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Adil Yargılanma Hakkı Kapsamında “Forum Necessitatis” İlkesi ve Türk Milletlerarası Yetki Kurallarına Etkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 677 - 692, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.907281

Abstract

Mahkemeye erişim hakkı, adil yargılanma hakkı kapsamında yer alan ve sınırları Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararları ile belirlenen bir insan hakkıdır. Yabancılık unsuru içeren uyuşmazlıklarda devletlerin milletlerarası yetki kurallarının olumsuz çatışması, davacının davasını açacak bir mahkemeyi bulamaması sonucunu doğurur. Tarafların anlaşarak yetki sözleşmesi de yapmadığı bir durumda, mahkemeye erişim hakkı ihlal edilen davacı ancak forum necessitatis ilkesinin devreye girmesi ile milletlerarası yetkili bir mahkemeye ulaşabilir. Forum necessitatis ilkesinin uygulanması ile bir devlet mahkemesinin yetkilendirilebilmesi için bir başka devlette uyuşmazlık konusu davanın açılmasının imkansız olması ve forum necessitatis ilkesine başvuracak devlet ile uyuşmazlık arasında makul bir bağlantının bulunması gerekmektedir. İstisnai nitelik taşıyan forum necessitatis ilkesinin geniş yorumlanması devletlerin aşkın yetki kurallarına başvurmasına sebep olacaktır. Bu durum ise, davalının savunma hakkına zarar verebileceği gibi bu tür mahkemelerden verilen kararların tanınması ve tenfizine de engel olacaktır. Söz konusu olumsuzlukların yaşanmaması bakımından forum necessitatis ilkesinin sınırlarının dikkatlice çizilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin forum necessitatis ilkesini incelediği kararları irdelenecek, Avrupa Birliği düzenlemeleri ve bazı ülke hukuklarındaki konuya ilişkin hükümlere değinilecektir. Son olarak Türk Hukuku’nda konuya ilişkin yargı kararları açıklanarak, milletlerarası yetki kurallarında bu ilkenin yansıması olup olmadığı tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

References

  • AKINCI, Ziya: Private International Law, Vedat Publication, İstanbul, 2020
  • ARSLAN, İlyas: Effects of European Human Rights Convension on Private Internatinal Law. Adalet Publication, Ankara, 2019
  • ÇAYAN, Gökhan, The Right of Access to Court in The Light of European Court of Human Rights, Justice Academy of Turkey, Law and Justice Review, (28), 2016, p. 235- 271.
  • ÇELİKEL, Aysel / ERDEM, B. Bahadır: Private International Law, 15th edt. Beta Publication, İstanbul, 2018
  • DOĞAN, Vahit: Private International Law. 6th edt, Savaş Publication, Ankara, 2020
  • DEHMEN TAN, Mine, “Authority in Lawsuits Regarding the Personal Status of Turkish Citizens”, PPIL, 33 (I), 2013, p. 169-211.
  • EKŞİ, Nuray: International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts, 2nd edt. Beta Publication, İstanbul, 2000
  • EKŞİ, Nuray, Recognition an Enforcement of Foreign Court Decisions, Beta Publication, 2013
  • ERTEN, Rifat, International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts in the Cases Concerning Personal Status of Turkish Citizens, Yetkin Publication, 2017
  • GÜNGÖR, Gülin: Turkish Private International Law, Yetkin Publication, Ankara, 2021
  • HUYSAL, Burak, “The Effect of the Foreign Court's Actual Connection with the Case and Parties on Recognition and Enforcement”, In Honor of Prof. Dr. Âta Sakmar, Galatasaray University Law Review, I, 2011, p. 467-502.
  • KIESTRA, Louwrens Rienk, The Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on Private International Law, Asser Press, Netherlands, 2014
  • MORA, Paul David: Universal Civil Jurisdiction and Forum Necessitatis: ”The Confusion of Public and Private International Law in Nait- Liman vs. Switzerland”, Netherlands International Law Review, 65 (2), 2018, p. 155-183.
  • NOMER, Ergin, Private International Law, 22th edt., Beta Publication, İstanbul, 2020
  • ÖZKAN, Işıl, The Effects of Fair Trial on Private International Law, Dokuz Eylül University Law Review, In Honor of Prof. Dr. Şeref Ertaş, 19th edt (Special Edition), 2017, p. 1777-1834.
  • PEKCANITEZ, Hakan, Fair Trial on Civil Litigation, İzmir Bar Association Law Review, (2) 1997, p. 35-55.
  • SARIÖZ BÜYÜKALP, A. İpek: The Effects of the Right to a Fair Trial on Turkish International Procedural Law, On Iki Levha Publication, İstanbul, 2018
  • SHUILLEABHAIN Ni, Maire, Ten Years of European Family Law: Retrospective Reflections from a Common Law Perspective, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 2010, Vol. 59, No. 4 (October 2010), p. 1021-1053.
  • STURNER, Rolf, The Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure: An Introduction to Their Basic Conceptions, The Rabel Journal of Comparative and International Private Law, 69- 2, April 2005, p. 201-254.
  • ŞANLI, Cemal / ESEN, Emre / ATAMAN-FİGANMEŞE, İnci, Private International Law, 8th edt, Beta Publication, İstanbul, 2020
  • TİRYAKİOĞLU, Bilgin, “International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts in Lawsuits Regarding the Personal Status of Turks”, In Honor of Prof. Dr. Tuğrul Arat, 2nd edt, Yetkin Publication, Ankara, 2012, p. 1141-1165.
  • WEBER, Johannes, Universal Jurisdiction and Third States in the Reform of the Brussels I Regulation, The Rabel Journal of Comparative and International Private Law,75-3, July 2011, p. 619-644.

Within the Scope of Right to Fair Trial the Principle of “Forum Necessitatis” and Its Effect on Turkish International Jurisdiction Rules

Year 2021, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 677 - 692, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.907281

Abstract

As a human right, the right of access to court is within the scope of the right to a fair trial and limited by the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. In private law disputes involving foreign element, the negative conflict of international jurisdiction rules of the state’s results in the plaintiff's inability to find a court to open her/his case. Also ın the cases lack of jurisdiction agreement, the plaintiff whose right of access to the court is violated, can only access a court with the initiation of the principle of forum necessitatis. In order to have a court involving international jurisdiction by the application of the principle of forum necessitatis, it must be impossible to file the case in another state and there must be a reasonable link between the state applying the principle of the forum necessitatis and the dispute. The broad interpretation of the exceptional principle of forum necessitatis will cause the states to apply exorbitant jurisdiction rules. This situation may prejudice the defendant's right to defence as well as preventing the recognition and enforcement of the decisions given by the courts having exorbitant jurisdiction. It is crucial to determine the boundaries of the principle of forum necessitatis in order to avoid experiencing mentioned negativities. In this study, the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights applying the forum necessitatis principle will be examined. Also the provisions of the European Union regulations and the law of some countries which regulate the principle of forum necessitatis will be mentioned. Finally, by explaining the judicial decisions on the subject in Turkish Law, it will be tried to determine whether there is a reflection of this principle on Turkish international jurisdiction rules.

References

  • AKINCI, Ziya: Private International Law, Vedat Publication, İstanbul, 2020
  • ARSLAN, İlyas: Effects of European Human Rights Convension on Private Internatinal Law. Adalet Publication, Ankara, 2019
  • ÇAYAN, Gökhan, The Right of Access to Court in The Light of European Court of Human Rights, Justice Academy of Turkey, Law and Justice Review, (28), 2016, p. 235- 271.
  • ÇELİKEL, Aysel / ERDEM, B. Bahadır: Private International Law, 15th edt. Beta Publication, İstanbul, 2018
  • DOĞAN, Vahit: Private International Law. 6th edt, Savaş Publication, Ankara, 2020
  • DEHMEN TAN, Mine, “Authority in Lawsuits Regarding the Personal Status of Turkish Citizens”, PPIL, 33 (I), 2013, p. 169-211.
  • EKŞİ, Nuray: International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts, 2nd edt. Beta Publication, İstanbul, 2000
  • EKŞİ, Nuray, Recognition an Enforcement of Foreign Court Decisions, Beta Publication, 2013
  • ERTEN, Rifat, International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts in the Cases Concerning Personal Status of Turkish Citizens, Yetkin Publication, 2017
  • GÜNGÖR, Gülin: Turkish Private International Law, Yetkin Publication, Ankara, 2021
  • HUYSAL, Burak, “The Effect of the Foreign Court's Actual Connection with the Case and Parties on Recognition and Enforcement”, In Honor of Prof. Dr. Âta Sakmar, Galatasaray University Law Review, I, 2011, p. 467-502.
  • KIESTRA, Louwrens Rienk, The Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on Private International Law, Asser Press, Netherlands, 2014
  • MORA, Paul David: Universal Civil Jurisdiction and Forum Necessitatis: ”The Confusion of Public and Private International Law in Nait- Liman vs. Switzerland”, Netherlands International Law Review, 65 (2), 2018, p. 155-183.
  • NOMER, Ergin, Private International Law, 22th edt., Beta Publication, İstanbul, 2020
  • ÖZKAN, Işıl, The Effects of Fair Trial on Private International Law, Dokuz Eylül University Law Review, In Honor of Prof. Dr. Şeref Ertaş, 19th edt (Special Edition), 2017, p. 1777-1834.
  • PEKCANITEZ, Hakan, Fair Trial on Civil Litigation, İzmir Bar Association Law Review, (2) 1997, p. 35-55.
  • SARIÖZ BÜYÜKALP, A. İpek: The Effects of the Right to a Fair Trial on Turkish International Procedural Law, On Iki Levha Publication, İstanbul, 2018
  • SHUILLEABHAIN Ni, Maire, Ten Years of European Family Law: Retrospective Reflections from a Common Law Perspective, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 2010, Vol. 59, No. 4 (October 2010), p. 1021-1053.
  • STURNER, Rolf, The Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure: An Introduction to Their Basic Conceptions, The Rabel Journal of Comparative and International Private Law, 69- 2, April 2005, p. 201-254.
  • ŞANLI, Cemal / ESEN, Emre / ATAMAN-FİGANMEŞE, İnci, Private International Law, 8th edt, Beta Publication, İstanbul, 2020
  • TİRYAKİOĞLU, Bilgin, “International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts in Lawsuits Regarding the Personal Status of Turks”, In Honor of Prof. Dr. Tuğrul Arat, 2nd edt, Yetkin Publication, Ankara, 2012, p. 1141-1165.
  • WEBER, Johannes, Universal Jurisdiction and Third States in the Reform of the Brussels I Regulation, The Rabel Journal of Comparative and International Private Law,75-3, July 2011, p. 619-644.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gizem Perçin 0000-0003-1724-4012

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 27 Issue: 1

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