SANAYİ 4.0: ÇEŞİTLİ ÜLKE ÖRNEKLERİ ÜZERİNDEN ULUSAL POLİTİKALARIN VE STRATEJİLERİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2026, Volume: 21 Issue: 65, 231 - 272, 29.01.2026

Munise Tuğba Aktaş , Burak Tuğberk Tosunoğlu , Talha Kutay

https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1784635

https://izlik.org/JA55WY75MX

Abstract

Günümüzde teknolojik gelişmeler etki ve boyutlarıyla yeni bir sanayi devrimine zemin hazırlamış ve Sanayi 4.0 devrimine yönelik ülkelerin uyum ve dönüşüm ihtiyacı baş göstermiştir. Bu kapsamda Sanayi 4.0’a yönelik çeşitli politika ve stratejilerin ortaya konmasında ulusal çabaların ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. Bu devrim, gelişmiş ve yeni sanayileşen ülkelerde dahil olmak üzere çeşitli zorlukları beraberinde getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla Sanayi 4.0’ın ulusal açıdan incelenmesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu çerçevede Sanayi 4.0’a yönelik çeşitli ülkelerin uyguladığı politika ve stratejilerin incelenmesi çalışmanın temel amacıdır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için nicel yöntem kullanılmıştır. Nicel yöntem kapsamında saçılım grafikleri ve trend analizi tercih edilmiştir. Nicel analiz ise nitel verilerle desteklenmiştir. Çalışmada, nitel veriler arasında ülkelerin strateji belgeleri (ör. Made in China 2025, Türkiye Sanayi Stratejisi, Industrie 4.0), kalkınma planları, kamu politikası raporları ve akademik çalışmalar yer almaktadır. Nicel analiz için ise Geleceğe Hazırlık Ekonomik Endeks (FREI) skorları ile teknoloji skoru verileri kullanılmıştır. Bu veriler üzerinden ülke gruplarına göre sınıflandırma yapılmış ve FREI ile teknoloji skoru arasındaki ilişki grafiklerle desteklenerek yorumlanmıştır. Sanayi 4.0 devrimine yönelik çeşitli ülkelerdeki uygulamaların ortaya koyulmasıyla sürecin daha iyi anlaşılacağı ve değerlendirilebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Sanayi 4.0 , Teknoloji , Strateji , Gelişme , Dijitalleşme

INDUSTRY 4.0: AN EXAMINATION OF NATIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES THROUGH VARIOUS COUNTRY CASES

https://izlik.org/JA55WY75MX

Abstract

Today, technological developments—through their scope and impact—have laid the groundwork for a new industrial revolution, giving rise to the need for countries to adapt to and transform toward Industry 4.0. In this context, it is observed that national efforts have come to the fore in the formulation of various policies and strategies for Industry 4.0. This revolution brings with it a range of challenges, not only for developed countries but also for newly industrializing economies. Therefore, examining Industry 4.0 from a national perspective is of great importance. Within this framework, the main objective of the study is to analyze the policies and strategies implemented by various countries with regard to Industry 4.0. To achieve this objective, a quantitative method is employed. Within the scope of the quantitative method, scatter plots and trend analysis were employed, and the quantitative analysis is supported by qualitative data. The qualitative data used in the study include countries’ strategic documents (e.g., Made in China 2025, Turkey’s Industrial Strategy, Industrie 4.0), development plans, public policy reports, and academic studies. For the quantitative analysis, scores from the Future Readiness Economic Index (FREI) and technology score data are utilized. Based on these data, countries are classified into groups, and the relationship between FREI and technology scores is interpreted with the support of graphical representations. By presenting the practices adopted by various countries in relation to the Industry 4.0 revolution, it is expected that the process can be better understood and evaluated.

Keywords

Industry 4.0 , Technology , Strategy , Development , Digitalization

References

• Adebayo, T. S., Onifade, S. T., Alola, A. A., & Muoneke, O. B. (2022). Does it take international integration of natural resources to ascend the ladder of environmental quality in the newly industrialized countries. Resources Policy, 76, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102616
• Alias Z. S., Selamat, M. N., Alavi, K., & Arifin, K. (2018). Industry 4.0: A systematic review in technical and vocational education and training. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 32(4), 66-74.
• America Makes. (t.y.). America Makes. https://www.americamakes.us/
• Asaturova, J. (2019). Peculiarities of development of Industry 4.0 concept in Russia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 497(1), 1-6.
• Bağcı, E. (2018). Endüstri 4.0: Yeni üretim tarzını anlamak. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(24), 122-146.
• Banhidi, Z., & Dobos, I. (2024). Measuring digital development: Ranking using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Network Readiness Index (NRI). Central European Journal of Operations, 32, 1089-1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100.024.00919-y
• Banhidi, Z., Dobos, I., & Nemeslaki, A. (2020). What the overall Digital Economy and Society Index reveals: A statistical analysis DESI EU28. Regional Statistics, 10(2), 42-62.
• Başol, O., & Yalçın, E. C. (2024). Dijital Ekonomi ve Toplum Endeksinin Yaşam Kalitesi Endeksi üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Paradoks Ekonomi Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi, 20(2), 224-240.
• Bozyk, P. (2006). Globalization and the transformation of foreign economic policy. Ashgate.
• Bruno, G., Diglio, A., Picolo, C., & Pipicelli, E. (2023). A reduced composite indicator for digital divide measurement: The Digital Divide Index (DDI). Social Indicators Research, 169, 827-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205.023.03135-8
• Castro, D., & McLaughlin, M. (2014). Ten ways governments can accelerate the advancement of robotics. The Center for Data Innovation.
• Cheng, Y., & Wang, C. H. (2018). Industry 4.0: A road map and opportunities. IEEE, 1-6.
• Deloitte. (2018). Industry 4.0: Digital transformation for manufacturing. Deloitte Insights.
• Diao, Y., & Zhang, C. (2019). The influence of digital economy on the quality of life: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 11(19), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195258
• European Commission. (2015). Digital single market strategy. European Union.
• Fagerberg, J. (2018). Innovation policy: Rationales, lessons and challenges. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(1), 171-189.
• Ghobakhloo, M. (2018). The future of manufacturing industry: A strategic roadmap toward Industry 4.0. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29(6), 910-936. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM.2018.100
• HM Government. (2017). Industrial strategy: Building a Britain fit for the future. UK Government.
• Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W., & Helbig, J. (2013). Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0. Acatech.
• Kohler, D., & Weisz, J. D. (2016). Industry 4.0: The challenges of the transforming manufacturing. International Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ICIET), 1-8.
• Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H. A. (2015). A cyber-physical systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, 3, 18-23.
• Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., Loures, E. F. R., & Ramos, L. F. P. (2017). Past, present and future of Industry 4.0: A systematic literature review and research agenda proposal. International Journal of Production Research, 55(12), 3609-3629. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207.543.2016.121.9258
• Lu, Y. (2017). Industry 4.0: A survey on technologies, applications and open research issues. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 6, 1-10.
• MHI. (2018). 2018 MHI annual industry report: Warehousing and distribution centers. MHI.
• OECD. (2019). Going digital: Shaping policies, improving lives. OECD Publishing.
• Oliveria, A., Silva, A., & Pereira, R. (2022). Digital transformation and Industry 4.0: The Brazilian case. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 15(2), 1-18.
• Öztürk, E., & Şenel, B. (2020). Dijital dönüşüm ve sanayi 4.0: Türkiye perspektifi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 27(3), 1-20.
• PWC. (2016). Industry 4.0: Building the digital enterprise. PricewaterhouseCoopers.
• Rodrigues, M., Almeida, F., & Santos, J. (2021). Industry 4.0 towards: A Brazilian approach. Procedia Manufacturing, 55, 1-8.
• Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth industrial revolution. World Economic Forum.
• Siemens. (2018). The Digital Enterprise: Industry 4.0 in practice. Siemens AG.
• Stock, T., & Seliger, G. (2016). Opportunities of sustainable manufacturing in Industry 4.0. Procedia CIRP, 40, 536-541.
• Suswanto, H., Fauzi, J. A., & Wibawa, A. P., 2019. Has the VS ready for industry 4.0?. International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEEIE), Indonesia, 350-353.
• Tay, J. W. E., Ng, H. Y., & Tan, P. S. (2021a). Model factory@SIMTech—sense and response manufacturing for Industry 4.0. In Implementing Industry 4.0 – The Model Factory as the Key Enabler for the Future of Manufacturing. C. Toro, W. Wang & H. Akthar (Eds.). Switzerland: Springer, 399-418.
• Tay, S. I., Alipal, J., & Lee, T. C. (2021). Industry 4.0: Current practice and challenges in Malaysian manufacturing firms. Technology in Society, 67, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101749
• Tay, S. I., Lee, Hamid, N. A. A., Ahmad, A. M. A. (2018). An overview of Industry 4.0: Definition, components, and government initiatives. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, 10(Special Issue), 1379-1387.
• The Business Times (2017). BCG launches its first Asian innovation centre in S’pore. Erişim: https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/bcg-launches-its-first-asian-innovation-centre-spore [Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2017].
• TOBB (2016). Akıllı fabrikalar geliyor. TOBB Ekonomik Forum Dergisi, 259, 16-27.
• Tortorella, G. L., & Fettermann, D. (2017). Implementation of industry 4.0 and lean production in Brazilian manufacturing companies. International Journal of Production Research, 56(8), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207.543.2017.1391420
• TÜBİTAK (2018). Türkiye’de Sanayi 4.0’a geçiş süreci ve yapılması gerekenler. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu.
• TÜSİAD (2017). Türkiye’nin Sanayi 4.0 dönüşüm yol haritası. Türkiye Sanayici ve İş İnsanları Derneği.
• Wang, S., Wan, J., Li, D., & Zhang, C. (2016). Implementing smart factory of industrie 4.0: An outlook. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 12(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3159805
• Wong, A. P. H., & Kee, D. M. H. (2022). Driving factors of industry 4.0 readiness among manufacturing SMEs in Malaysia. Information, 13(12), 1-35.
• Xu, L., Xu, E., & Li, L. (2017). Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends. International Journal of Production Research, 56(8), 2941-2962. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207.543.2018.1444806
• Yang, H., Kim, S. Y., & Yim, S. (2019). A case study of the Korean Government’s preparation fort he Fourth Indsutrial Revolution: Public program to support business model innovation. Journal of Open Innovation, 5(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5020035
• Yıldırım, Y. (2019). Endüstri 4.0’a kapsamlı bir bakış: 2011’den bugüne. Bilgi Dünyası, 20(2), 217-249.
• Yüksel, H. (2020). An empirical evaluation of industry 4.0 applications of companies in Turkey: The case of a developing country. Technology in Society, 63, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101364
• Zhou, K., Liu, T., & Zhou, L. (2015). Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges. In 2015 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD). IEEE, 2147-2152