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Terörizm ile Organize Suç Arasindaki İlişki; Büyüyen Bir Tehdit midir?

Year 2015, Issue: 6, 463 - 503, 15.01.2016

Abstract

Terörizm ve organize suç yeni bir olgu değildir. Başlangıçta, bu ilişki göreceli olarak küçük ölçekli, geçici ve genellikle ülke sınırlarında aktif1 Rapporteur Judge of The Court of Jurissdictional Disputes, PhD Candidate, ismailsari58@gmail.comken, Soğuk Savaşın sona ermesinden sonra, ekonomik bakımından zayıf ve devlet otoritesinin yok olduğu toplumların sayılarının artması, teknoloji ve iletişim araçlarındaki gelişmeler bu ilişkinin yapısını değiştirmiştir. Terörizm ile Organize Suç grupları arasındaki bağ (rabıta) geniş ölçekli, ulusal ve uluslararası seviyeye dönüşmüştür. Artık günümüzde, Terörizm ve Organize suç grupları uluslararası anlamda önemli bir problem olarak ortaya çıkar. Bu yeni durum özellikle, 11 Eylül 2001 saldırılarından sonra daha görünür olmuştur. Organize Suç gruplarının ana amacı kazanç iken; “iş iştir” ilkesinden hareketle, terörist gruplar genellikle ideolojik amaçlı, fakat faaliyetlerini devam ettirmek için kaynağa ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Yasadışı faaliyetler, örneğin, uyuşturucu ticareti ve kaçakçılık kısa yoldan gelir elde etmenin kazançlı yollarından birkaçıdır. Bu durum her iki suç grubunun yakınlaşmasının en önemli sebebidir. Bu sebeple her iki grup işbirliği yapmaya başlamıştır. Karşılıklı teknik bilgi paylaşımı, eğitim, destekleme ve koruma faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirmek gelmektedir. Bu ilişki inanılmaz derecede büyük bir miktarda kara para ticaretini yaratmaktadır. Yukarıda bahsedildiği üzere, bazı kolaylaştırıcı faktörlerin de etkisiyle, terörizm ile organize suç örgütleri arasındaki bağ (rabıta) uluslararası barış ve düzeni etkileyecek şekilde büyüyen bir tehdit olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, farklı terörist ve organize suç örgütlerinden somut örnekler verilmek suretiyle, her iki grup arasındaki ilişkinin küresel güvenliği tehdit edecek boyutlara ulaştığının gözler önüne serilmesi hedeflenmektedir

References

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  • Cengiz, Mahmut and Ilkay Akyay, “PKK in Arms Smuggling: Methods and Motives” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank(Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (198-210)
  • Cengiz, Mahmut and Mustafa Demir, “ The PKK and the Media” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank(Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (48-58)
  • Cockayne, James, “Transnational Organized Crime: Multilateral Responses to a Rising Threat” International Peace Academy, April 2007,
  • Ekici, Behsat , Phil Williams,Ayhan Akbulut, “The PKK and the KDNs: Cooperation, Convergens or Conflict” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank (Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (146-165),
  • Laqueur, Walter, “The New Terrorism”, Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Madsen, Frank G. Transnational Organized Crime, Oxon: Routledge, 2009.
  • Naylor, Robin Thomas, “Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy”, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press. 2002,
  • Schmid, Alex P. “Links Between Terrorist and Organized Crime Networks: Emerging Patterns and Trends”,. Milan, ISPAC, 2004.
  • Schmid, Alex Peter and Albert J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature, Transaction Publishers, 2005 Journal Articles
  • Alexander, Yonah, “The Consequences of Terrorism – An Update on al- Qaeda and other Terrorist Threats in the Sahel and Maghreb” Potomac Institute for Terrorism Studies,January,2011. http://www.potomacinstitute.org/ attachments/863_2011%20REPORT%20UPDATE%20Maghreb%20%20 Sahel%20Terrorism.pdf accessed in 10. December 2011
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  • Bibes, Patricia “Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism; Colombia, a Case Study” Journal of Contemporary Justice, Vol.17, no.3, August 2001,(243-258) aspx?id=190068 accessed in 28 October 2011.
  • https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.
  • Bjelopera, Jerome P., Congressional Research Service “American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat”, 2011, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/ R41416.pdf accessed in 19 January 2012
  • Björnehed, Emma. “Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror” Global Crime, Vol.6, August-November (2004): 305- 324. http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/publications/2005/Emma_ Narcoterror.pdf accessed in 17 February 2012.
  • Bovenkerk, Frankand Abou Chakra, Bashir, “Terrorism and Organized Crime”, UNODC Forum on Crime and Society vol. 4. n. 1-2 2004, (3-17) http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Forum/V05-81059_ EBOOK.pdf accessed in 17 February 2012
  • Brisard, Jean-Charles, “AQIM kidnap-for-ransom practice: A worrisome challenge to the war against terrorism financing” 27.09.2010. http://www. terrorfinance.org/the_terror_finance_blog/2010/09/aqim-kidnap-for- ransom-practice-a-worrisome-challenge-to-the-war-against-terrorism- financing.html accessed in 17 February 2012
  • Burgess, Mark. “Globalizing Terorism: The FARC- IRA Connections”June 2002. http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/farc-ira.cfm accesed in March 23, 2012.
  • Çelik, Özden (col), “A General Overview of the Concept of Terrorism”, COE-DAT Newsletter, vol.4,issue.20- 2011, (12-29), www.tmmm.tsk.tr/ publications/newsletter/Newsletter20.pdf accessed in 21 January 2012.
  • Chepesiuk, Ron, “Dangerous Alliance: Terrorism and Organized Crime”, 2007, http://www.globalpolitician.com/23435-crime accessed in 18 February 2012.
  • /11”, Studies in Conflict& Terrorism, 25:5, (303-316), http://dx.doi.
  • org/10.1080/105761002901223 Downloaded by [smail Sari] at 03:21 27 January 2012.
  • Howard, Russell D. and Collen M. Traugher “The “New Silk Road” of Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Key to Countering the Terror-Crime Nexus”, Edited by Jeffrey H. Norwitz “Armed Groups: Studies in National Security Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency” U.S Naval War College Newport-Rhode Island, (371-388) http://temp.jeffnorwitzcom. officelive.com/Documents/27%20The%20New%20Silk%20Road%20 of%20Terrorism.pdf accessed in 23 April 23, 2012.
  • Hutchinson, Asa , Statement of Drug Enforcement Administration Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information, 13.03.2002 http://www.justice. gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct031302.html accesed in 17 February 2012
  • Kirkpinar, Rahmi, Ozcan Ozkan and Cem Sekerci, “The PKK and Money Laundering” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank(Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (184-197)
  • KOM 2010 annual report.http://www.kom.gov.tr/Tr/Dosyalar/ulusal_ rapor_en.pdf accesed in 21 February 2012
  • Krieger, Tim and Daniel Meierrieks, “Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering”
  • Center for International Economics, Working Paper Series, Universitat Paderborn, June 2011, http://groups.uni-paderborn.de/fiwi/RePEc/pdf/ wpaper/WP40.pdf accessed in 11 January 2012.
  • Kurth Cronin, Audrey, Huda Aden, Adam Frost, and Benjamin Jones, CRS “Foreign Terrorist Organizations”. 2004. http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/ RL32223.pdf accessed in 24 October 2011.
  • Labrousse, Alain “The FARC and the Taliban’s Connection to Drugs,” Journal of Drug Issues, Vol. XXX, 2005.
  • Labrousse, Alain “The FARC and the TALIBAN’S connection to drugs” The Journal of Drug Issues. 2005.
  • Laçiner, Sedat, “Drug Smuggling As Main Source of PKK Terrorism”, http://www.usak.org.tr/EN/makale.asp?id=702, accessed Jan 2012.
  • Le Sage, Andre, “The Evolving Threat of al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb”, Strategic Forum, July 2011, National Defence University. http://www.ndu. edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-268.pdf accessed in 27 April 2012.
  • as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study” Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30 (2007): 901-920.
  • Roth, Mitchel P. and Murat Sever, “Convergence of Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Case of PKK” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank (Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (124-145)
  • Sarrion, Juan Morote and Thomas Baumert, “Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Economic Nexus” www.ucv.es/jovellanos/publicaciones.asp Documento de Trabajo no 8. Accessed in January 12, 2012.
  • Schmid, Alex, “Statistics on terrorism: the challenge of measuring trends in
  • global terrorism”, UNODC Forum on Crime and Society vol. 4. n. 1-2 2004, Forum/V05-81059_EBOOK.pdf accessed in 21 February 2012
  • http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/
  • Schmid,Alex P. “Links between Terrorism and Drug Traffiking: A Case of “ Narcoterrorism”” http://english.safe-democracy.org/causes/links-between- terrorism-and-drug-trafficking-a-case-of-narcoterrorism.html accessed in 28 Jan. 2012
  • Schori-Liang, Christina, “Shadow Networks; the Growing Nexus of Terrorism and Organized Crime”, GCSP, 2011 http://www.gcsp.ch/ Resources-Publications/Publications/GCSP-Publications/Policy-Papers/ Shadow-Networks-The-Growing-Nexus-of-Terrorism-and-Organised- Crime accesed in 11 November 2011.
  • Seelke, Clare Ribando, Liana Sun Wyler, June S. Beittel, CRS “Latin America and the Caribbean: Illicit Drug Trafficking and U.S. Counterdrug Programs” April 2010. www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34112.pdf accessed in 10 March 2012.
  • Shelly, Louise I. and John T. Picarelli, “Executive Summary” Methods and Motives: Exploring Links Between Transnational Organized Crime and International Terrorism, June (2005), www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/ grants/211207.pdf accesed 03 February 2012.
  • Steinberg, Michele, “PKK Terrorists Named ‘Drug Kingpins’; Nations Move Against Narcoterrorism” http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/ public/2008/2008_30-39/2008-31/pdf/48-52_3530.pdf. accessed in 17 March 2012
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  • http://en.rian.ru/world/20100530/159275376.html accesed in Feb 2012.
  • “Somali Rebels Detail Several Pirate Gang Leaders” Reuters, February 17, 2011;
  • “Somali Rebels Agree Ransom Deal with Pirate Leaders” Reuters, February 22, 2011.
  • http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/aqim.html accesed in Feb 2012
  • http://www.21yyte.org/tr/yazi6265Ayrilikci_PKK_Terorunun_ Ekonomik_Maliyeti.html accessed February 2012.
  • http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg318.aspx
  • http://www.dialogoamericas.com/en_GB/articles/rmisa/features/ regional_news/2011/11/11/aa-panama-drug-trafficking accesed in March 2012.
  • http://washingtonexaminer.com/local/capital-land/2011/05/man- arrested-transporting-drugs-va-admits-supporting-farc/145020 accesed in March 2012.
  • http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/11815-farc-biggest- drug-cartel.html accesed in March 2012.
  • http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/ colombia/8230134/South-American-drug-gangs-funding-al-Qaeda- terrorists.html accesed in March 23,2012.
  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/03/content_14030451. htm accesed in March 2012. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xl1hua_farc-treasurer-arrested- in-colombia_news accesed in March 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/26/us-colombia-farc idUSTRE81P0SI20120226 accesed in March 2012.

THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?

Year 2015, Issue: 6, 463 - 503, 15.01.2016

Abstract

Terrorism and organized crime are not new phenomenon. In the beginning, this nexus was relatively small-scale, temporarily and generally active within the national border. After the end of the Cold War, the increasing number of weak and failed states, improvements within the communication and technological world changed the nature of these relations. The nexus between terrorism and organized crime groups became large-scale, both at the national and international level. Today terrorism and organized crime groups are an important international challenge. This new reality became more apparent after 9/11 of 2001. The main aim of the organized crime groups is profit oriented; “business is business”. Terrorism’s goal is generally ideological, but also it needs to resources in order to sustain its activities. Illegal activities such as; drug trafficking, drug smuggling, are the lucrative way to gain more profit in short-run. This situation is one of the main reasons of the convergence of both groups. Both groups try to cooperate with each other. They change “know-how”, train, support and protect each other. This relation created a huge amount of black/grey market profit. As mentioned above, due to the some facilitating factors, the nexus between terrorism and organized crime groups is a growing threat for international peace and stability. In the light of tangible examples in different terrorist and organized crime groups, this paper tries to indicate that there is cooperation and relationship between two groups and it develops into a global security threat.

References

  • Books
  • Alexander, Yonah “Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century: Threats and Responses”, DePaul Bus. L. J., Vol. 12, 1999,
  • Cakar, Bekir, Mahmut Cengiz, Fatih Tombul, “The History of the PKK”, in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions” ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank(Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (4-19)
  • Cengiz, Mahmut and Ilkay Akyay, “PKK in Arms Smuggling: Methods and Motives” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank(Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (198-210)
  • Cengiz, Mahmut and Mustafa Demir, “ The PKK and the Media” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank(Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (48-58)
  • Cockayne, James, “Transnational Organized Crime: Multilateral Responses to a Rising Threat” International Peace Academy, April 2007,
  • Ekici, Behsat , Phil Williams,Ayhan Akbulut, “The PKK and the KDNs: Cooperation, Convergens or Conflict” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank (Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (146-165),
  • Laqueur, Walter, “The New Terrorism”, Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Madsen, Frank G. Transnational Organized Crime, Oxon: Routledge, 2009.
  • Naylor, Robin Thomas, “Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy”, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press. 2002,
  • Schmid, Alex P. “Links Between Terrorist and Organized Crime Networks: Emerging Patterns and Trends”,. Milan, ISPAC, 2004.
  • Schmid, Alex Peter and Albert J. Jongman, Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature, Transaction Publishers, 2005 Journal Articles
  • Alexander, Yonah, “The Consequences of Terrorism – An Update on al- Qaeda and other Terrorist Threats in the Sahel and Maghreb” Potomac Institute for Terrorism Studies,January,2011. http://www.potomacinstitute.org/ attachments/863_2011%20REPORT%20UPDATE%20Maghreb%20%20 Sahel%20Terrorism.pdf accessed in 10. December 2011
  • Beittel, June S. Congressional Research Service “Mexico’s Drug Trafficking Organizations: Source and Scope of the Rising Violence” September 2011, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41576.pdf accessed in 23 January 2011.
  • Bibes, Patricia “Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism; Colombia, a Case Study” Journal of Contemporary Justice, Vol.17, no.3, August 2001,(243-258) aspx?id=190068 accessed in 28 October 2011.
  • https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.
  • Bjelopera, Jerome P., Congressional Research Service “American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat”, 2011, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/ R41416.pdf accessed in 19 January 2012
  • Björnehed, Emma. “Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror” Global Crime, Vol.6, August-November (2004): 305- 324. http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/publications/2005/Emma_ Narcoterror.pdf accessed in 17 February 2012.
  • Bovenkerk, Frankand Abou Chakra, Bashir, “Terrorism and Organized Crime”, UNODC Forum on Crime and Society vol. 4. n. 1-2 2004, (3-17) http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Forum/V05-81059_ EBOOK.pdf accessed in 17 February 2012
  • Brisard, Jean-Charles, “AQIM kidnap-for-ransom practice: A worrisome challenge to the war against terrorism financing” 27.09.2010. http://www. terrorfinance.org/the_terror_finance_blog/2010/09/aqim-kidnap-for- ransom-practice-a-worrisome-challenge-to-the-war-against-terrorism- financing.html accessed in 17 February 2012
  • Burgess, Mark. “Globalizing Terorism: The FARC- IRA Connections”June 2002. http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/farc-ira.cfm accesed in March 23, 2012.
  • Çelik, Özden (col), “A General Overview of the Concept of Terrorism”, COE-DAT Newsletter, vol.4,issue.20- 2011, (12-29), www.tmmm.tsk.tr/ publications/newsletter/Newsletter20.pdf accessed in 21 January 2012.
  • Chepesiuk, Ron, “Dangerous Alliance: Terrorism and Organized Crime”, 2007, http://www.globalpolitician.com/23435-crime accessed in 18 February 2012.
  • /11”, Studies in Conflict& Terrorism, 25:5, (303-316), http://dx.doi.
  • org/10.1080/105761002901223 Downloaded by [smail Sari] at 03:21 27 January 2012.
  • Howard, Russell D. and Collen M. Traugher “The “New Silk Road” of Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Key to Countering the Terror-Crime Nexus”, Edited by Jeffrey H. Norwitz “Armed Groups: Studies in National Security Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency” U.S Naval War College Newport-Rhode Island, (371-388) http://temp.jeffnorwitzcom. officelive.com/Documents/27%20The%20New%20Silk%20Road%20 of%20Terrorism.pdf accessed in 23 April 23, 2012.
  • Hutchinson, Asa , Statement of Drug Enforcement Administration Before the Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information, 13.03.2002 http://www.justice. gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct031302.html accesed in 17 February 2012
  • Kirkpinar, Rahmi, Ozcan Ozkan and Cem Sekerci, “The PKK and Money Laundering” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank(Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (184-197)
  • KOM 2010 annual report.http://www.kom.gov.tr/Tr/Dosyalar/ulusal_ rapor_en.pdf accesed in 21 February 2012
  • Krieger, Tim and Daniel Meierrieks, “Terrorist Financing and Money Laundering”
  • Center for International Economics, Working Paper Series, Universitat Paderborn, June 2011, http://groups.uni-paderborn.de/fiwi/RePEc/pdf/ wpaper/WP40.pdf accessed in 11 January 2012.
  • Kurth Cronin, Audrey, Huda Aden, Adam Frost, and Benjamin Jones, CRS “Foreign Terrorist Organizations”. 2004. http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/ RL32223.pdf accessed in 24 October 2011.
  • Labrousse, Alain “The FARC and the Taliban’s Connection to Drugs,” Journal of Drug Issues, Vol. XXX, 2005.
  • Labrousse, Alain “The FARC and the TALIBAN’S connection to drugs” The Journal of Drug Issues. 2005.
  • Laçiner, Sedat, “Drug Smuggling As Main Source of PKK Terrorism”, http://www.usak.org.tr/EN/makale.asp?id=702, accessed Jan 2012.
  • Le Sage, Andre, “The Evolving Threat of al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb”, Strategic Forum, July 2011, National Defence University. http://www.ndu. edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-268.pdf accessed in 27 April 2012.
  • as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study” Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 30 (2007): 901-920.
  • Roth, Mitchel P. and Murat Sever, “Convergence of Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Case of PKK” in The PKK-Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimensions, ed.. Charles Strozier and James Frank (Saarbrücken. VDM.2011), (124-145)
  • Sarrion, Juan Morote and Thomas Baumert, “Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Economic Nexus” www.ucv.es/jovellanos/publicaciones.asp Documento de Trabajo no 8. Accessed in January 12, 2012.
  • Schmid, Alex, “Statistics on terrorism: the challenge of measuring trends in
  • global terrorism”, UNODC Forum on Crime and Society vol. 4. n. 1-2 2004, Forum/V05-81059_EBOOK.pdf accessed in 21 February 2012
  • http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/
  • Schmid,Alex P. “Links between Terrorism and Drug Traffiking: A Case of “ Narcoterrorism”” http://english.safe-democracy.org/causes/links-between- terrorism-and-drug-trafficking-a-case-of-narcoterrorism.html accessed in 28 Jan. 2012
  • Schori-Liang, Christina, “Shadow Networks; the Growing Nexus of Terrorism and Organized Crime”, GCSP, 2011 http://www.gcsp.ch/ Resources-Publications/Publications/GCSP-Publications/Policy-Papers/ Shadow-Networks-The-Growing-Nexus-of-Terrorism-and-Organised- Crime accesed in 11 November 2011.
  • Seelke, Clare Ribando, Liana Sun Wyler, June S. Beittel, CRS “Latin America and the Caribbean: Illicit Drug Trafficking and U.S. Counterdrug Programs” April 2010. www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34112.pdf accessed in 10 March 2012.
  • Shelly, Louise I. and John T. Picarelli, “Executive Summary” Methods and Motives: Exploring Links Between Transnational Organized Crime and International Terrorism, June (2005), www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/ grants/211207.pdf accesed 03 February 2012.
  • Steinberg, Michele, “PKK Terrorists Named ‘Drug Kingpins’; Nations Move Against Narcoterrorism” http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/ public/2008/2008_30-39/2008-31/pdf/48-52_3530.pdf. accessed in 17 March 2012
  • “Drug-trafficking profits” Rianovosti, 30.05.2010.
  • http://en.rian.ru/world/20100530/159275376.html accesed in Feb 2012.
  • “Somali Rebels Detail Several Pirate Gang Leaders” Reuters, February 17, 2011;
  • “Somali Rebels Agree Ransom Deal with Pirate Leaders” Reuters, February 22, 2011.
  • http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/aqim.html accesed in Feb 2012
  • http://www.21yyte.org/tr/yazi6265Ayrilikci_PKK_Terorunun_ Ekonomik_Maliyeti.html accessed February 2012.
  • http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg318.aspx
  • http://www.dialogoamericas.com/en_GB/articles/rmisa/features/ regional_news/2011/11/11/aa-panama-drug-trafficking accesed in March 2012.
  • http://washingtonexaminer.com/local/capital-land/2011/05/man- arrested-transporting-drugs-va-admits-supporting-farc/145020 accesed in March 2012.
  • http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/11815-farc-biggest- drug-cartel.html accesed in March 2012.
  • http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/ colombia/8230134/South-American-drug-gangs-funding-al-Qaeda- terrorists.html accesed in March 23,2012.
  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/03/content_14030451. htm accesed in March 2012. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xl1hua_farc-treasurer-arrested- in-colombia_news accesed in March 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/26/us-colombia-farc idUSTRE81P0SI20120226 accesed in March 2012.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İsmail Sarı This is me

Publication Date January 15, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2015 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Sarı, İ. (2016). THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi(6), 463-503.
AMA Sarı İ. THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi. January 2016;(6):463-503.
Chicago Sarı, İsmail. “THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?”. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, no. 6 (January 2016): 463-503.
EndNote Sarı İ (January 1, 2016) THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi 6 463–503.
IEEE İ. Sarı, “THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?”, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, no. 6, pp. 463–503, January 2016.
ISNAD Sarı, İsmail. “THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?”. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi 6 (January 2016), 463-503.
JAMA Sarı İ. THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi. 2016;:463–503.
MLA Sarı, İsmail. “THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?”. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, no. 6, 2016, pp. 463-0.
Vancouver Sarı İ. THE NEXUS BETWEEN TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME; GROWING THREAT?. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi. 2016(6):463-50.