Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications

Bayram Kızılkaya

doi:10.33714/masteb.1738887

Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications

Abstract

In this study, hydroxyapatite (H) derived from fish bones was chemically modified with gallic acid (GA), and its surface properties were thoroughly investigated. The modification was achieved through an esterification reaction between the carboxyl groups of GA and the hydroxyl groups on the hydroxyapatite surface. Comprehensive characterization of the resulting gallic acid-modified hydroxyapatite (HA) samples revealed significant changes in surface chemistry and morphology. According to the analysis results, the point of zero charge (PZC) of the surface decreased from 7.25 to 6.78 after modification, indicating a shift toward a more acidic surface character. The BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis results showed that the surface of fish bone particles area increased from 5.650 m2/g to 15.789 m²/g. While the pore volume increased significantly, the decrease in average pore diameter indicated a more advanced structure with higher surface activity. The zeta potential decreased from –20.40 to –10.00 mV, while surface conductivity showed a significant increase. The increase in carbon content from 14.174% to 15.014% confirms the successful binding of gallic acid organic groups (containing seven carbon atoms per molecule) onto the surface. This study shows that fish bones, a natural waste material, can be converted into a functional material through a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This study was funded by TÜBİTAK, Project number: 213M200.

Project Number

213M200

Ethical Statement

For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

Thanks

This study was funded by TÜBİTAK, Project number: 213M200.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Environmental Marine Biotechnology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Bayram Kızılkaya ^*
0000-0002-3916-3734
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

July 9, 2025

Acceptance Date

August 20, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 1970 Volume: 14 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1738887

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA77WG92PD

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Kızılkaya, B. (2025). Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 14(3), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1738887

AMA

1.Kızılkaya B. Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2025;14(3):122-130. doi:10.33714/masteb.1738887

Chicago

Kızılkaya, Bayram. 2025. “Functionalization of Waste Fish Bone With Gallic Acid: Improving Surface Characteristics for Advanced Applications”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 14 (3): 122-30. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1738887.

EndNote

Kızılkaya B (September 1, 2025) Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 14 3 122–130.

IEEE

[1]B. Kızılkaya, “Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications”, Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 122–130, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.33714/masteb.1738887.

ISNAD

Kızılkaya, Bayram. “Functionalization of Waste Fish Bone With Gallic Acid: Improving Surface Characteristics for Advanced Applications”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 14/3 (September 1, 2025): 122-130. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1738887.

JAMA

1.Kızılkaya B. Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2025;14:122–130.

MLA

Kızılkaya, Bayram. “Functionalization of Waste Fish Bone With Gallic Acid: Improving Surface Characteristics for Advanced Applications”. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, vol. 14, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 122-30, doi:10.33714/masteb.1738887.

Vancouver

1.Bayram Kızılkaya. Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications. Mar. Sci. Tech. Bull. 2025 Sep. 1;14(3):122-30. doi:10.33714/masteb.1738887