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KARBON EKONOMİSİ VE KARBON MUHASEBESİ KAPSAMINDA KULLANILACAK BİR RİSK DEĞERLENDİRME MODELİ

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 3, 203 - 234, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.31460/mbdd.1587965

Abstract

Bu çalışma, özel olarak uyarlanmış bir risk değerlendirme modeline sahip olmamanın, karbon muhasebesinin ulusal politika çerçevelerine etkili bir şekilde entegrasyonunu sınırladığını ve bu durumun, evrilen küresel karbon piyasalarında ilerlemekteki yeteneğini engellediğini varsaymaktadır. Bu çalışma, risk değerlendirme ilkelerini karbon muhasebesi stratejileriyle entegre ederek, Türk politika yapıcılarının karbon ekonomisi stratejileri, karbon stoğu yönetimi ve uluslararası düzenleyici uyumluluk ile ilişkili riskleri tanımlamalarına ve hafifletmelerine yardımcı olacak yenilikçi bir çerçeve önermektedir. Araştırma, küresel karbon piyasası eğilimleri, karbon vergisi uygulamaları ve Türkiye'nin karbon muhasebesi stratejilerine dair analitik bir inceleme sunmakta ve bunun sonunda orijinal bir risk modeli geliştirmektedir.

References

  • Abadie, A., Chowdhury, S., Mangla, S.K., & Malik, S. (2024). Impact of carbon offset perceptions on greenwashing: Revealing intentions and strategies through an experimental approach.Industrial Marketing Management, 117, 304-320.
  • Al Bashar, M., Taher, M.A., Johura, F.T., & Ashrafi, D. (2017). Decarbonizing the Supply Chain: A Green Approach.
  • Alemu, B. (2014). The role of forest and soil carbon sequestrations on climate change mitigation. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(10), 492–505.
  • Ali, D.M. (2023). Climate Change Under the New International Order (The Role of Carbon Taxes in the Redistribution of International Powers). Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 22, 21-40.
  • Başsüllü, Ç., & Tolunay, A. (2014). Development of an institutional model for emission trading system: An approach to the carbon market of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 15(2), 158-167.
  • Bayrak, M.R. (2012). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Türkiye’de Düşük Karbon Ekonomisi ve Kyoto Protokolü’nün Finansman Kaynakları, Tarih, Kültür Ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (Issn:2147-00626), Vol:1 No:4, Karabük Üniversitesi, Özel Sayı: Tüketim Toplumu ve Çevre, 266-279.
  • Bolton, P., & Kacperczyk, M. (2022). Do investors care about carbon risk? Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), 517-549.
  • Brohé, A., Stern, N., Eyre, N., & Howarth, N. (2012). Carbon markets: an international business guide. Routledge.
  • Çelikkol, H., & Özkan, N. (2015). Karbon Piyasalari ve Türkiye Perspektifi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (31).
  • Çıtak, O.S. (2016). Karbon ayak izi’nin ne kadarı finansal piyasalarda: Karbon piyasalarının performansı ve karbon merkez bankasının kurulması. Maliye ve Finans Yazıları, (105), 31-46.
  • CPLC. (2021). Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition: Annual Report. World Bank. https://www.carbonpricingleadership.org/leadershipreports
  • Duman, H., Özpeynirci, R., Yücenurşen, M., & Bağcı, H. (2012). Karbon Muhasebesi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12 (24), 105-120. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/susead/issue/28411/302306?publisher=selcukkarbon
  • Ellerman, A. D., Convery, F. J., & de Perthuis, C. (2010). Pricing carbon: The European Union emissions trading scheme. Cambridge University Press.
  • Espelage, A., Ahonen, H. M., & Michaelowa, A. (2022). The role of carbon market mechanisms in climate finance. In Handbook of International Climate Finance (pp. 352-378). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • European Commission. (2021). Fit for 55: Delivering the EU's 2030 climate target on the way to climate neutrality (COM (2021) 550 final). European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0550
  • European Commission. (2023). The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Retrieved from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en
  • Fischer, C., Preonas, L., & Newell, R.G. (2017). Environmental and technology policy options in the electricity sector: are we deploying too many? Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 4(4), 959-984.
  • Fu, C., Lu, L., & Pirabi, M. (2023). Advancing green finance: a review of sustainable development. Digital Economy and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 20.
  • German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety. (2020). National Climate Protection Programme 2030.
  • Goldberg, M.H., Gustafson, A., Ballew, M.T., Rosenthal, S.A., & Leiserowitz, A. (2021). Identifying the most important predictors of support for climate policy in the United States. Behavioural Public Policy, 5(4), 480-502.
  • Gürbüz, C., Aracı, Ö.N.K., & Bekci, İ. (2019). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Karbon Ticareti ve Karbon Muhasebesi Uygulamalari Üzerine Bir Araştirma - A Research on Carbon Trade and Carbon Accounting Applications in the World and Turkey. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11 (28), 424-438. DOI: 10.20875/makusobed.568835
  • Hák, T., Janoušková, S., & Moldan, B. (2022). Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 121, 107141.
  • Held, D., & Roger, C. (2018). Three models of global climate governance: from Kyoto to Paris and beyond. Global Policy, 9(4), 527-537.
  • IETA. (2020). International Emissions Trading Association Annual Report. International Emissions Trading Association.
  • Kotsantonis, S., Pinney, C., & Serafeim, G. (2016). ESG integration in investment management: Myths and realities. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 28(2), 10-16.
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2020). National Forestation Program: Annual Report. Republic of Turkey.
  • Nordhaus, W.D. (2017). Revisiting the social cost of carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(7), 1518-1523.
  • O’Malley, S.E.A.M.U.S., Roantree, B., & Curtis, J. (2020). Carbon taxes, poverty and compensation options. ESRI Survey and Statistical Report Series, (98).
  • OECD. (2020). Taxing energy use 2020: Country note – France. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Perry, M., Singh, S., & Unies, N. (2001). Corporate environmental responsibility in Singapore and Malaysia: the potential and limits of voluntary initiatives.
  • Pigou, A. C. (1920). The economics of welfare. Macmillan.
  • Protocol, G.G. (2011). Greenhouse gas protocol. Sector Toolsets for Iron and Steel-Guidance Document, 1- 12.
  • Rogelj, J., Geden, O., Cowie, A., & Reisinger, A. (2021). Three ways to improve net-zero emission targets. Nature, 591(7850), 365–368.
  • Rossi, A., & Luque-Vílchez, M. (2021). The implementation of sustainability reporting in a small and medium enterprise and the emergence of integrated thinking. Meditari Accountancy Research, 29(4), 966-984.
  • Sumner, J., Bird, L., & Dobos, H. (2011). Carbon taxes: a review of experience and policy design considerations. Climate Policy, 11(2), 922-943.
  • Topçu, K. (2018). Transition to a low-carbon economy: A view in the context of climate change and energy policies. Energy Policy, 123(9), 130-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.031
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2019). National greenhouse gas inventory. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2024). National inventory reports. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int
  • Uzar, C., & Akkaya, C. (2010). Karbon Ticareti ve Karbon Borsaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 9. Ulusal İşletmecilik Kongresi, Bildiriler Kitabı, 481-486.
  • Vesty, G. M., Telgenkamp, A., & Roscoe, P. J. (2015). Creating numbers: carbon and capital investment. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 28(3), 302-324.
  • Wiedmann, T., & Lenzen, M. (2018). Environmental and social footprints of international trade. Nature Geoscience, 11(5), 314–321.
  • World Bank. (2016). The state of the carbon market 2016. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • World Bank. (2021). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing. World Bank Group.
  • World Bank. (2022). State and trends of carbon pricing 2022.
  • Wright, C., & Nyberg, D. (2024). Corporations and climate change: An overview, WIREs Climate Change, 15(6), e919. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.919
  • Zhang, Z. (2023). Mitigating Investment Risks in Nature-Based Solutions: A Strategic Approach Towards Sustainable Project Implementation (Doctoral dissertation), Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

A RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL TO BE USED IN TERMS OF CARBON ECONOMY AND CARBON ACCOUNTING

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 3, 203 - 234, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.31460/mbdd.1587965

Abstract

This study hypothesizes that the absence of a tailored risk assessment model constrains the effective integration of carbon accounting into national policy frameworks, thereby hindering the country's capacity to advance within the global carbon markets. By integrating risk assessment principles with carbon accounting strategies, the study proposes an innovative framework designed to support Turkish policymakers in identifying and mitigating risks associated with carbon economy strategies, carbon stock management, and international regulatory compliance. The research offers an analytical examination of carbon market trends, carbon taxation practices, and Turkey’s carbon accounting strategies, culminating in the development of an original risk assessment model.

References

  • Abadie, A., Chowdhury, S., Mangla, S.K., & Malik, S. (2024). Impact of carbon offset perceptions on greenwashing: Revealing intentions and strategies through an experimental approach.Industrial Marketing Management, 117, 304-320.
  • Al Bashar, M., Taher, M.A., Johura, F.T., & Ashrafi, D. (2017). Decarbonizing the Supply Chain: A Green Approach.
  • Alemu, B. (2014). The role of forest and soil carbon sequestrations on climate change mitigation. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(10), 492–505.
  • Ali, D.M. (2023). Climate Change Under the New International Order (The Role of Carbon Taxes in the Redistribution of International Powers). Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 22, 21-40.
  • Başsüllü, Ç., & Tolunay, A. (2014). Development of an institutional model for emission trading system: An approach to the carbon market of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 15(2), 158-167.
  • Bayrak, M.R. (2012). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Türkiye’de Düşük Karbon Ekonomisi ve Kyoto Protokolü’nün Finansman Kaynakları, Tarih, Kültür Ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (Issn:2147-00626), Vol:1 No:4, Karabük Üniversitesi, Özel Sayı: Tüketim Toplumu ve Çevre, 266-279.
  • Bolton, P., & Kacperczyk, M. (2022). Do investors care about carbon risk? Journal of Financial Economics, 142(2), 517-549.
  • Brohé, A., Stern, N., Eyre, N., & Howarth, N. (2012). Carbon markets: an international business guide. Routledge.
  • Çelikkol, H., & Özkan, N. (2015). Karbon Piyasalari ve Türkiye Perspektifi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (31).
  • Çıtak, O.S. (2016). Karbon ayak izi’nin ne kadarı finansal piyasalarda: Karbon piyasalarının performansı ve karbon merkez bankasının kurulması. Maliye ve Finans Yazıları, (105), 31-46.
  • CPLC. (2021). Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition: Annual Report. World Bank. https://www.carbonpricingleadership.org/leadershipreports
  • Duman, H., Özpeynirci, R., Yücenurşen, M., & Bağcı, H. (2012). Karbon Muhasebesi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12 (24), 105-120. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/susead/issue/28411/302306?publisher=selcukkarbon
  • Ellerman, A. D., Convery, F. J., & de Perthuis, C. (2010). Pricing carbon: The European Union emissions trading scheme. Cambridge University Press.
  • Espelage, A., Ahonen, H. M., & Michaelowa, A. (2022). The role of carbon market mechanisms in climate finance. In Handbook of International Climate Finance (pp. 352-378). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • European Commission. (2021). Fit for 55: Delivering the EU's 2030 climate target on the way to climate neutrality (COM (2021) 550 final). European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0550
  • European Commission. (2023). The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Retrieved from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en
  • Fischer, C., Preonas, L., & Newell, R.G. (2017). Environmental and technology policy options in the electricity sector: are we deploying too many? Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 4(4), 959-984.
  • Fu, C., Lu, L., & Pirabi, M. (2023). Advancing green finance: a review of sustainable development. Digital Economy and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 20.
  • German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety. (2020). National Climate Protection Programme 2030.
  • Goldberg, M.H., Gustafson, A., Ballew, M.T., Rosenthal, S.A., & Leiserowitz, A. (2021). Identifying the most important predictors of support for climate policy in the United States. Behavioural Public Policy, 5(4), 480-502.
  • Gürbüz, C., Aracı, Ö.N.K., & Bekci, İ. (2019). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Karbon Ticareti ve Karbon Muhasebesi Uygulamalari Üzerine Bir Araştirma - A Research on Carbon Trade and Carbon Accounting Applications in the World and Turkey. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11 (28), 424-438. DOI: 10.20875/makusobed.568835
  • Hák, T., Janoušková, S., & Moldan, B. (2022). Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 121, 107141.
  • Held, D., & Roger, C. (2018). Three models of global climate governance: from Kyoto to Paris and beyond. Global Policy, 9(4), 527-537.
  • IETA. (2020). International Emissions Trading Association Annual Report. International Emissions Trading Association.
  • Kotsantonis, S., Pinney, C., & Serafeim, G. (2016). ESG integration in investment management: Myths and realities. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 28(2), 10-16.
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2020). National Forestation Program: Annual Report. Republic of Turkey.
  • Nordhaus, W.D. (2017). Revisiting the social cost of carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(7), 1518-1523.
  • O’Malley, S.E.A.M.U.S., Roantree, B., & Curtis, J. (2020). Carbon taxes, poverty and compensation options. ESRI Survey and Statistical Report Series, (98).
  • OECD. (2020). Taxing energy use 2020: Country note – France. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Perry, M., Singh, S., & Unies, N. (2001). Corporate environmental responsibility in Singapore and Malaysia: the potential and limits of voluntary initiatives.
  • Pigou, A. C. (1920). The economics of welfare. Macmillan.
  • Protocol, G.G. (2011). Greenhouse gas protocol. Sector Toolsets for Iron and Steel-Guidance Document, 1- 12.
  • Rogelj, J., Geden, O., Cowie, A., & Reisinger, A. (2021). Three ways to improve net-zero emission targets. Nature, 591(7850), 365–368.
  • Rossi, A., & Luque-Vílchez, M. (2021). The implementation of sustainability reporting in a small and medium enterprise and the emergence of integrated thinking. Meditari Accountancy Research, 29(4), 966-984.
  • Sumner, J., Bird, L., & Dobos, H. (2011). Carbon taxes: a review of experience and policy design considerations. Climate Policy, 11(2), 922-943.
  • Topçu, K. (2018). Transition to a low-carbon economy: A view in the context of climate change and energy policies. Energy Policy, 123(9), 130-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.031
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2019). National greenhouse gas inventory. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2024). National inventory reports. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int
  • Uzar, C., & Akkaya, C. (2010). Karbon Ticareti ve Karbon Borsaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 9. Ulusal İşletmecilik Kongresi, Bildiriler Kitabı, 481-486.
  • Vesty, G. M., Telgenkamp, A., & Roscoe, P. J. (2015). Creating numbers: carbon and capital investment. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 28(3), 302-324.
  • Wiedmann, T., & Lenzen, M. (2018). Environmental and social footprints of international trade. Nature Geoscience, 11(5), 314–321.
  • World Bank. (2016). The state of the carbon market 2016. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • World Bank. (2021). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing. World Bank Group.
  • World Bank. (2022). State and trends of carbon pricing 2022.
  • Wright, C., & Nyberg, D. (2024). Corporations and climate change: An overview, WIREs Climate Change, 15(6), e919. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.919
  • Zhang, Z. (2023). Mitigating Investment Risks in Nature-Based Solutions: A Strategic Approach Towards Sustainable Project Implementation (Doctoral dissertation), Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environment and Climate Finance, Financial Forecast and Modelling, Financial Markets and Institutions, Sustainability Accounting and Reporting
Journal Section MAIN SECTION
Authors

Ahmet Efe 0000-0002-2691-7517

Early Pub Date September 28, 2025
Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date November 19, 2024
Acceptance Date May 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Efe, A. (2025). A RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL TO BE USED IN TERMS OF CARBON ECONOMY AND CARBON ACCOUNTING. Muhasebe Bilim Dünyası Dergisi, 27(3), 203-234. https://doi.org/10.31460/mbdd.1587965

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The author(s) should disclose the use of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted tools in design and implementation of the research. Such use need to be disclosed within the methodology section of the manuscript. Use of AI does not preclude the manuscript from publication, rather provides a transparent picture of the research.