Functionalization of waste fish bone with gallic acid: Improving surface characteristics for advanced applications

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 122 - 130, 30.09.2025

Bayram Kızılkaya

https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1738887

Abstract

In this study, hydroxyapatite (H) derived from fish bones was chemically modified with gallic acid (GA), and its surface properties were thoroughly investigated. The modification was achieved through an esterification reaction between the carboxyl groups of GA and the hydroxyl groups on the hydroxyapatite surface. Comprehensive characterization of the resulting gallic acid-modified hydroxyapatite (HA) samples revealed significant changes in surface chemistry and morphology. According to the analysis results, the point of zero charge (PZC) of the surface decreased from 7.25 to 6.78 after modification, indicating a shift toward a more acidic surface character. The BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis results showed that the surface of fish bone particles area increased from 5.650 m2/g to 15.789 m²/g. While the pore volume increased significantly, the decrease in average pore diameter indicated a more advanced structure with higher surface activity. The zeta potential decreased from –20.40 to –10.00 mV, while surface conductivity showed a significant increase. The increase in carbon content from 14.174% to 15.014% confirms the successful binding of gallic acid organic groups (containing seven carbon atoms per molecule) onto the surface. This study shows that fish bones, a natural waste material, can be converted into a functional material through a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach.

Keywords

Fish bone , Gallic acid , Modification , BET

Ethical Statement

For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

Supporting Institution

This study was funded by TÜBİTAK, Project number: 213M200.

Project Number

213M200

Thanks

This study was funded by TÜBİTAK, Project number: 213M200.

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