Lin, C. C. (2015). Gratitude and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 30–34. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.017
• Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155. doi:10.1023/A:1006824100041
• MacConville, R., & Rae, T. (2012). Building Happiness, Resilience and Motivation in Adolescents : A Positive Psychology Curriculum for Well-Being. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. doi:10.1080/15298860309032
• Nettle, D. (2005). Happiness: The Science behind your Smile. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. (Third Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Orth, U., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (2010). Self-esteem development from young adulthood to old age: a cohort-sequential longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(4), 645-658. doi:10.1037/a0018769
• Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2019). Development of self-esteem across the lifespan. D. P. McAdams, R. L. Shiner, & J. L. Tackett (Eds.), In Handbook of personality development (pp. 328-344). New York, NY: Guilford.
• Oskay, G. (1997). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kimlik gelişim düzeylerinin bulundukları fakülte ve anabilim dallarına göre incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(13), 63-73. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hunefd/issue/7824/102832
• Öner, N. (2012). Türkiye’de Kullanılan Psikolojik Testlerden Örnekler. (7. Baskı). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., & Deniz, M. E. (2011). Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(160), 224-235. http://eb.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/697
• Pak, A. V., Ahmadian, H., & Rahimi, E. (2013). Efficacy of mindfulness training on enhancing happiness in women with pregnancy diabetes. Advances in Environmental Biology, 4203-4208. Pelham, B. W. & Swann, W. B. (1989). From Self-Conceptions to Self-Worth: On the Sources and Structure of Global Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 (4), 672-680. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1990-01321-001 adresinden alınmıştır.
• Pepping, C. A., O’Donovan, A. & Davis, P. J. (2013). The positive effects of mindfulness on self-esteem. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 376-386. doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.807353
• Pepping, C. A., Walters, B., Davis, P. J., & O’Donovan, A. (2016). Why Do People Practice Mindfulness? An Investigation into Reasons for Practicing Mindfulness Meditation. Mindfulness, 7(2), 542-547. doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0490-3
• Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 36(4), 717-731.
• Randal, C., Pratt, D., & Bucci, S. (2015). Mindfulness and self-esteem: A systematic review. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1366-1378. doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0407-6
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Şimşek, Ö. F., & Bozanoğlu, İ. (2011). From self-esteem to mental health: Empathy as mediator. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 42, 225-242. https://pam.arel.edu.tr/files/website/merkezler/pam-arel/Simsek%20%26%20Bozanoglu%2C%20(2011).pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
• Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. A. (2008). Mindfulness, self-esteem, and unconditional self-acceptance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 26(2), 119-126. doi: 10.1007/s10942-007-0059-0
• Vatan, S. (2016). Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapilerde üçüncü kuşak yaklaşımlar. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8(3),190-203. doi:10.18863/pgy.238183
• Woensel, R. V. (2018). Generation Z: a generation of low-self esteem. Do Social-Media Network Sites have a negative effect on internalization and social comparison mechanisms of young teenagers? (Master thesis) Tilburg University, Tilburg.