Araştırma Makalesi
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OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 37, 112 - 123, 30.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.14781/mcd.386165

Öz

OBOR (One Belt One Road-Bir Kuşak Bir Yol) Girişimi, Çin jeopolitiği
ve jeoekonomisinin bir gereği olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. OBOR, merkezinde Çin’in
yer aldığı Asya, Avrupa, Orta Doğu ve kısmen Afrika’yı da kapsayan, ulaşım
ağları, telekomünikasyon ve enerji ağları ile uluslararası entegrasyonun
hedeflendiği bir projedir. OBOR girişimi oldukça geniş bir coğrafi sınıra
sahiptir. 69 üye ülkeyi, dünya nüfusunun % 65’ini, dünya GYSYH’nIn % 42’sini,
bilinen enerji rezervlerinin % 75’ini, dünya kara yüzölçümünün % 40 kadarını
kapsamaktadır. Çin, OBOR sürecinde altyapı
yatırımlarını 30-35 yılda tamamlamayarak, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşunun
100. yılı olan 2049’da, girişime tüm yönlerliyle işlerlik kazandırmayı
planlamaktadır. Projelerin tamamlanması uzun vadeye yayılsa da, Çin o
n
yıl içinde OBOR ülkeleri arasında 2.5 trilyon ABD Doları değerinde yıllık
ticaret hacmine ulaşmayı hedeflemektedir. OBOR süreci yalnızca altyapı
projelerinden ibaret olarak görülmemelidir. Girişimin zaman içerisinde ticaret
hukukunda uyum, serbest ticaret bölgeleri oluşturma, gümrük anlaşmalarıyla
uluslararası bir entegrasyona dönüşeceği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, pek çok
yönüyle coğrafi mekânın konusu olan OBOR Girişimi’ni, gelişen süreçlerle
birlikte irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • AIIB, (2017). Members And prospective members of the bank. Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of- bank/index.html.
  • Bakırcı, M. (2014). Coğrafi açıdan anadolu’nun tarihi ulaşım ağı ve ipek yolu. 11 Kasım 2017 tarihinde http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2015/Prestij/avrsy%2045.pdf, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Breuer, J. (2017), Two Belts, One Road? The Role Of Africa In Chinas's Belt & Road Initiative, Retrieved October 21, 2017, from https://www.asienhaus.de/uploads/tx_news/Blickwechsel_OBOR-Afrika_01.pdf.
  • CFR, (2017), Beijing’s Silk Road Goes Digital, Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://www.cfr.org/blog/beijings-silk-road-goes-digital .
  • CNN, (2017), China's New World Order: Xi, Putin And Others Meet For Belt And Road Forum, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/13/asia/china-belt-and-road-forum-xi-putin-erdogan/index.html .
  • China Daily, (2017a), China Development Bank To Issue B&R Project Loans In Three Year, Retrieved October 25, 2017, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-06/02/content_29589669.htm .
  • China Daily, (2017b), China Sings Over 130 Transport Pacts With Belt And Road Countries, Retrieved October 25, 2017, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-04/20/content_29017833.htm .
  • Clemens, M. (2015), The Maritime Silk Road And The PLA, Retrieved November 6, 2017, from https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/maritime-silk-road.pdf .
  • DAWN, (2015), China’s New Silk Road: What’S In It For Pakistan?, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1177116 .
  • ECORYS, (2016), Opportunities in Asia Implications of the OBOR initiative, Retrieved October 23, 2017, from http://www.ecorys.nl/sites/default/files/NL2110- 31984rep.pdf .
  • EP (European Parlieament) Briefing, 2016, One Belt, One Road (OBOR): China's Regional Integration Initiative, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/586608/EPRS_BRI(2016)586608_EN.pdf .
  • Financial Times (2016), China Seeking To Revive The Silk Road, Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.ft.com/content/e99ff7a8-0bd8-11e6-9456- 444ab5211a2f .
  • Global Research, (2016), China Builds New Type Of Globalization, Retrieved October 24, 2017, from https://www.globalresearch.ca/china-builds-new-type-of- globalization/5593451 .
  • GR (2017). Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway, Retrieved November 7, 2017, from http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=290&lang=eng .
  • HKTDC, (2017a). The Belt and Road Initiative: Country Profiles, Retrieved October 26, 2017, from
  • http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/The-Belt-and-Road-Initiative/The-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-Country- Profiles/obor/en/1/1X000000/1X0A36I0.htm .
  • HKTDC, (2017b), The Belt and Road Initiative, Retrieved October 26, 2017, from
  • http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/The-Belt-and-Road-Initiative/The-Belt-and-Road- Initiative/obor/en/1/1X000000/1X0A36B7.htm .
  • ICSANA, (2014). Gwadar Port: Implications for GCC and China, Retrieved November 4, 2017, from http://www.icsana.com/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=433:gwadar-port-implications-for-gcc-and-chinacontinued&catid=9&Itemid=561&lang=en .
  • IMF Data (2017a), GDP Per Capita, Current Prices, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/CHN .
  • IMF Data (2017b), GDP Based On PPP, Share of World, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPSH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD .
  • Jinping X. (2017). Çin’in Yönetimi, Ankara, Kaynak Yayınları
  • Knoema, (2017), GDP Per Capita By Country, Retrieved October 24, 2017, from https://knoema.com/pjeqzh/gdp-per-capita-by-country-statistics-from-imf-1980- 2022?country=China .
  • Knight Frank, (2015), The Silk Road Economic Belt And 21ST Century Maritime Silk Road Implications For India, Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://kfcontent.blob.core.windows.net/research/1004/documents/en/silkroute-pdf-3580.pdf .
  • Koeber, A.R. (2017). Çin Ekonomisi, Herkesin Bilmesi Gerekenler, (Çev: M. MAZI). Ankara: Buzdağı Yayınevi.
  • Lin, C., (2017) The Belt and Road and China’s Long-term Visions in the Middle East, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from
  • http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/ISPSW-512%20Lin.pdf .
  • Maddison Project, (2014), New Maddison Project Database, Retrieved October 29, 2017, from http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm .
  • NDRC, (2015) Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html .
  • NextBigFuture (2017). Construction of China to Thailand High Speed rail to start in October, Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/08/construction-of-china-to-thailand-high-speed-rail-to-start-in-october.html .
  • Oktay, F. (2017). Çin, Yeni Büyük Güç ve Değişen Dünya Dengeleri, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları
  • Otgonsuren, B. (2015). Mongolia–China–Russia Economic Corridor Infrastructure Cooperation, Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.erina.or.jp/wp- content/uploads/2015/02/se12710_tssc.pdf .
  • Pajhwok (2017), China, Afghanistan Sign Agreement On Optic Fiber Link, Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/04/20/china- afghanistan-sign-agreement-optic-fiber-link .
  • Putten, F. & Meijnder, M., (2015), China, Europe and the Maritime Silk Road, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://files.bivec-gibet.eu/200000100- f016bf1131/China%20Europe%20and%20the%20Maritime%20Silk%20Road.pdf .
  • Putten, F.,Seaman, J., Huotari, M., Ekman, A. & Iglesias, M.O., (2016) Europe and China’s New Silk Roads, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/Europe_and_Chinas_New_Silk_Roads_0.pdf .
  • Recca, (2017). Afghanistan and China Sign Optic Fiber Agreement, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://recca.af/?p=2387 .
  • Sarvari, B. & Szeidovitz, A., (2016), The Political Economics of the New Silk Road, Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/bjes.2016.6.issue-1/bjes-2016-0001/bjes-2016-0001.pdf .
  • Serikkaliyeva, A. (2016). Çin'in Tek Kuşak, Tek Yol Girişimi İle İlgili Son Gelişmeler, 4 Kasım 2017 tarihinde http://www.ayu.edu.tr/static/aae_haftalik/aae_bulten_tr_73.pdf , adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Studwell, J. (2007). Çin Rüyası. (Çev. Z. SAKİN). (1. BASKI). İstanbul: Ledo Yayıncılık.
  • The Diplomat, (2017), China’s 'Digital Silk Road': Pitfalls Among High Hopes, Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/chinas-digital-silk- road-pitfalls-among-high-hopes/ .
  • Tekes Report, 2016, One Belt One Road: Insights For Finland, Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.tekes.fi/globalassets/julkaisut/future_watch_report_one_belt_one_road__insights_for_finland.pdf .
  • Tempo.Co, (2017). Contractors Sign Jakarta - Bandung Bullet Train Agreement, Retrieved December 1, 2017, from https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/04/05/056862802/Contractors-Sign-Jakarta---Bandung-Bullet-Train-Agreement .
  • The Nation (2016). China To Build Mega Oil Pipeline From Gwadar Kashgar, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from http://nation.com.pk/13-Jun-2016/china-to-build- mega-oil-pipeline-from-gwadar-to-kashgar .
  • Wong, P.N. & CHeng, J. N. (2015), Global Internal And External Reaches China, Retrieved October 25, 2017, from https://books.google.com.tr/books? id=FAm3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&dq=2806+km+771+km+myanmar&source=bl&ots=4VhOcH3Alq&sig=D- RYvgrvZoUiKdRafZtDftSJSLY&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJusOg59DXAhXSZFAKHQeBD3sQ6AEIVzAG#v=onepage&q=2806%20km%20771%20km%20myanma r&f=true .
  • Yanzhuo, X. (2016). Bir kuşak bir yol’da kazan-kazan işbirliği, China Today Türkiye, 25, 50-52.
  • Xinhuanet, (2017). China-Myanmar Crude Oil Pipeline Put Into Operation, Retrieved December 2, 2017, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017- 04/11/c_136199129.htm .

Geography of OBOR Attempt

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 37, 112 - 123, 30.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.14781/mcd.386165

Öz

OBOR attempt has manifested the force of Chinese
geopolitics and geoeconomics. OBOR is a project where China places in its
center and also involves Asia, Europe, Middle East and partly the Africa.
Transportation networks, telecommunication, energy networks with the
international integration are aimed at this project. OBOR attempt has pretty
large territorial limits. It covers 69 member countries, 65% of the world
population, 42% of the world’s GDP, 75% of the energy reserves known, 40% of
the square measure of lands of the world. China has planned the attempt to
bring into force in 2049 when will be the 100th year of the foundation of PRC
by completing the infrastructure investments within 30-35 years. Much as
completing the project has extended over a period, China targets to reach $2,5
trillion of annual trade volume among OBOR countries within ten years. OBOR
must not be seen as just composed of the infrastructure projects. It is
observed that the attempt is going to turn into an international integration by
the adaptation in commercial law, establishing free trade areas, and the
customs treatises. This paper aims to analyze OBOR attempt that is the subject
of the geographical location of the developing processes.

Kaynakça

  • AIIB, (2017). Members And prospective members of the bank. Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of- bank/index.html.
  • Bakırcı, M. (2014). Coğrafi açıdan anadolu’nun tarihi ulaşım ağı ve ipek yolu. 11 Kasım 2017 tarihinde http://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2015/Prestij/avrsy%2045.pdf, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Breuer, J. (2017), Two Belts, One Road? The Role Of Africa In Chinas's Belt & Road Initiative, Retrieved October 21, 2017, from https://www.asienhaus.de/uploads/tx_news/Blickwechsel_OBOR-Afrika_01.pdf.
  • CFR, (2017), Beijing’s Silk Road Goes Digital, Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://www.cfr.org/blog/beijings-silk-road-goes-digital .
  • CNN, (2017), China's New World Order: Xi, Putin And Others Meet For Belt And Road Forum, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/13/asia/china-belt-and-road-forum-xi-putin-erdogan/index.html .
  • China Daily, (2017a), China Development Bank To Issue B&R Project Loans In Three Year, Retrieved October 25, 2017, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-06/02/content_29589669.htm .
  • China Daily, (2017b), China Sings Over 130 Transport Pacts With Belt And Road Countries, Retrieved October 25, 2017, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-04/20/content_29017833.htm .
  • Clemens, M. (2015), The Maritime Silk Road And The PLA, Retrieved November 6, 2017, from https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/maritime-silk-road.pdf .
  • DAWN, (2015), China’s New Silk Road: What’S In It For Pakistan?, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.dawn.com/news/1177116 .
  • ECORYS, (2016), Opportunities in Asia Implications of the OBOR initiative, Retrieved October 23, 2017, from http://www.ecorys.nl/sites/default/files/NL2110- 31984rep.pdf .
  • EP (European Parlieament) Briefing, 2016, One Belt, One Road (OBOR): China's Regional Integration Initiative, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/586608/EPRS_BRI(2016)586608_EN.pdf .
  • Financial Times (2016), China Seeking To Revive The Silk Road, Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.ft.com/content/e99ff7a8-0bd8-11e6-9456- 444ab5211a2f .
  • Global Research, (2016), China Builds New Type Of Globalization, Retrieved October 24, 2017, from https://www.globalresearch.ca/china-builds-new-type-of- globalization/5593451 .
  • GR (2017). Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway, Retrieved November 7, 2017, from http://www.railway.ge/?web=0&action=page&p_id=290&lang=eng .
  • HKTDC, (2017a). The Belt and Road Initiative: Country Profiles, Retrieved October 26, 2017, from
  • http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/The-Belt-and-Road-Initiative/The-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-Country- Profiles/obor/en/1/1X000000/1X0A36I0.htm .
  • HKTDC, (2017b), The Belt and Road Initiative, Retrieved October 26, 2017, from
  • http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/The-Belt-and-Road-Initiative/The-Belt-and-Road- Initiative/obor/en/1/1X000000/1X0A36B7.htm .
  • ICSANA, (2014). Gwadar Port: Implications for GCC and China, Retrieved November 4, 2017, from http://www.icsana.com/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=433:gwadar-port-implications-for-gcc-and-chinacontinued&catid=9&Itemid=561&lang=en .
  • IMF Data (2017a), GDP Per Capita, Current Prices, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/CHN .
  • IMF Data (2017b), GDP Based On PPP, Share of World, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPSH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD .
  • Jinping X. (2017). Çin’in Yönetimi, Ankara, Kaynak Yayınları
  • Knoema, (2017), GDP Per Capita By Country, Retrieved October 24, 2017, from https://knoema.com/pjeqzh/gdp-per-capita-by-country-statistics-from-imf-1980- 2022?country=China .
  • Knight Frank, (2015), The Silk Road Economic Belt And 21ST Century Maritime Silk Road Implications For India, Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://kfcontent.blob.core.windows.net/research/1004/documents/en/silkroute-pdf-3580.pdf .
  • Koeber, A.R. (2017). Çin Ekonomisi, Herkesin Bilmesi Gerekenler, (Çev: M. MAZI). Ankara: Buzdağı Yayınevi.
  • Lin, C., (2017) The Belt and Road and China’s Long-term Visions in the Middle East, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from
  • http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/ISPSW-512%20Lin.pdf .
  • Maddison Project, (2014), New Maddison Project Database, Retrieved October 29, 2017, from http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm .
  • NDRC, (2015) Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html .
  • NextBigFuture (2017). Construction of China to Thailand High Speed rail to start in October, Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/08/construction-of-china-to-thailand-high-speed-rail-to-start-in-october.html .
  • Oktay, F. (2017). Çin, Yeni Büyük Güç ve Değişen Dünya Dengeleri, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları
  • Otgonsuren, B. (2015). Mongolia–China–Russia Economic Corridor Infrastructure Cooperation, Retrieved November 4, 2017, from https://www.erina.or.jp/wp- content/uploads/2015/02/se12710_tssc.pdf .
  • Pajhwok (2017), China, Afghanistan Sign Agreement On Optic Fiber Link, Retrieved November 3, 2017, from https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/04/20/china- afghanistan-sign-agreement-optic-fiber-link .
  • Putten, F. & Meijnder, M., (2015), China, Europe and the Maritime Silk Road, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://files.bivec-gibet.eu/200000100- f016bf1131/China%20Europe%20and%20the%20Maritime%20Silk%20Road.pdf .
  • Putten, F.,Seaman, J., Huotari, M., Ekman, A. & Iglesias, M.O., (2016) Europe and China’s New Silk Roads, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/Europe_and_Chinas_New_Silk_Roads_0.pdf .
  • Recca, (2017). Afghanistan and China Sign Optic Fiber Agreement, Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://recca.af/?p=2387 .
  • Sarvari, B. & Szeidovitz, A., (2016), The Political Economics of the New Silk Road, Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/bjes.2016.6.issue-1/bjes-2016-0001/bjes-2016-0001.pdf .
  • Serikkaliyeva, A. (2016). Çin'in Tek Kuşak, Tek Yol Girişimi İle İlgili Son Gelişmeler, 4 Kasım 2017 tarihinde http://www.ayu.edu.tr/static/aae_haftalik/aae_bulten_tr_73.pdf , adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Studwell, J. (2007). Çin Rüyası. (Çev. Z. SAKİN). (1. BASKI). İstanbul: Ledo Yayıncılık.
  • The Diplomat, (2017), China’s 'Digital Silk Road': Pitfalls Among High Hopes, Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/chinas-digital-silk- road-pitfalls-among-high-hopes/ .
  • Tekes Report, 2016, One Belt One Road: Insights For Finland, Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.tekes.fi/globalassets/julkaisut/future_watch_report_one_belt_one_road__insights_for_finland.pdf .
  • Tempo.Co, (2017). Contractors Sign Jakarta - Bandung Bullet Train Agreement, Retrieved December 1, 2017, from https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/04/05/056862802/Contractors-Sign-Jakarta---Bandung-Bullet-Train-Agreement .
  • The Nation (2016). China To Build Mega Oil Pipeline From Gwadar Kashgar, Retrieved November 5, 2017, from http://nation.com.pk/13-Jun-2016/china-to-build- mega-oil-pipeline-from-gwadar-to-kashgar .
  • Wong, P.N. & CHeng, J. N. (2015), Global Internal And External Reaches China, Retrieved October 25, 2017, from https://books.google.com.tr/books? id=FAm3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&dq=2806+km+771+km+myanmar&source=bl&ots=4VhOcH3Alq&sig=D- RYvgrvZoUiKdRafZtDftSJSLY&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJusOg59DXAhXSZFAKHQeBD3sQ6AEIVzAG#v=onepage&q=2806%20km%20771%20km%20myanma r&f=true .
  • Yanzhuo, X. (2016). Bir kuşak bir yol’da kazan-kazan işbirliği, China Today Türkiye, 25, 50-52.
  • Xinhuanet, (2017). China-Myanmar Crude Oil Pipeline Put Into Operation, Retrieved December 2, 2017, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017- 04/11/c_136199129.htm .
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bülent Güner

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 37

Kaynak Göster

APA Güner, B. (2018). OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi(37), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.14781/mcd.386165
AMA Güner B. OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi. Ocak 2018;(37):112-123. doi:10.14781/mcd.386165
Chicago Güner, Bülent. “OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI”. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, sy. 37 (Ocak 2018): 112-23. https://doi.org/10.14781/mcd.386165.
EndNote Güner B (01 Ocak 2018) OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 37 112–123.
IEEE B. Güner, “OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI”, Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, sy. 37, ss. 112–123, Ocak 2018, doi: 10.14781/mcd.386165.
ISNAD Güner, Bülent. “OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI”. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 37 (Ocak 2018), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.14781/mcd.386165.
JAMA Güner B. OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi. 2018;:112–123.
MLA Güner, Bülent. “OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI”. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, sy. 37, 2018, ss. 112-23, doi:10.14781/mcd.386165.
Vancouver Güner B. OBOR GİRİŞİMİ’NİN COĞRAFYASI. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi. 2018(37):112-23.